水解酸化-缺氧法处理采油废水的污染物迁移降解试验研究

水解酸化．缺氧法对采油废水有较好的处理效果，采用GC／MS技术对水解酸化-缺氧法处理采油废水过程中污染物的迁移降解进行的研究表明：水解酸化段和缺氧段对采油废水中碳原子为C6-C9、分子量为100—140的有机物均有较好的降解能力。其中，在水解酸化段中酮类、芳烃得到较好的降解，缺氧段中酚类和醚类化合物降解明显。水解酸化-缺氧工艺对于采油废水中的甲苯和二甲苯具有较好的降解能力。     

油田常用化学品对含油废水处理效果的影响

通过对江汉油田采油废水水质分析以及混凝实验研究,分析采油作业返排液中主要化学组分对含油废水混凝处理效果的影响,探讨了混凝剂、常用油田化学品与浊度及油含量去除率的关系,初步分析了它们的作用机理。研究表明,在钻井液中,单宁、磺化酚醛树脂(SMP)等对含油废水处理的影响很大,在压裂液中瓜胶、重铬酸钾等的影响较大,酸化液中乙酸和柠檬酸等的影响较大,射孔液中盐酸等的影响较大。本研究的结果对于消除返排液对油田生产的不良影响,保证系列增储上产措施的实施及其有效性,避免环境污染,具有十分重要的参考价值。     

水解酸化-缺氧法处理采油废水的污染物迁移降解试验研究

水解酸化-缺氧法对采油废水有较好的处理效果,采用GC/MS技术对水解酸化-缺氧法处理采油废水过程中污染物的迁移降解进行的研究表明:水解酸化段和缺氧段对采油废水中碳原子为C6～C9、分子量为100～140的有机物均有较好的降解能力.其中,在水解酸化段中酮类、芳烃得到较好的降解,缺氧段中酚类和醚类化合物降解明显.水解酸化-缺氧工艺对于采油废水中的甲苯和二甲苯具有较好的降解能力.     

絮凝-微纳气泡法处理采油废水

对采自胜利油田的采油废水,分别进行了聚硅硫酸铁(PFSS)絮凝法、微纳气泡法和絮凝-微纳气泡联合法处理,考察了处理过程对采油废水水质和所配制聚合物(部分水解聚丙烯酰胺)溶液粘度的影响。结果表明,均可有效降低废水的矿化度、油含量和悬浮物含量,明显提高用其配制的聚合物溶液的粘度;联合处理效果明显高于单独采用絮凝或微纳气泡处理的效果。所处理后的废水可有望代替淡水用于油田现场配制聚合物驱油体系,在消除油田污水环境污染的同时,可节约淡水资源。     

采油污水中聚丙烯酰胺的化学降解特性研究

通过模拟实验测定采油污水中聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的相对分子质量的变化,判断其降解程度。实验研究了光催化氧化、含盐量、氧化剂等化学因素对聚丙烯酰胺降解的影响,从而得到聚丙烯酰胺在采油污水中的一些化学降解特性,为采油污水中聚丙烯酰胺的脱除提供判断和依据。     

采油污水中聚丙烯酰胺的化学降解特性研究

通过模拟实验测定采油污水中聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的相对分子质量的变化，判断其降解程度。实验研究了光催化氧化、含盐量、氧化剂等化学因素对聚丙烯酰胺降解的影响，从而得到聚丙烯酰胺在采油污水中的一些化学降解特性，为采油污水中聚丙烯酰胺的脱除提供判断和依据。     

聚丙烯酰胺的微量测定

聚丙烯酰胺是应用最广泛的一种絮凝剂,在污水处理、选矿、钻井泥浆等方面有很重要的实用价值,因此絮凝以后在水中残留量的测定是令人注目的问题。这不仅在环境污染的检测上有实用价值,而且对吸附的理论研究也十分重要。     

混凝-Fenton法处理采油污水的研究

对采油废水进行混凝预处理后进行了Fenton处理 ,确定了Fenton试剂处理采油废水的最佳配比为H2 O2 ∶Fe2 +=5 0mmol L :1mmol L。同时利用GC MS色谱图探讨了混凝 -Fenton法对有机物的去除机理。结果表明 :混凝工艺去除了75 %的有机污染物 ,碳数低于 2 1的烷烃去除率可达到 80 %以上 ,同时还去除了所有的多环芳烃 ,但是对苯酚类物质的去除率只有 5 0 %。在Fenton过程中 ,铁的水解吸附和OH·的氧化作用并存 ,采油污水经过 12 0min的Fenton处理后 ,其中的烷烃类物质、酚类物质、多环芳烃物质能被完全氧化。     

采油废水厌氧处理系统的微生物群落特征

为了深入认识石油烃的厌氧降解过程,利用分子生物学技术分析了大庆油田采油废水处理系统厌氧池和进水中的微生物群落特征。基于DGGE和克隆文库的分析结果均表明,厌氧生物膜中存在的古菌源自于采油废水。厌氧生物膜和采油废水中的古菌主要是产甲烷菌,包括嗜甲基的Methanomethylovorans thermophila和利用氢和甲酸的Methanolinea tarda。值得注意的是,氢营养型的M.tarda在厌氧生物膜中得到了富集。进水和厌氧生物膜中的细菌群落结构明显不同。进水中的主要细菌类群为Epsilonproteobacteria,而生物膜中的主要类群为Nitrospira和Deltaproteobacteria。在厌氧生物膜中发现许多与产甲烷古菌(尤其是氢营养型产甲烷菌)协同降解石油烃类物质的细菌相关克隆:其中一个克隆与Syntrophus具有较高的同源性,该类菌是产甲烷菌介导的厌氧烃降解微生物区系中的关键细菌;许多Deltaproteobacteria克隆属于group TA类群,该类群细菌主要参与芳香族化合物产甲烷菌介导的厌氧降解过程。这些结果表明,在大庆油田采油废水厌氧处理系统中已经建立起由产甲烷菌所介导的厌氧石油烃降解的微生物区系。     

采油污水生物处理技术

采油污水是石油工业中的重点污染源之一。本文论述了采油污水生物处理的难度和技术可行性，总结了国内外近年来采油污水生物处理技术的现状及研究进展。     

济南市固体废物污染防治规划方法

以《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》和可持续发展战略思想为指导,以济南市为背景,研究了在新形势下如何进行城市固体废物污染防治规划。     

Interaction of Population Growth,Industrial Growth and Pollution Control

A model is developed which predicts the level of pollution as a function of time given the rate of waste production and the persistence of the pollutant. In general, waste production is a function of the population density and the degree of industrialization of a society. With pollution control programs it is possible to reduce the per capita waste production for a given degree of industrialization. The model demonstrates that in a growth economy such as that of the United States, pollution control programs by themselves only delay the inevitable increase in pollution levels. In the long run population and industrial growth are incompatible with pollution control.     

家禽养殖场废弃物处理技术的研究进展

家禽养殖场的废弃物长期以来对环境构成了极大的污染并威胁着畜禽和人类的健康 ,因而对家禽废弃物进行资源化处理势在必行。综述了近 10年来的 3种主要的可供选择的家禽垃圾处理的技术路线的研究进展。介绍了最优化堆肥、厌氧发酵和直接焚烧的试验研究结果     

From agricultural use of sewage sludge to nutrient extraction: A soil science outlook

The composition of municipal wastewater and sewage sludge reflects the use and proliferation of elements and contaminants within society. In Sweden, official statistics show that concentrations of toxic metals in municipal sewage sludge have steadily decreased, by up to 90 %, since the 1970s, due to environmental programmes and statutory limits on metals in sludge and soil. Results from long-term field experiments show that reduced metal pollution during repeated sewage sludge application has reversed negative trends in soil biology. Despite this Swedish success story, organic waste recycling from Swedish towns and cities to arable land is still limited to only about 20 % of the total amount produced. Resistance among industries and consumers to products grown on land treated with sewage sludge may not always be scientifically grounded; however, there are rational obstacles to application of sewage sludge to land based on its inherent properties rather than its content of pollutants. We argue that application of urban organic wastes to soil is an efficient form of recycling for small municipalities, but that organic waste treatment from large cities requires other solutions. The large volumes of sewage sludge collected in towns and cities are not equitably distributed back to arable land because of the following: (i) The high water and low nutrient content in sewage sludge make long-distance transportation too expensive; and (ii) the low plant availability of nutrients in sewage sludge results in small yield increases even after many years of repeated sludge addition. Therefore, nutrient extraction from urban wastes instead of direct organic waste recycling is a possible way forward. The trend for increased combustion of urban wastes will make ash a key waste type in future. Combustion not only concentrates the nutrients in the ash but also leads to metal enrichment; hence, direct application of the ash to land is most often not possible. However, inorganic fertiliser (e.g. mono-ammonium phosphate fertiliser, MAP) can be produced from metal-contaminated sewage sludge ash in a process whereby the metals are removed. We argue that the view on organic waste recycling needs to be diversified in order to improve the urban–rural nutrient cycle, since only recycling urban organic wastes directly is not a viable option to close the urban–rural nutrient cycle. Recovery and recycling of nutrients from organic wastes are a possible solution. When organic waste recycling is complemented by nutrient extraction, some nutrient loops within society can be closed, enabling more sustainable agricultural production in future.     

Reuse of hydroponic waste solution

Attaining sustainable agriculture is a key goal in many parts of the world. The increased environmental awareness and the ongoing attempts to execute agricultural practices that are economically feasible and environmentally safe promote the use of hydroponic cultivation. Hydroponics is a technology for growing plants in nutrient solutions with or without the use of artificial medium to provide mechanical support. Major problems for hydroponic cultivation are higher operational cost and the causing of pollution due to discharge of waste nutrient solution. The nutrient effluent released into the environment can have negative impacts on the surrounding ecosystems as well as the potential to contaminate the groundwater utilized by humans for drinking purposes. The reuse of non-recycled, nutrient-rich hydroponic waste solution for growing plants in greenhouses is the possible way to control environmental pollution. Many researchers have successfully grown several plant species in hydroponic waste solution with high yield. Hence, this review addresses the problems associated with the release of hydroponic waste solution into the environment and possible reuse of hydroponic waste solution as an alternative resource for agriculture development and to control environmental pollution.     

含油钻屑高效除油剂及除油机理研究

油基钻井液在复杂井、深井的钻井作业中受到越来越多的使用和重视,但相应也产生了大量的废弃含油钻屑,带来了环境污染问题。针对含油钻屑的特点,研制了一种高效除油剂HBS-6,在阴离子表面活性剂、非离子表面活性剂、溶剂和软水剂等组分的协同作用下,利用强化分离设备,实现了钻屑含油的去除与无害化处置,含油钻屑除油率达90%以上。同时,还采用红外光谱、气相色谱和液相色谱等分析手段,研究了除油剂HBS-6的作用机理。HBS-6含有HLB值高且能生物降解的阴离子表面活性剂,以保证除油剂的清洗能力和环保性,同时还采用HLB值低的非离子表面活性剂,以提高对油的乳化和除油能力,为含油钻屑的无害化处理拓展了一条新的技术途径。     

生物过滤技术在恶臭污染治理中的应用研究

利用生物技术治理恶臭污染是一项有效经济的环境友好技术,生物技术目前正成为一种处理各种废气的有效的选择.研究了生物过滤技术在不同恶臭环境中的应用效果,分析了应用过程中出现的一些问题,介绍了生物过滤技术治理恶臭气体的原理和过程.研究结果表明,生物过滤设备在生活污水厂和垃圾压缩站具有理想的恶臭净化效果,但不能满足挥发性有机废气的净化需求,仍然需要工艺的改进和完善.     

Distribution of sewage pollution around a maritime Antarctic research station indicated by faecal coliforms, Clostridium perfringens and faecal sterol markers

This study describes the distribution of sewage pollution markers (faecal coliforms, Clostridium perfringens and faecal sterols) in seawater and marine sediments around Rothera Research Station, Antarctic Peninsula. Untreated sewage waste has been released from this site since 1975, creating the potential for long-term contamination of the benthic environment. Faecal coliform concentrations in seawater reached background levels within 300 m of the outfall. In sediment cores, both C. perfringens and faecal coliform concentrations declined with distance from the outfall, though C. perfringens persisted at greater depths in the sediment. High concentrations of 5beta(H)-cholestan-3beta-ol (coprostanol) relative to the corresponding 5alpha-epimer (cholestanol), indicative of sewage pollution, were only found in sediments within 200 m of the sewage outfall. This study has shown that sewage contamination is limited to the immediate vicinity of the sewage outfall. Nevertheless, a sewage treatment plant was installed in February 2003 to reduce this contamination further.     

射阳县黄沙港流域面源污染现状及防治对策

针对农村面源污染日渐突出的问题,以农村饮用水源地黄沙港为例分析了农村面源污染的现状和成因,并从乡镇规划、生活污水处理工艺选择、畜禽水产业污染治理、农药化肥的施用、农业废弃物利用技术等方面提出防治措施。     

宿迁经济开发区环保工作面临的挑战与对策

文中总结宿迁经济开发区环保工作现状,分析未来宿迁经济开发区面临:水环境质量未能根本好转、生活污染物排放量上升并成为主要污染问题、环境基础设施建设滞后于社会经济发展、工业企业污染存在反弹趋势、农村环境问题亟需关注、客水污染问题仍然存在等挑战,并提出了应对这些挑战的对策。