生物生态耦合技术处理农村生活污水的应用研究

在对“厌氧池+跌水充氧接触氧化池+水耕蔬菜型人工湿地”生物生态耦合技术应用于农村生活污水处理进行实证研究的基础上,进一步探讨了生物与生态处理单元各自的主要去除对象和效率,为生物生态技术的合理耦合提供了依据。结果表明：在进水COD、TN、TP质量浓度波动范围为51.20~211.12,28.29~122.12,1.26~5.97mg/L时,出水平均质量浓度为15.80,5.51,0.34mg/L,出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准（GB 18918—2002）》一级A标准。污水中COD、TN、TP的78%,85%,50%的去除是在生物处理单元完成的,而TP的达标排放还必需生态处理单元的参与。整个处理技术处理效果良好,运行费用低,适合在条件允许的农村地区推广使用。     

臭氧氧化法污泥减量技术的试验研究

对臭氧氧化法污泥减量技术进行了试验研究。试验表明,污泥浓度和臭氧流量均会影响污泥减量效果。当SV%=40,Qo2=20L/h,氧污比为0.15gO3/gMLSS时,污泥去除率最高,达到67.95%,污泥浓度与时间的函数关系为:S=3209.60e-0.1428t(S—MLSS浓度,mg/L;e—指数常数t;—时间,h)。电镜观察表明,经过臭氧氧化,污泥菌胶团密度降低,丝状菌网状结构破坏,细胞质溶出,细胞量明显减少。臭氧氧化法污泥减量技术对于解决污泥问题具有指导意义。     

次溴酸盐氧化法测定海水中氨氮试验条件的优化

对次溴酸盐氧化法测定海水中氨氮的试验条件进行优化,考察了温度、氧化时间、次溴酸盐用量、氨基酸等影响因素,以及干扰离子对测定的影响。方法在0 mg/L～0.100 mg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.8 μg/L,标准溶液平行测定的RSD为4.4%,能力验证样品的测定结果合格。     

A/O-电催化氧化法处理中转站垃圾渗滤液

采用A/O-电催化氧化法处理村镇垃圾中转站渗滤液,并针对工艺核心电催化氧化单元的相关运行参数进行探究。结果表明：使用椰壳活性炭作为粒子电极基体材料,以Sn-Sb作为活性催化剂,在初始pH值＜7、外加电压15 V条件下,电解中转站垃圾渗滤液效果较好;联合工艺连续运行阶段,当水力停留时间达到11 d时,原水COD从（31 098±1 270）mg/L下降到（391±44）mg/L,渗滤液可生化性（B/C）从0.336±0.020提升到0.719±0.024,可生化性显著增强。     

纳米光催化氧化测定不同水体化学需氧量的研究

采用简便的沉淀法制备的纳米氧化锌为光催化荆,重铬酸钾为光生电子接受体,研究了纳米氧化锌-重铬酸钾体系测定COD的方法.COD值在1～100mg/L之间有良好的线性关系,线性方程为y=0.0007χ 0.0069,相关系数为r=0.9992,检测限为0.66mg,L.采用本方法和CODM.国标法对不同水体样品进行比较测定发现,对低COD值样品本方法加标回收率在96.3%～100.6%之间,变异系数Cv%=1.1～3.4,准确度和精密度均优于CODMn国标法,弥补了低COD值样品国标法(CODmn)测定不准确的不足,且单个样品测定时间短,具有推广应用价值.     

库尔勒市串联氧化塘系统净化生活污水效果分析

系统分析了库尔勒市氧化塘的处理效果及影响因素,指出冬季处理效果低的原因及解决途径。结果表明,解决了冬季处理效果低的问题,氧化塘技术在中小城镇的运用将具有广阔的前景。     

利用Hach仪器开发低浓度COD的测试方法

利用Hach仪器开发了0 mg/L～150 mg/L COD的测试方法.采用反应器消解,比色法测定,配制的消解液能保证样品消解过程中浓硫酸和催化剂的含量与国标法相当,通过150 mg/L COD样品消解结束后重铬酸根离子半电池反应的电位折中确定重铬酸钾浓度.校准曲线线性关系良好,方法检出限为7 mg/L,与国标法作比较,结果表明两种方法可替换使用.     

环保新形势下的污水处理提标改造应用

随着国家环境保护力度的加大,国家和地方政府相继出台一系列环保加严标准,要求企业严格按照排放标准执行。兖矿国宏化工公司污水站排水COD含量30～60mg/L,总氮含量150～200mg/L,总磷含量1.5～3mg/L,远达不到标准要求。为满足国家、地方加严环境保护指标要求,解决污水处理站排水总氮超标严重、总磷、COD超标、气化灰水硬度大等问题,特研究对污水站实施提标技术改造。通过增加废水预处理、优化加药方案、增加废水接触氧化设施等,实现污水处理站排水COD30mg/L、氨氮5mg/L、总氮(TN)15mg/L、总磷0.5mg/L,达到国家最新废水排放指标要求。     

离子对高效液相色谱法同时测定氧化型染发剂中5种染料

采用离子对高效液相色谱法同时测定氧化型染发剂中5种染料成分,选择Phenomenex kinetex C18色谱柱(2.6μm,4.6 mm×150 mm),以10 mmol/L辛烷磺酸钠水溶液(pH值2.5)+甲醇(体积比60∶40)为流动相,采用DAD检测器,检测波长280 nm,以保留时间和紫外光谱特征定性,外标法定量。5种染料在20.0 mg/L～100 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,最低检出质量分数氢醌为0.02%,间苯二酚为0.03%,邻氨基苯酚为0.02%,邻苯二胺为0.04%,4-氨基-2-羟基甲苯为0.03%。低浓度基质加标平均回收率为82.5%～106%,RSD为1.4%～6.1%,中浓度基质加标平均回收率为82.0%～105%,RSD为0.4%～2.2%,高浓度基质加标平均回收率为78.5%～105%,RSD为1.7%～4.5%。     

超临界水氧化技术处理含油污水研究

在间歇式实验装置上对超临界水氧化技术处理含油污水进行了研究,主要考察了COD的脱除率与反应时间、温度和压力的关系。实验结果表明,超临界水中的氧化反应能有效去除污水中COD,反应时间、反应温度是影响COD脱除率的重要因素。     

稻田种植对地表径流污染状况调查研究

以辽宁省营口市水稻种植区为研究区域,通过对监测地块实地调研、资料收集、监测分析,在稻田整个作物生长周期化肥、农药的施加等情况下开展氮、磷污染物对地表径流污染状况的调查研究.结果表明:化肥、农药的施加均会使受纳水体中总磷、总氮质量浓度升高,施肥后总氮质量浓度上升最显著,绿色种植在扣除总氮背景值后达到37.7 mg/L,有...     

投菌水解（酸化）—生物接触氧化—混凝法处理酵母生产废水

研究了采用投菌水解（酸化）－生物接触氧化－浊凝化处理酵母生产废水。试验结果表明,进水浓度控制在ＣＯＤＣｒ值５０００ｍｇ／Ｌ左右,生化系统可取得较高的处理效率;生经处理出水再以碱式 化铝为混凝剂,聚丙烯酰胺为助凝剂进行混凝处理,其出水ＣＯＤＣｒ值可控制在２００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下,并且可部分回流使用。     

Application of Non-Conventional Filtration Technologies in Pollution Control

Deep bed filtration is becoming increasing important in wastewater treatment particularly in tertiary treatment as stringent water quality standards are emphasized. A detailed pilot-scale filtration study conducted with secondary effluent in a sewage treatment plant indicated that tertiary filtration with prior alum flocculation is capable of producing high quality effluent, particularly an effluent with phosphorus content of less than 0.3 mg/L (Vigneswaran and Ngo, 1994). Main problem of dual media filter has been rapid headloss development thus frequent backwash requirement. To overcome this problem two independent experimental studies were conducted: one with mobile bed filtration (MBF) and the other with combined downflow floating medium flocculator/prefilter (DFF) and coarse sand filter (CSF) system. A semi-pilot scale mobile bed filtration study conducted using oxidation pond effluent indicated that MBF with contact-flocculation arrangement was good in removing COD, T-P and turbidity with practically no headloss development. Sand of 0.6-0.84 nm dia and 50 cm depth was sufficient to reduce the COD and P from 55 mg/L and 4.5 mg/L to 15 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L respectively at a filtration rate of 7.5 m3/m2.h. Another experimental study with combined DFF-CSF system indicated that the DFF with in-line flocculation addition is a good pretreatment unit to reduce the phosphate upto 80-90%. The fact that DFF resulted in uniform filterable-flocs, it can also successfully be used as a static flocculator/prefilter unit. The introduction of DFF on top of a coarse sand filter increased the filter run time and removal efficiency (more 90-95% of NH3-N and T-P removal respectively). Most importantly, the backwashing of this system was achieved with small quantity of water at low backwash indicated that the removal efficiency was also superior with this system apart from the major advantage of low operating cost.     

北京市河流氨氮浓度时空演变特征分析

选取2010—2017年北京市地表水监测数据,对河流氨氮(NH 3-N)浓度的时空演变特征进行分析。结果显示,空间上,全市河流NH 3-N浓度整体上保持上游优于下游的分布特征;年均浓度显著下降,由2010年的8.53 mg/L逐年下降至2017年的3.09 mg/L;河流NH 3-N浓度与化学需氧量、总磷呈显著正相关,与溶解氧显著负相关,总氮与NH 3-N的比值随着水质由差到好呈上升状态。污水收集处理和再生水利用是改善北京市河流水质的关键措施。为持续降低河流NH 3-N浓度,改善首都水环境质量,须提高污水处理能力和出水水质,有机结合再生水回用与生态治水理念。     

Heavy metals pollution in a sewage treatment oxidation pond and the receiving stream of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria

This work centered on a 1-year evaluation campaign of point source pollution from a sewage treatment oxidation pond and its receiving stream. Water samples were collected from the sewage treatment oxidation pond and the receiving stream during July 2002 and June 2003. Concentrations of heavy metals were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) after a triple acid digestion of samples using open beaker method. Generally, the results showed high levels of toxic metals such as Cd, Pb, As, Al, Cr, Mn, Co, and Fe in the influent and effluent samples as well as in the receiving stream. The annual mean concentration of metals in the sewage samples ranged from 11.90 to 16.05, 64.96 to 88.27, 38.91 to 76.35, 17.46 to 24.45 mug/L for Cd, As, Pb, Co, and 4.31 to 8.77, 1.71 to 2.45, 0.46 to 0.74 and 13.82 to 20.47 mg/l for Al, Cr, Mn and Fe, respectively; while in the receiving stream, the concentrations were between 6.89 to 10.45, 35.50 to 59.26, 22.85 to 35.94, 11.33 to 18.83 mug/l for Cd, As, Pb, Co, and 1.99 to 3.49, 1.35 to 2.08, 0.21 to 0.48, and 8.93 to 14.15 mg/l for Al, Cr, Mn and Fe, respectively. The discharge of the effluent from the sewage pond into the receiving stream has therefore led to increase in the concentrations of some heavy metals downstream, thus impacting the receiving stream negatively and could pose a serious health hazard to aquatic ecosystems and humans particularly for rural dwellers and peasant farmers downstream that utilize the water from the receiving stream for various domestic and agricultural purposes untreated.     

Characterization and pollution potential assessment of Tunceli, Turkey municipal solid waste open dumping site leachates

Environmental monitoring of leachate quality from an open municipal solid waste dumping site in Tunceli, Turkey was studied in this research. The most commonly examined pollution parameters were determined on a seasonal basis. The annual average 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD₅) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) values of station points were measured as 70 and 425 mg/L, respectively, and also the average BOD₅/COD ratio (a measure of biodegradability) was calculated as 0.20. The low ratio of biodegradability and slightly alkaline pH values in the leachate samples indicated that the site was characterized by methanogenic conditions. The mean ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N) and corresponding phosphate (orthophosphate) values were assayed as 70 and 11 mg/L, respectively. The average solids content in the leachates was measured as 4,681 mg/L (total solids) and 144 mg/L (suspended solids). Very low concentrations of iron, manganese, copper, and zinc in the leachate samples were found and the concentration of cadmium was measured below detection limits. Excessive amount of nutrients and high organic and inorganic pollutant content in the leachates pose serious pollution potential to the environment. Since no drainage system or bio treatment exists in this open dumping site, high permeability of natural soil at the site and in the surrounding area and very fractured and crackled rocks under natural soil are indicators of high groundwater pollution potential in this site.     

Biomonitoring of testate amoebae (protozoa) as toxic metals absorbed in aquatic bryophytes from the Hg-Tl mineralized area (China)

A new method has been developed for the determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in pulping effluent using chemometrics-assisted spectrophotometry. Two calibration models were established by inducing UV-visible spectroscopy (model 1) and derivative spectroscopy (model 2), combined with the chemometrics software Smica-P. Correlation coefficients of the two models are 0.9954 (model 1) and 0.9963 (model 2) when COD of samples is in the range of 0 to 405 mg/L. Sensitivities of the two models are 0.0061 (model 1) and 0.0056 (model 2) and method detection limits are 2.02?C2.45 mg/L (model 1) and 2.13?C2.51 mg/L (model 2). Validation experiment showed that the average standard deviation of model 2 was 1.11 and that of model 1 was 1.54. Similarly, average relative error of model 2 (4.25%) was lower than model 1 (5.00%), which indicated that the predictability of model 2 was better than that of model 1. Chemometrics-assisted spectrophotometry method did not need chemical reagents and digestion which were required in the conventional methods, and the testing time of the new method was significantly shorter than the conventional ones. The proposed method can be used to measure COD in pulping effluent as an environmentally friendly approach with satisfactory results.