基于物联网的杭州市危险废物智能监管平台设计与应用

为满足危险废物监管各种业务管理工作的需求,开展物联网技术在危险废物产生、转移、处置等过程中应用的研究,设计基于物联网技术的危险废物智能监管平台,建成由管理部门门户、产废单位门户、运输单位门户、处置单位门户等四大门户统领,危废监督管理系统、电子联单系统、GIS监控管理系统、污泥刷卡转运管理系统、危废视频监控系统、固废超市管理系统等六大系统组建的统一管理平台,在传统管理模式的基础上,以业务需求结合先进的物联网、移动互联、二维码、NFC、GPS等技术,创新性地形成"移动端电子联单模式、GPRS监管预警模式、IC卡刷卡转运模式、固废超市微循环管理模式"四大管理模式,实现涉危单位内部微循环管理,转运过程多手段监控,让危险废物从最初产生到最终处置的全过程业务流程呈现精细化、实时化的全闭环管理,实现对危险废物从"摇篮"到"坟墓"的全过程跟踪,并以此为基础建立一支业务处理迅速、信息统计分析及时、办事高效、危废监管全面的信息化管理队伍,为环保部门真实、细致、及时、动态地掌握危险废物的转移情况提供技术手段,为领导决策提供辅助支持。     

对我国工业固废管理和利用工作的探讨

尽管我国已出台了《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》,不少省市也制订了《工业固体废物污染防治条例》和若干相应的管理办法,但就全国而言,其工业固废管理水平和对工业固废的资源利用还相当低,还远远跟不上经济的快速发展。尤其是在我国东部沿海各省,工业固废数量多,种类杂,危险大,利用少,处置难,是当地环境中的一大祸害。为此,我们必须进一步加强对工业固废的管理,做好对工业固废的综合利用和安全处置工作,进一步务实,以寻求一些更加切实可行的办法,以妥善解决当前工业固废管理难、利用难、处置难的问题。一、各省市…     

流域非点源水污染排放清单估算系统构建

基于流域水质改善与水环境管理需求,结合目前流域非点源水污染排放存在的问题,本研究采用SOA-B/S架构,运用MVC6和GIS与环境模型集成关键技术,构建流域非点源水污染排放清单估算系统,并系统梳理了地形数据、污染源环境统计数据、气象数据等基础信息,采用基于输出系数法的非点源水污染负荷估算模型,实现了对全年及年内各分水期非点源水污染排放清单的处理分析和估算。系统通过数据库、GIS平台、模型集成和业务系统建设,实现了对不同时间和空间尺度下不同地区的非点源水污染负荷估算,推进了流域非点源污染排放的信息化、科学化及可视化管理,为决策者制定流域水环境管理措施和方案提供了有力的技术支持。     

基于3S技术的生态安全动态监测——以秦皇岛为例

遥感技术（RS）、地理信息系统（GIS）、全球定位系统（GPS），即3S技术，在生态安全评价研究中能够快速获取动态变化信息，并进行空间叠加分析，比传统方法更具优越性。通过论述基于3S技术的生态安全评价的理论和方法，对秦皇岛市的生态环境进行动态监测和分析，包括土地利用、植被指数和植被覆盖度、土壤侵蚀等，评价结果比较符合实际。     

石化企业固体废物风险分析与管控

石化企业固体废物种类较复杂、管控风险较高,为有效消除和降低固废管理过程中的环境风险,需要对固废进行全过程风险管控分析,排查固废管控风险和管理缺陷。文章将HSE管理体系思维融入固废风险管控,通过采取辨识、评估风险,循环改进,有效推进的管理方式开展固废风险管控,以逐步提升企业固废管理水平。     

青海省特大滑坡调查中采取数字滑坡技术的意义及应用

为认识和了解青海省特大滑坡的分布特征，分析研究其与地质环境的相互关系，我们利用GIS技术建立“数字滑坡”即以遥感（RS）和全球定位系统（GPS）方法为主，结合其它勘探、测绘、试验、调查等手段来获取数字形式的与地理坐标配准的滑坡基本信息，并利用GIS技术存贮和管理这些信息。在此基础上，根据滑坡学原理进行空间分析，研制各类模型，以服务于滑坡调查、监测、研究、滑坡灾害评价、危险预测、灾情评估等工作。本文通过白刺滩滑坡三维数字模型来说明“数字滑坡”的技术应用。     

四川省固体废物处置现状及对策探讨

我国《固体废物污染环境防治法》（以下简称《固废法》）自1996年4月1日颁布实施8年来，在实际工作中面临了许多新的问题。因此，立法机关重新修订了《固废法》，并于2004年4月1日起生效。由此可以看出，固废的污染防治越来越得到重视。我省固体废物产生量近年来一直呈上升趋势，但其综合利用率和处置率偏低，造成的污染日趋严重。本文分别对我省一般工业固废、危险废物和生活垃圾处置现状进行分析，提出提高我省固废处置几点建议。     

关于固体废物污染环境防治法修改的研究思考

2019年6月,《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法（修订草案）》（以下简称草案）经国务院审议通过,并初次提请全国人大常委会审议。草案修订力度之大,值得充分肯定。同时,草案还存在不少提升空间,需要进一步深入研究。本文以习近平生态文明思想为引领,按照中央全面依法治国委员会第二次会议提出的加强立法统筹、立改废释并举要求,剖析了当前我国固体废物环境管理及其立法修法中面临的挑战,以及存在的突出问题;并从明确固废污染防治立法原则、强化政府统筹管理、明确各部门职责、强化区域统筹、完善跨区域转移监管机制、统筹国内外相关法律法规及政策文件等方面提出了完善草案的建议,以期为我国固废管理决策和草案修改提供参考。     

海洋经济预警对策研究——以秦皇岛为例

分析了当前海洋经济现状,以秦皇岛为例建立了海洋经济预警模型宏观与微观指标体系,利用3S技术(全球定位系统GPS、地理信息系统GIS和遥感RS)在海洋资源调查、海洋经济预警、海洋灾害预测等可持续发展核心问题中的应用,提出海洋经济预警的系统模型及对策,以期为海洋经济的发展提供理论依据。     

“无废城市”建设推进政策及措施的国别比较研究

“无废城市”建设已经成为应对城市固体废物（以下简称“固废”）管理挑战的国际趋势，我国也启动了“无废城市”建设试点工作。本文介绍了国际“无废城市”实践的背景和发展趋势，对我国和其他高收入国家的“无废城市”相关政策和具体实施方案进行了对比分析。分析结果表明，“无废城市”的推进政策与实施措施存在国别差异，我国的“无废城市”采纳了“问题导向”的推进策略，而高收入国家则是“目标导向”。最后对进一步推进我国“无废城市”建设试点工作提出了四点建议。     

River environmental decision support system development for Suzhou Creek in Shanghai

The Suzhou Creek Rehabilitation Project (SCRP) is one of the largest water-related environmental rehabilitation schemes ever undertaken in the vicinity of Shanghai, China. This paper details the development and application of a River Environmental Decision Support System (REDSS) for scientific planning and decision-making on the Suzhou Creek project, and illustrates the flexibility of the REDSS framework. We developed the following components: (1) a GIS-based analysis employing Component technology; (2) a "data mart" for multi-dimensional, multi-level, integrated, dynamic, and flexible data querying; and (3) a set of hydrodynamic and water quality models which can simulate complex tidal river networks. In addition, we detail how a water quality assessment model is embedded into the REDSS by employing an Identification Index Method. With the REDSS, all GIS and non-GIS components are integrated seamlessly and data from different sources can be queried simultaneously. This allows for various scenarios to be simulated and analyzed in advance to predict and assess the effects of proposed engineering and management measures. Generated information can thus support effective decisions. All operations of the REDSS can be implemented conveniently through user-friendly interfaces. The function of the REDSS framework is demonstrated through an application to Suzhou Creek. Because the REDSS characteristics are quite general, it may be applied in different geographic regions.     

Bottom-Up Risk Regulation? How Nanotechnology Risk Knowledge Gaps Challenge Federal and State Environmental Agencies

Nanotechnologies have been called the "Next Industrial Revolution." At the same time, scientists are raising concerns about the potential health and environmental risks related to the nano-sized materials used in nanotechnologies. Analyses suggest that current U.S. federal regulatory structures are not likely to adequately address these risks in a proactive manner. Given these trends, the premise of this paper is that state and local-level agencies will likely deal with many "end-of-pipe" issues as nanomaterials enter environmental media without prior toxicity testing, federal standards, or emissions controls. In this paper we (1) briefly describe potential environmental risks and benefits related to emerging nanotechnologies; (2) outline the capacities of the Toxic Substances Control Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act to address potential nanotechnology risks, and how risk data gaps challenge these regulations; (3) outline some of the key data gaps that challenge state-level regulatory capacities to address nanotechnologies' potential risks, using Wisconsin as a case study; and (4) discuss advantages and disadvantages of state versus federal approaches to nanotechnology risk regulation. In summary, we suggest some ways government agencies can be better prepared to address nanotechnology risk knowledge gaps and risk management.     

全过程固体废物管理研究进展及其对我国相关管理的启示

当某种固态、半固态物质不再具有原有的价值,它就成了固体废物,并可能在产生、排放、收集、贮存、运输、利用、处理和处置过程的任何一个或多个环节产生对环境的污染危害。对固体废物进行全过程监督管理因而显得尤为重要。本文回顾了全过程固体废物管理实施方法,包括生命周期清单和生命周期评价方法,用于废物管理系统的模型,在固体废物产生量预测、收集系统最优化以及处理处置设施选址等步骤中,各自所用不同方法的进展,以及在一些较发达国家和地区的管理实例。最后讨论了这些进展对我国固体废物相关管理的启示。     

Just sustainabilities and local action: evidence from 400 flagship initiatives

Just sustainabilities has emerged as a powerful discourse to guide local action towards sustainability. As an overarching discourse, it prescribes four policy principles: (1) addressing well-being and quality of life; (2) meeting the needs of present and future generations; (3) enabling justice and equity in terms of recognition, process, procedure, and outcome; and (4) living within ecosystem limits. Following previous calls for engaging public and private actors in just sustainabilities, this paper inquiries about the extent to which these principles can be realistically integrated in local environmental governance. A database of 400 sustainability initiatives in more than 200 cities in all world regions is analysed to examine whether just sustainabilities principles are already enshrined, explicitly or implicitly, in local sustainability initiatives. This analysis suggests that, in this sample, there is a significant deficit in terms of addressing the principles of justice and equity, and ecosystem limits. However, the data also suggest that local action may already be delivering some aspects of just sustainabilities, even if this is not always explicit. The paper concludes with a call for a coordinated effort to translate a just sustainabilities discourse to local actors leading action on the ground.     

基于GIS技术的重庆市危险废物管理信息系统研究

重庆市每年都会产生大量的危险废物，直接威胁到了重庆市的水环境及生态环境，因此，有效的管理重庆市的危险废物是处理和处置的重要保证。主要介绍了基于CIS危险废物管理信息系统的设计，将危险废物、计算机技术和GIS技术相结合，为危险废物的管理提供快捷、方便、科学的管理和决策支持。该系统包括六个子系统，分别是数据输入、数据查询、数据库管理和维护、模型库、决策支持、系统管理。该系统具有界面友好、操作方便、实用等特点，将在重庆市危险废物管理方面起到重要作用。     

Best available techniques (BAT) for the fruit and vegetable processing industry

Best available techniques (BAT) are an important reference point in the environmental permit regulation for industrial installations in the European Union Member States, which have to implement the integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC)-directive (96/61/EC). BAT correspond to the techniques and organisational measures with the best overall environmental performance that can be introduced at a reasonable cost. In the Flanders part of Belgium, BAT are usually determined at the sector level. The ‘Fruit and Vegetable Processing Industry’ [BAT for Fruit and Vegetable Processing Industry. Gent, Belgium: Academia Press, 1999] is one of the industries for which a BAT report has been drafted. In this paper, the main results of this study are presented. Special attention is given to the use of high quality water¹, as this is the key environmental issue of the industry.     

Exploratory visualization software for reporting environmental survey results

Environmental surveys yield three principal products: maps, a set of data tables, and a textual report. The relationships between these three elements, however, are often cumbersome to present, making full use of all the information in an integrated and systematic sense difficult. The published paper report is only a partial solution. Modern developments in computing, particularly in cartography, GIS, and hypertext, mean that it is increasingly possible to conceive of an easier and more interactive approach to the presentation of such survey results. Here, we present such an approach which links map and tabular datasets arising from a vegetation survey, allowing users ready access to a complex dataset using dynamic mapping techniques. Multimedia datasets equipped with software like this provide an exciting means of quick and easy visual data exploration and comparison. These techniques are gaining popularity across the sciences as scientists and decision-makers are presented with increasing amounts of diverse digital data. We believe that the software environment actively encourages users to make complex interrogations of the survey information, providing a new vehicle for the reader of an environmental survey report.     

POLICY DROUGIT: THE CASE OF SOUTH FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: In this paper, we review recent experience with drought in south Florida, and report some results of a study of the likely agricultural economic impacts of drought. Our conclusions can be summarized as follows. (1) Whether a period of low rainfall becomes a “drought” in south Florida is determined largely by institutional factors. (2) The impacts of a drought event are dependent on the rules the Water Management District uses to manage the event. If the rules involve effective reductions in irrigation supply, the financial impacts may be large, but are sensitive to the way in which cutbacks are imposed. (3) Current drought management regulations do not appear to minimize the short-run cost of drought. (4) Current policies which seek to minimize the short-run cost of drought are inconsistent with dynamically-optimal policies.     

Waste reduction: Issues and policies

This paper reviews the major problems that confronted the Committee set up by the Solid Waste Management Board of the state of California to prepare a background report and recommend alternative methods for reducing solid waste generation. The results of their analysis are presented, together with discussion of the conclusions reached.     

DPSIR模型在西北水资源可持续利用评价中的应用

水作为人类生存和经济发展的生命线,已成为制约西部经济社会发展及生态环境改善的主要因素。为实现西部经济可持续发展,针对当前西北地区水资源利用中出现的问题,建立了基于“驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应”模型的西北地区水资源可持续利用综合评价指标体系。同时采用熵值法。结合2004年西北五省相关评价指标值对该指标体系进行综合评价。评价结果表明,人均水资源量、水资源开发利用率、农业用水效率等十个指标为影响西北水资源可持续利用的关键因素。其中,新疆在五省区中可持续利用综合水平最高。宁夏最低。