利用水通道蛋白正渗透膜浓缩生活污水

为从生活污水中回收水资源并同时减少后续处理的反应器容积,本研究采用水通道蛋白正渗透膜对生活污水进行浓缩,并探究不同汲取液对生活污水的浓缩效果和膜污染的影响.在污水体积浓缩至初始的1/10时,氮、磷等浓度浓缩倍数仅为1~3左右,而有机物和金属离子浓度浓缩倍数约为4~7,浓缩后污水COD/TN从2.9增至10.9,生物脱氮潜力明显提高.由于汲取液的盐反向扩散和原料液中污染物浓度的升高,高离子强度是影响污染物截留率的重要原因.浓缩时采用高浓度汲取液会导致膜表面出现结垢,膜污染严重.采用MgCl₂作为汲取液可有效减轻浓缩过程中的盐度累积,且Mg²⁺的作用还可促进微生物活性,但这也可能导致水通道蛋白的分解.     

化肥驱动正渗透工艺处理生活污水的研究进展

采用化肥驱动正渗透（fertilizer driven forward osmosis, FDFO）工艺处理生活污水,不仅有效降低受纳环境风险或减少水体污染,同时经稀释后的化肥汲取液可直接用于周边农田灌溉,实现了生活污水处理与农田灌溉水肥一体化协同效应,具有良好的应用前景。目前,FDFO处理生活污水处于实验室小试和部分现场中试验证阶段,规模化应用的关键核心在于高效正渗透膜的开发、膜装置设计的改进、膜表面水力学参数的优化及膜污染缓解技术水平的提升。文章综述了近10年FDFO工艺在处理生活污水中的应用,重点阐述了FDFO工艺的膜装置类型与工艺流程、评价指标及其影响因素等3方面,并展望了未来FDFO工艺规模化处理生活污水面临的挑战,以期推动FDFO工艺在处理污水领域的应用。     

正渗透微生物燃料电池反向溶质通量和膜污染控制技术研究进展

正渗透微生物燃料电池（OsMFC）采用正渗透（FO）膜代替传统微生物燃料电池（MFC）中的质子交换膜,可以在回收生物电的同时借助FO膜对原料液即阳极污水进行处理并提取高质量水,该技术受到广泛关注。与传统MFC相比,OsMFC在产电性能和出水水质方面均有提升。但是,FO膜的引入使得OsMFC系统反向溶质扩散和膜污染等问题十分突出,进而导致FO膜的水通量降低,OsMFC的产电和产水性能下降,限制了OsMFC的发展和应用。随着近年来材料和生物等领域的不断发展,上述问题可以通过合理的技术手段解决。从优化OsMFC性能出发,重点从反向溶质通量（RSF）控制和膜污染控制2个方面对近几年的研究进行分析和总结,主要包括通过膜材料的选择、汲取液的选择和OsMFC系统内产电对RSF进行抑制,以及通过膜污染形成机制、膜污染的技术调控、膜污染清洗、膜材料的改性和阳极微生物的筛选与培养对膜污染进行控制,并对未来OsMFC的RSF和膜污染的控制技术进行了展望。

     

膜生物反应器处理生活污水的研究

考查了膜生物反应器处理生活废水的效果。研究了抽吸与暂停时间，温度，压力，进水浓度和污泥浓度等因素对出水水质的影响，得出最佳因素组合为时间抽吸12min，暂停2min。温度20℃左右，压力0.15MPa,MLSS3500mg/L时，进水浓度的变化对出水水质影响不大。     

正渗透技术研究现状及进展

作为一种新型膜处理技术,正渗透技术自20世纪50年代建立以来,在环保、能源、海水淡化等领域受到越来越广泛的关注;其经历了从实验室研究,中试实验,到少量的商业化应用,技术日臻完善.本文综合了国内外相关文献的信息,从正渗透膜制备、浓差极化、汲取液及正渗透应用等四方面对正渗透技术的研究现状及进展进行了综述,并分析了其应用过程中存在的缺陷和未来发展趋势.正渗透技术的研发虽取得了显著进展,但仍存在应用瓶颈.正渗透膜仍存在对某些污染物的截留率不高、支撑层内浓差极化大、造价较贵等问题;影响浓差极化的因素尽管已经比较清楚,但至今尚无有效大幅度降低甚至消除内浓差极化的方法;汲取液存在反向渗透较重、回收过程能耗较大等问题;正渗透技术的应用范围,特别是在工业废水处理领域还需拓展.     

平板膜MBR处理生活污水试验研究

采用平板膜MBR工艺处理小区生活污水,研究了MBR工艺对COD、BOD、NH4+-N、SS及浊度等去除效果,在进水COD、BOD平均浓度为325mg/L、274mg/L的情况下,出水达到20mg/L和8mg/L,去除率在93%以上,SS及浊度去除率达到100%和98%,NH4+-N去除率79%,出水NH4+-N小于10mg/L。通过研究系统三氮转化可知,该系统没有发生反硝化反应,出水NO2--N和NO3--N浓度较高。通过投加葡萄糖人为改变容积负荷,在容积负荷变化3.2kgCOD/m·3d情况下,系统受负荷冲击影响较小,COD去除率仍能保持在88%以上。通过对膜通量的研究发现,膜通量在连续运行的前3天变化不大,第3天后,膜通量迅速降低,第10天后膜污染达到极限,因此清洗周期设定为3～4天。     

正渗透技术在水和废水处理中的应用研究

正渗透(Forward osmosis,FO)技术是一种由渗透压驱动的膜技术,与传统的机械压力驱动的膜技术相比,具有出水水质高、能耗低、操作压力小、设备简单易操作、污染小等特点,近年来在水和废水处理的研究领域受到越来越多的关注.但FO技术目前仍然存在一些问题,如浓差极化、膜污染、汲取液溶质返混和汲取液的后处理等,使之目前仍未得到广泛的应用.本文对已有FO技术的相关文献进行较为全面系统的归纳,介绍了FO技术的原理,以及在海水脱盐、市政污水处理、特种废水处理等领域的应用,讨论了影响FO运行的主要因素(主要包括FO膜、汲取液、原水性质和运行条件等方面),并着重阐述了FO技术目前存在的问题(浓差极化、膜污染、汲取液溶质返混和汲取液的后处理).最后,对FO技术未来的研究和发展方向给出了建议.     

生物碳纤维膜与普通膜处理生活污水的对比研究

文章采用生物碳纤维膜和普通MBR膜进行对生活污水处理效果的对比实验研究,考察了2种膜材料对污水中常规指标的去除效果和2种膜材料的膜污染问题。研究结果表明,在水力停留时间(HRT)=12 h、气水比=10∶1、污泥浓度为8 g/L的条件下,生物碳纤维膜材料对生活污水的去除效果优于普通MBR膜材料,对生活污水的化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH4+-N)的去除率比普通MBR膜材料分别高出5%、10%,处理效果良好;同时生物碳纤维膜材料的膜清洗周期为37 d,比普通MBR膜材料的清洗周期长,说明生物碳纤维膜材料的膜污染情况有所减缓。实验证实了生物碳纤维膜工艺处理生活污水的可行性和优越性。     

膜生物反应器处理生活污水的膜污染研究

本文研究的是采用一体式膜生物反应器处理生活污水过程中膜污染问题.试验结果表明:运行初期,由于膜孔堵塞膜通量下降速率较快,但随着运行时间的延长,膜通量下降缓慢且趋于一定值,膜污染也基本保持稳定;膜生物反应器处理高效优质,出水水质不受冲击负荷的影响,膜对部分有机物的截留作用使系统对COD的去除率保持在较高水平上,但膜对总磷的去除不明显;污泥沉降性能与膜污染具有相关性,污泥沉降性能的恶化直接加剧了膜污染.     

厌氧微网反应器处理生活污水膜污染物研究

采用涤纶网加工的微网膜组件与厌氧反应器结合构成厌氧微网生物反应器用于处理城市生活污水。在不同反应器形式和水力停留时间条件下反应器稳定运行了144 d。研究结果表明完全搅拌反应器在膜通量12 L/(m2.h)条件下跨膜压差变化较小,整体出水水质高于无搅拌式反应器。通过膜面SS含量测定、粒径和三维荧光光谱分析等方法对膜面污染物进行了系统分析。无搅拌式AnFBR随着停留时间的延长,膜面污染物的SS减少,粒径减小;完全搅拌式AnFBR膜面污染物的SS最少,粒径最小。三位荧光分析表明SMP主要有2个类蛋白质荧光峰A和B,中心位置(Ex/Em)分别位于230~235/335~350 nm及280~290/330~355 nm,EPS样品中除了峰A和峰B外还有2个峰,峰C位置(Ex/Em)在340~350/435~445 nm,与类富里酸物质有关,峰D位于420~440/465~515 nm,与类腐殖酸物质有关。     

煤化工废水反渗透处理系统的运行效果及膜污染分析

针对煤化工废水反渗透(RO)膜处理系统夏季严重污堵的问题,本研究以实际某煤化工污水处理厂一级两段式RO系统为考察对象,分析了系统运行效能及膜污染特征,研究发现,生化段稳定地实现了有机物的削减,离子交换树脂进一步保障了产水的脱盐率,促进实现高水回收率,是煤化工废水零排放的重要保障.但对膜系统而言,脱盐及有机物去除的主要负...     

Fouling distribution in forward osmosis membrane process

Fouling behavior along the length of membrane module was systematically investigated by performing simple modeling and lab-scale experiments of forward osmosis （FO） membrane process. The flux distribution model developed in this study showed a good agreement with experimental results, validating the robustness of the model. This model demonstrated, as expected, that the permeate flux decreased along the membrane channel due to decreasing osmotic pressure differential across the FO membrane. A series of fouling experiments were conducted under the draw and feed solutions at various recoveries simulated by the model. The simulated fouling experiments revealed that higher organic （alginate） fouling and thus more flux decline were observed at the last section of a membrane channel, as foulants in feed solution became more concentrated. Furthermore, the water flux in FO process declined more severely as the recovery increased due to more foulants transported to membrane surface with elevated solute concentrations at higher recovery, which created favorable solution environments for organic adsorption. The fouling reversibility also decreased at the last section of the membrane channel, suggesting that fouling distribution on FO membrane along the module should be carefully examined to improve overall cleaning efficiency. Lastly, it was found that such fouling distribution observed with co-current flow operation became less pronounced in counter- current flow operation of FO membrane process.     

初始pH值对正渗透浓缩城市污水和回收磷的影响

为实现从城市污水中回收磷和水资源并同时减少后续处理反应器容积的目的,采用正渗透膜对城市污水进行浓缩,并探究城市污水的初始pH值对浓缩效果和磷回收的影响.首先采用合成城市污水进行正渗透浓缩试验,当提高原料液(FS)的初始pH值至9.5时,FS体积浓缩接近初始体积的1/10后,膜上及垫网上吸附磷含量约为其初始总量的44％,...     

正渗透去除地表水中DOM的效能研究

采用经砂滤处理后的滆湖水作为原料液,氯化钠溶液作为汲取液,在不同影响因素条件下进行正渗透试验,并对试验后的膜片进行清洗,探究膜污染的可逆性.结果表明:提高汲取液浓度、运行温度及膜面流速均可有效增加膜通量;正渗透对滆湖水体中的溶解性微生物代谢产物、类色氨酸、类富里酸和腐殖酸四种主要DOM成分均有较好的去除效果,DOC、UV₂₅₄截留率均在96%以上;短期运行通过水力清洗几乎可以完全恢复膜通量,而长期运行通过超声清洗可以基本恢复全部膜通量,通过分析膜清洗液可知造成膜污染的主要物质为类色氨酸类和类富里酸类物质.     

Control of membrane fouling during hyperhaline municipal wastewater treatment using a pilot-scale anoxic/aerobic-membrane bioreactor system

Membrane fouling limits the effects of long-term stable operation of membrane bioreactor (MBR). Control of membrane fouling can extend the membrane life and reduce water treatment cost effectively. A pilot scale anoxic/aerobic-membrane bioreactor (A/O-MBR, 40 L/hr) was used to treat the hyperhaline municipal sewage from a processing zone of Tianjin, China. Impact factors including mixed liquid sludge suspension (MLSS), sludge viscosity (μup), microorganisms, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), aeration intensity and suction/suspended time on membrane fouling and pollution control were studied. The relationships among various factors associated with membrane fouling were analyzed. Results showed that there was a positive correlation among MLSS, sludge viscosity and trans-membrane pressure (TMP). Considering water treatment efficiency and stable operation of the membrane module, MLSS of 5 g/L was suggested for the process. There was a same trend among EPS, sludge viscosity and TMP. Numbers and species of microorganisms affected membrane fouling. Either too high or too low aeration intensity was not conducive to membrane fouling control. Aeration intensity of 1.0 m³/hr (gas/water ratio of 25:1) is suggested for the process. A long suction time caused a rapid increase in membrane resistance. However, long suspended time cannot prevent the increase of membrane resistance effectively even though a suspended time was necessary for scale off particles from the membrane surface. The suction/suspended time of 12 min/3 min was selected for the process. The interaction of various environmental factors and operation conditions must be considered synthetically.     

Performance and fouling mechanism of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) treating fermentation wastewater with high organic concentrations

In this study,direct contact membrane distillation(DCMD)was used for treating fermentation wastewater with high organic concentrations.DCMD performance characteristics including permeate flux,permeate water quality as well as membrane fouling were investigated systematically.Experimental results showed that,after 12 hr DCMD,the feed wastewater was concentrated by about a factor of 3.7 on a volumetric basis,with the permeate flux decreasing from the initial 8.7 L/m~2/hr to the final 4.3 L/m~2/hr due to membrane fouling;the protein concentration in the feed wastewater was increased by about 3.5 times and achieved a value of 6178 mg/L,which is suitable for reutilization.Although COD and TOC in permeate water increased continuously due to the transfer of volatile components from wastewater,organic rejection of over 95%was achieved in wastewater.GC–MS results suggested that the fermentation wastewater contained 128kinds of organics,in which 14 organics dominated.After 12 hr DCMD,not only volatile organics including trimethyl pyrazine,2-acetyl pyrrole,phenethyl alcohol and phenylacetic acid,but also non-volatile dibutyl phthalate was detected in permeate water due to membrane wetting.FT-IR and SEM–EDS results indicated that the deposits formed on the membrane inner surface mainly consisted of Ca,Mg,and amine,carboxylic acid and aromatic groups.The fouled membrane could be recovered,as most of the deposits could be removed using a HCl/Na OH chemical cleaning method.