湘鄂渝黔边区发展休闲旅游的思考

"老、少、边、穷"的湘鄂渝黔边区是我国旅游业发展的重要地区之一,旅游资源非常丰富,地区经济发展对旅游业的依赖也较大.随着时代形势的变化,休闲旅游将是该地区今后旅游业发展的最好选择之一.分析了湘鄂渝黔边区休闲旅游发展的外在和内在条件,并结合湘鄂渝黔边区的特点,分别从民俗休闲旅游、山地休闲旅游、特色城镇休闲旅游和山寨农业休闲旅游阐述了该区域休闲旅游的发展路径.     

区域旅游产业集群竞争力提升研究——以湘鄂渝黔边区为例

目前旅游产业集群现象已引起人们广泛的关注,提升区域旅游产业集群竞争力是发展区域旅游产业的关键。对国内外相关研究进行了简要的回顾,对旅游产业集群竞争力的影响要素进行了分析,构建了旅游产业集群的评价模型,并以湘鄂渝黔边区域旅游产业集群为例,提出了提升区域旅游产业集群竞争力的对策。     

基于AHP法的休闲型旅游地评价——以湘鄂渝黔边区为例

休闲旅游在现代旅游业中日益受到关注和青睐。提出了休闲型旅游地的概念,利用层次分析法和模糊综合评判方法建立了休闲型旅游地的评价体系。根据评价得分可将旅游地分为典型的休闲型旅游地、潜在的休闲型旅游地和非典型的休闲型旅游地三类。以湘鄂渝黔边区为例进行了实证研究,结果表明张家界、湘西自治州、黔江区都是典型的休闲型旅游地,恩施自治州和铜仁地区为潜在的休闲型旅游地。     

浅谈秦皇岛外语语言软环境的优化策略

秦皇岛作为著名的沿海旅游城市,外语语言环境作为旅游软环境的一个重要因素直接影响着整个旅游产业的综合竞争力。鉴于此,对秦皇岛市外语语言软环境进行调查摸底。调查结果表明,旅游景区标示语及城市公示语的翻译存在不同程度的问题,旅游从业人员总体素质不高,市民的外语能力普遍偏低。以调查结果为依托,从政府导向、行业把关、全民参与三方面提出了优化秦皇岛市旅游业外语语言软环境的建议。     

残障游客无障碍旅游环境影响因素的实证研究

为残障人士无障碍旅游创造良好的环境,是旅游业人性化的标志、和谐社会的美好乐章.目前,对无障碍旅游环境的实证研究很少.通过田野调查和网络平台相结合,对残障游客群体进行了问卷调研,发现无障碍的硬件设施设备和旅游软环境因素与残障游客无障碍旅游环境感知的相关程度较高,而残障游客的心理因素影响相对较低.     

我国入境游客特征与国际旅游可持续发展策略分析

入境国际旅游是我国旅游业至关重要的组成部分。主要从客源地、个人基本资料、旅游行为等方面分析了我国海外游客特征及其变化规律。在此基础上，结合世界国际旅游发展趋势，提出了相应对策：提升我国旅游产品与商品的内涵性、环保性开发，以提高旅游消费结构中的弹性收入比重；加大旅游开放度，以满足不断增长的国际游客对自由度的需求与旅游研究的需要；重视旅游软环境建设，以保持旅游服务的持续提高；针对重点目标进行国际旅游营销与宣传，加强国际旅游区域合作与交流等，促进我国国际旅游持续发展。     

基于网站平台的旅游投资功能评价研究——以31省(市)的官方旅游政务网站为例

作为一种极富互动效果的传播媒介,网站建设与旅游投资之间的关系将越来越紧密。以中国大陆31省(市)的官方旅游政务网站为研究对象,构建起旅游政务网站旅游投资功能的评价指标体系和权重分值,依据各网站的数据资料和网站活跃度指数,分别对省级政府旅游网站的投资功能进行了评估。     

ISO14000国际标准与旅游企业的环境管理——以神农架为例

ＳＯ１４０００环境管理标准引起了国际社会广泛的响应,旅游企业申请认证注册的意义重大。本文以神龙架旅游业为例,提出了应重视对环境整体观念的认识,提倡生态旅游,以及对投资项目进行环境影响的评估工作     

基于BP神经网络的城市旅游环境质量评价

城市旅游环境质量与城市旅游可持续发展之间存在着极为密切的关系,实现可持续发展的关键就是要解决好城市旅游环境质量问题。而旅游资源环境、旅游自然生态环境、旅游社会服务环境、旅游信息环境是城市旅游环境质量评价的主要因素,利用BP神经网络的方法对城市旅游环境质量进行评价是十分科学有效的。     

黔桂边民族文化旅游带整合发展路径研究CSSCI

黔桂边民族地区的发展环境、民族本底和区位特点为民族文化旅游带整合发展提供了良好条件,黔桂边民族文化旅游带整合发展应遵循渐进式发展路径。依据点轴和单核辐射等理论,提出黔桂边民族文化旅游带发展的战略模式,构建黔桂边民族文化旅游带增长极点培育矩阵图,形成以交通沿线绿色景观廊道为本底的1轴3组团7区的产业带格局,畅想黔桂边民族文化旅游带不同发展阶段的依附、联动、多级和网络发展演变路径。     

Environmental concentrations of agricultural herbicides in Saskatchewan, Canada: bromoxynil, dicamba, diclofop, MCPA, and trifluralin

Herbicides are the most commonly used group of agricultural pesticides on the Canadian Prairies and, in 1990, more than 20000 Mg of herbicides were applied in the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. The present paper reports on environmental concentrations of five herbicides currently used in the prairie region. The herbicides bromoxynil [3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxy-benzonitrile], dicamba [3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid], diclofop [(RS)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenoxy]propanoic acid], MCPA [(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid], and trifluralin [alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-isopropyl-p-toluidine] were measured in the atmosphere, bulk atmospheric deposits, surface film, and dugout (pond) water at two sites near Regina, Saskatchewan, during 1989 and 1990. All five herbicides were detected in air and surface film and all but trifluralin were detected in the bulk atmospheric deposits and dugout water. Trifluralin was most frequently detected in air (79% of samples) whereas bromoxynil was present in maximum concentration (4.2 ng m(-3)). MCPA was present in maximum levels in bulk atmospheric (wet plus dry) deposits (2350 ng m(-2) d(-1)), surface film (390 ng m(-2)), and dugout water (330 ng L(-1)), whereas dicamba was most frequently detected in surface film (47%) and dugout water (97%). The highest quantities of the herbicides tended to be present during or immediately after the time of regional application.     

Accumulation, release, and solubility of arsenic, molybdenum, and vanadium in wetland sediments

This study was undertaken to determine the fate of As, Mo, and V (trace elements, TEs) in the sediments of a constructed wetland in use for the remediation of potentially toxic trace element-contaminated agricultural drainwater. After three years of wetland operation, sediment cores were collected to determine changes in TE concentrations as a function of depth and the effects of varying water column depth. All TE concentrations were highest in the top 2 to 4 cm and decreased with depth. Molybdenum accumulated in the wetland sediments, up to levels of 32.5 +/- 4.6, 30.2 +/- 8.9, and 59.3 +/- 26.1 mg kg(-1) in the top 1 cm of sediment at water depths of 15, 30, and 60 cm, respectively. In the top 2 cm of sediment, As accumulated (28.2 +/- 3.0 mg kg(-1)) only at the 60-cm water depth. Below 2 cm, as much as 10 mg kg(-1) of As was lost from the sediment at all water depths. In most cases, V concentrations decreased in the sediment. In this wetland system, the lowest redox potentials were found near the sediment surface and increased with depth. Thus, in general As, Mo, and V concentrations in the sediment were highest under more reducing conditions and lowest under more oxidizing conditions. Most of the accumulated Mo (73%) became water soluble on drying of samples. This has important implications for systems undergoing changes in redox status; for instance, if these wetland sediments are dried, potentially large amounts of Mo may be solubilized.     

Optimizing angles of rooftop photovoltaics,ratios of solar to vegetated roof systems,and economic benefits,in Portland,Oregon, USA

This study analyzed insolation data to account for multiple scattering in calculating optimal tilt angles for stationary and seasonally moving photovoltaics on three different roof types in the US Pacific Northwest: vegetated roofs, white roofs, and dark roofs. Using these results, we modeled the energy savings for vegetated roofs and roofs covered in varying numbers of photovoltaic panels. We then calculated the net present value, internal rate of return, and other economic measures for all possible combinations of covering rooftops in mixes of photovoltaic arrays and vegetation, accounting for installation costs, proposed carbon taxes, stormwater management discounts, and other relevant factors. Our results quantify how, in the US Pacific Northwest and similar locations, photovoltaics produce higher returns on investment than do vegetated roofs for new buildings, while vegetated roofs produce better returns on investment than do photovoltaics for older buildings. This is important because in many areas, some buildings have photovoltaics when a vegetated roof would have been more cost and energy efficient, while other buildings have vegetated roofs when photovoltaics would have been more cost and energy efficient. Potential applications include modifying incentive programs and other policies to account properly for building age, use, and other relevant factors to ensure building owners make the most energy-efficient decisions between photovoltaic versus vegetated roof installation. Our research also demonstrates how positive returns on investment can be realized in the US Pacific Northwest and similar regions through vegetated roofs and photovoltaics provided they are each installed optimally.     

Adsorption of pesticides onto quartz, calcite, kaolinite, and alpha-alumina

The fate of pesticides in aquifers is influenced by the small but not insignificant adsorption of pesticides to mineral surfaces. Batch experiments with five pesticides and four minerals were conducted to quantify the contributions to adsorption from different mineral surfaces and compare adsorption characteristics of selected pesticides. Investigated mineral phases included quartz, calcite, kaolinite, and alpha-alumina. Selected pesticides comprised atrazine (6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), isoproturon [3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea)], mecoprop [(RS)-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propionic acid], 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), and bentazone [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide]. Specific surface area and mineral surface charge proved to be important for the adsorption of these pesticides. Detectable adsorption of the anionic pesticides (mecoprop, 2,4-D, and bentazone) was only measured when positive sites were present on the mineral surface. However, when CaCl2 was added as an electrolyte, a detectable adsorption of mecoprop and 2,4-D was also measured on kaolinite (which exhibits a negative surface charge), probably due to formation of Ca-pesticide--surface complexes. Adsorption of the uncharged pesticides (atrazine and isoproturon) was detected only on kaolinite. The lack of adsorption on alpha-alumina indicates that the uncharged pesticides have a greater affinity for the silanol surface sites (=SiOH) than for the aluminol surface sites (=AlOH) in kaolinite. No measurable effect of ionic strength was found for the uncharged pesticides. The results indicate that quartz and calcite play a smaller role than clay minerals.     

Determination and Evaluation of Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, and Zinc in Agricultural Soils of Western Macedonia, Greece

The objective of this study was to determine the levels of major phytotoxic metals―including cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn)―in agricultural soils of Western Macedonia, Greece. We also wanted to determine the possible relationships among elements and between soil properties and elemental concentrations. Surface soil samples, n = 570, were collected and analyzed. The results of the elemental analysis showed that the mean metal concentrations were consistent with reported typical concentrations found in Greek agricultural soils in the cases of Zn and Cu. Cd exhibited lower and Ni higher mean concentrations than the typical levels reported in the literature. Metal concentrations in the majority of the examined samples (>69%) were found to be higher than the respective critical plant-deficiency levels. However, only 0.4% and 0.2% of the analyzed soil samples, respectively, exhibited Cd and Ni concentrations higher than the levels that cause plant toxicity, as referenced by other investigators. These results suggest that the soils studied can be considered as unpolluted with respect to the examined food-chain metal contaminants. However, the levels of the metal concentrations in some of the soil samples, and the low correlation of the metals with soil properties, suggest an anthropogenic rather that lithogenic origin.     

Concentrations and pattern of Fe,Cu, Cr,and Zn contamination in the soils of Akure,Nigeria

An assessment was made on twenty-eight topsoils collected from seven sites with intense artisan activities in the city of Akure, Nigeria, using geochemical approach in order to establish anthropogenic influence on metal contamination and to assess the severity of the contamination in the urban environment. Concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Cr were determined in the samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results revealed between 137- and 165-fold elevation of Fe, between 17- and 94-fold elevation of Cu, between 50- and 137-fold elevation of Zn, and between 1- and 3-fold elevation of Cr in topsoil relative to background levels. This indicates that except for Cr, soil contaminations by the metals were due to anthropic sources such as mechanic and vulcanizers workshops. The current average levels of copper exceeded the target value in Nigeria and in many developed countries, while Zn and Cr are generally lower than the respective soil quality guidelines. The contamination/pollution index maps figured out mechanic workshop as the main source of diffuse contamination and also show the influence of the point sources of contamination to urban topsoils. Cu contamination found around the soils of the mechanic/battery charger workshop is potentially serious (severe pollution), and this may pose health risk to people dwelling around these sites or within the metropolis. Children could be at greater risk than adults, because of their hand-to-mouth behaviors that increase their exposure potential.