碳汇交易视角下中国滨海湿地蓝色碳汇价值实现机制及路径研究

中国亟需通过碳汇交易推动滨海湿地蓝色碳汇价值实现,以解决滨海湿地保护、修复领域内生激励机制不足等问题。本文提出碳汇交易视角下滨海湿地蓝色碳汇价值实现的理论框架,梳理国内外滨海湿地蓝色碳汇交易现状,分析中国滨海湿地蓝色碳汇交易存在的问题,探讨碳汇交易视角下中国滨海湿地蓝色碳汇价值实现机制及路径。结果表明：（1）中国滨海湿地蓝色碳汇交易存在法律政策不健全、蓝色碳汇产权归属不清、核算体系不统一、市场交易机制不完善、多种交易风险并存等问题;（2）碳汇交易视角下中国滨海湿地蓝色碳汇价值实现机制包括确定交易客体、识别交易主体、开展价值核算、建立交易市场、成效分析等方面;（3）碳汇交易视角下中国滨海湿地蓝色碳汇价值实现路径包括完善法律制度及相关政策、明确蓝色碳汇产权归属、建立统一核算标准体系、促进多元主体参与交易、科学制定交易价格、规范交易市场秩序、加强财政支持保障等。     

海洋牧场碳汇资源生态补偿标准

海洋牧场建设是中国扩增海洋碳汇,实现碳中和战略目标的有效途径。碳汇具有明显的外部性,只有确定合理的补偿标准才能调动海洋牧场建设经营者积极性。以海洋牧场中藻类、贝类、鱼类、甲壳及其他类经济性碳汇资源为研究对象,利用最优化模型核算了碳汇资源生态价值的补偿标准。研究结果表明：藻类、贝类、鱼类、甲壳及其他类的生态补偿标准分别为134.94元/t、820.05元/t、782.39元/t、3764.16元/t,补偿标准存在种类间差异性。研究结果可为优化当前海洋牧场生态补偿政策提供理论参考。     

我国海水养殖业碳汇能力测度及其影响因素分解研究

以我国海水养殖2005~2012年的数据为研究对象,运用物质量评估法对其碳汇能力进行了估算,结果发现我国海水养殖的碳汇能力巨大,年均碳汇能力达到100万t以上,且近年来呈现出增加的趋势。在此基础上,运用修正的Laspeyres指数分解法对我国海水养殖碳汇能力进行了分解研究,结果发现产量因素对海水养殖碳汇能力的变化起主要作用,结构因素的作用很小,最后提出了我国海水养殖业进一步增强碳汇能力的建议。     

Soil warming effect on net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide during the transition from winter carbon source to spring carbon sink in a temperate urban lawn

The significant warming in urban environment caused by the combined effects of global warming and heat island has stimulated widely development of urban vegetations. However, it is less known of the climate feedback of urban lawn in warmed environment. Soil warming effect on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide during the transition period from winter to spring was investigated in a temperate urban lawn in Beijing, China. The NEE (negative for uptake) under soil warming treatment (temperature was about 5℃ higher than the ambient treatment as a control) was -0.71 μmol/(m².sec), the ecosytem was a CO₂ sink under soil warming treatment, the lawn ecosystem under the control was a CO₂ source (0.13 μmol/(m².sec)), indicating that the lawn ecosystem would provide a negative feedback to global warming. There was no significant effect of soil warming on nocturnal NEE (i.e., ecosystem respiration), although the soil temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of ecosystem respiration under soil warming treatment was 3.86, much lower than that in the control (7.03). The CO₂ uptake was significantly increased by soil warming treatment that was attributed to about 100% increase of α (apparent quantum yield) and A_max (maximum rate of photosynthesis). Our results indicated that the response of photosynthesis in urban lawn is much more sensitive to global warming than respiration in the transition period.     

Fractions of permanence – Squaring the cycle of sink carbon accounting

As vegetation is an unstable dynamicsystem, emission credits generated bycarbon (C) sink projects under the CleanDevelopment Mechanism (CDM) of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) KyotoProtocol suffer from an inherent permanencerisk. There are basically two approacheshow to balance greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions andC uptake in vegetation. The merit ofthe so-called `ton-year approach' is todestroy the fiction of infinity whentalking about permanent sequestration. Themerit of the temporary credits is todestroy the fiction of comparabilitybetween technological emission reductionand sequestration in natural systems. Thispresent article discusses the pros and consof both approaches, which have beenbrought forward as more or less unrelatedalternatives. By making use of bothmethodologies and providing a link betweenboth proposals on permanence in CDMforestry, the article puts forward theproposal of leasing reduction certificates.     

中国保护性耕作净碳汇的时空格局

研究中国保护性耕作净碳汇的时空格局对其推广政策的合理制定具有重要意义。在分析保护性耕作固碳排碳机理和构建其测度方法的基础上,以中国各省（市、自治区）为单元,对2000—2019年中国保护性耕作净碳汇的时空格局进行分析,并对其潜力进行预测。结果表明：（1）每年保护性耕作的碳汇基本都是碳排的2倍,土壤固碳占保护性耕作碳汇的2/3以上,生物固碳占比小于1/3。（2）中国保护性耕作净碳汇在时间上呈现逐年递增趋势,其中,华北、西北和东南地区增幅较大;在空间上表现为扩张—集聚—扩张态势,其重心由北向南移动。（3）中国保护性耕作净碳汇具有明显的空间非均衡性特征,2019年呈现华北、西北和东南地区“三足鼎立”之格局,河南、山东、内蒙古、新疆、安徽、湖北和江西7省区属于高碳汇区,河北、吉林、陕西和山西属于低碳汇区,其他省份属于碳中和区。（4）2020—2030年中国保护性耕作的净碳汇潜力继续保持增长态势,2030年的峰值将处于5794.38万~7962.93万t C之间。     

长期施肥对棕壤有机碳储量及固碳速率的影响

利用棕壤肥料长期定位试验,研究了不同施肥条件下棕壤有机碳在0~60 cm土层的含量和储量特征以及土壤固碳速率.试验共设6个处理,即氮磷肥有机肥配施(M_2NP)、氮肥有机肥配施(M_2N)、单施有机肥(M_2)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷肥配施(NP)和不施肥处理(CK).结果表明:经过31年长期不同施肥,各处理土壤有机碳(SOC)含量和储量的剖面分布均呈现随土层深度增加而显著降低的规律.本试验条件下M_2NP、M_2N、M_2、NP、N、CK处理的耕层有机碳富集系数分别为0.465、0.455、0.407、0.48_2、0.393、0.471,表明耕层土壤对有机碳的保持强度最强.在0~60 cm土层土壤有机碳储量表现为M_2NP、M_2NM_2、NPNCK,有机肥和化肥配施能够显著提高土壤有机碳含量和储量.与试验前相比,CK处理各土层土壤有机碳含量和储量均显著降低.各处理碳库管理指数(CPMI)表现为M_2NPM_2NM_2NNPCK.分析不同施肥处理土壤固碳速率可知,与试验前相比,CK处理表现为碳的净释放,固碳速率达-401.4 kg·hm~(-_2)·a~(-1);固碳速率最高的为M_2NP,M_2N,分别达到489kg·hm~(-_2)·a~(-1)、440._2 kg·hm~(-_2)·a~(-1).综合结果表明,化肥、有机肥配施所产生交互效应更有利于棕壤有机碳储量的增加及固碳速率的提高.     

Influence of perennial forages on subsoil organic carbon in a long-term rotation study in Uruguay

Interest is increasing in Uruguay in management practices that can store carbon in soils, such as the use of perennial forage crops. Previous studies on agricultural soils have focused on organic carbon in surface soil layers. However, due to the ability of perennial forages to develop extensive root systems, the potential exists for these crops to add carbon in the subsoil. A 38-year rotation experiment on a silty clay loam soil in southwestern Uruguay was used to examine the effect of a crop rotation including periods of pasture on total organic carbon (TOC) and particulate (>53 μm) organic carbon (POC) at soil depths of 20–40 and 40–60 cm. Analysis showed the pasture rotation had higher POC concentrations at both depths than an annual crop rotation. This may indicate increased addition of organic carbon in the pasture rotation and signal a future change in TOC and mineral-associated organic carbon levels. Total organic carbon was higher in the rotation including pasture at a P level of 0.14. These results present preliminary observations on the management effects of including perennial forages in rotations on subsoil carbon levels, using a long-term experiment resource to assess very slow changes.     

内蒙古省级层面碳汇总量评估必要性与框架初探

结合国内外最新研究进展,制定适合内蒙古区域特点的碳汇测算方法和评估体系框架,科学估算碳汇状况,系统分析我区不同陆地生态系统类型的碳汇大小及其机制,可提供关于我区陆地生态系统碳汇功能可信、翔实和正确的估算结果;新时期省级层面上开展陆地生态系统碳汇总量评估十分重要。     

降雨条件下岩溶碳汇的动态变化特征——以桂林毛村地下河为例

2010年6月13日至6月17日期间,对桂林毛村岩溶地下河出口HCO3-与流量对降雨的响应进行了高分辨率的监测,实时监测降雨量和地下河出口河水水位、水温、pH值、电导率、重碳酸根,结合计算地下河水方解石饱和指数(SIc)与二氧化碳分压(pCO2)的基础上,分析了降雨条件下岩溶碳汇的动态变化特征.相关数据表明,(1)岩溶...     

Nitrogen sink in a small forested watershed of subtropical China

Global nitrogen (N) emission and deposition have been increased rapidly due to massive mobilization of N which may have longreaching impacts on ecosystems. Many agricultural and forest ecosystems have been identified as secondary N sources. In the present study, the input-output budget of inorganic N in a small forested watershed of subtropical China was investigated. Inorganic N wet deposition and discharge by stream water were monitored from March, 2007 to February, 2009. The concentrations and fluxes of inorganic N in wet precipitation and stream water and net retention of N were calculated. Global N input by dry deposition and biological fixation and N output by denitrification for forested watersheds elsewhere were reported as references to evaluate whether the studied forested watershed is a source or a sink for N. The results show that the inorganic N output by the stream water is mainly caused by NO3??-N even though the input is dominated by NH4 +-N. The mean flux of inorganic N input by wet precipitation and output by stream water is 1.672 and 0.537 g N/(m2 yr), respectively, which indicates that most of inorganic N input is retained in the forested watershed. Net retention of inorganic N reaches 1.135 g N/(m2 yr) considering wet precipitation as the main input and stream water as the main output. If N input by dry deposition and biological fixation and output by denitrification are taken into account, this subtropical forested watershed currently acts as a considerable sink for N, with a net sink ranging from 1.309 to 1.913 g N/(m2 yr) which may enhance carbon sequestration of the terrestrial ecosystem.     

关于统筹实现碳达峰目标与碳中和愿景的几点建议

习近平总书记在第75届联合国大会一般性辩论上发表的重要讲话为我国实现碳达峰目标和碳中和愿景指明了方向。本文针对我国如何统筹碳达峰目标与碳中和愿景工作提出如下建议:一是要充分认识我国实现碳达峰目标的困难和挑战。二是要充分认识到我国碳达峰的任务艰巨,但有一定的基础条件。三是要树立战胜困难的信心和决心。四是要认真总结北京、河北、河南、山西、四川等已经初步实现碳达峰目标地区的经验。五是统筹碳达峰与碳中和,提早安排碳中和各项工作。六是统筹提高能源效率和发展非化石能源。七是统筹能源转型和发展转型。八是成立国家碳中和发展基金。九是建立碳达峰、碳中和的政策机制。十是加强碳达峰、碳中和的国际合作。     

河南省农田生态系统碳源/汇时空分布及影响因素分解

为明确河南省农田生态系统碳源/汇分布特征及影响因素,利用2010—2020年河南省农作物播种面积、产量等数据估算农田生态系统碳源/碳汇量,分析其时空特征,并采用对数平均迪式指数法（LMDI加法分解模型）分别对碳源/汇的影响因素进行分解.结果表明,2010—2020年,河南省农田生态系统碳排放呈先增后降的趋势,田间氮肥施用所造成的碳排放贡献率最大,达74.39%～76.35%.各地市农田生态系统的碳排放量、增幅及单位播种面积碳排放强度均存在显著差异.河南省农田生态系统碳吸收呈上升趋势,净增6.0×107 t,增幅为22.93%.各地市碳吸收量及单位播种面积碳吸收强度均呈增长态势,河南省农田生态系统碳汇能力不断增强,且碳吸收量大于碳排放量.在碳源影响因素分解中,农业能源利用水平和农业低碳技术水平的提高、劳动力规模的控制可有效减少碳排放;在碳汇影响因素分解中,碳汇系数、碳汇技术水平与碳吸收量呈正效应,且小麦碳汇能力最强.建议通过提高能源利用水平和低碳技术水平、调整农作物种植结构、发展循环农业模式等措施,实现农田生态系统降碳增汇.     

Modelling soil organic carbon dynamics in two long-term experiments of north-eastern Italy

Simulation models are widely used to assess the impacts of management and environmental variables on soil organic matter dynamics, to address questions on ecosystem sustainability and carbon cycling under global change. We tested the Century ecosystem model for two long-term experiments in north-eastern Italy: one (SF) comparing nutrient management treatments in small confined plots containing widely contrasting soil types (i.e., sandy, clay and peat) and the other (CR) involving a field study with crop rotation, nutrient, and management intensity variables. The organic matter changes in the SF experiment, showed a strong, linear relationship with C inputs from crop residues and added manures in the sand and clay soils, which was closely mimicked by the model. There was a net loss of soil C for all treatments in the peat soil, but the rate and overall magnitude of C losses were accurately simulated by the model, which suggested that treatment effects on soil C inputs was the major determinant of SOC dynamics in all three soils. In the CR experiment the model reasonably simulated the large initial decline (averaging about 30% of initial levels) in SOC observed in all treatments, as well as mean treatment effects over the course of the experiment. The model predicted a general pattern of higher SOC in the high management intensity, high fertility treatment combinations and lower SOC in the low management intensity, low fertility treatments; however, observed soil C did not show a clear pattern related to the treatments. Simulated soil C contents were linearly related to C input levels in the different treatments while there was no significant relationship between measured soil C and C inputs based on observed data.     

生物矿化在重金属污染治理领域的研究进展

生物矿化通过生物代谢影响金属及类金属物质的形态分布,进而改变金属及类金属物质的生物有效性及毒性,在环境污染治理领域成为研究热点.文献计量学结果显示,2007—2017年生物矿化研究以微生物为主要对象,在纳米颗粒物和矿区修复等方面形成热点,并在环境学、生物学、化学和工程学等领域形成交叉学科.结合典型矿化菌与重金属间的矿化关联规律和微界面反应对微生物矿化中重金属的钝化机制进行归纳:①依据矿化菌与矿化产物的关联性对矿化菌进行分类,从碳酸盐、铁锰氧化物、硫化物和磷酸盐4类矿化产物角度汇总了碳酸盐矿化菌、铁锰氧化菌、硫酸盐还原菌及磷酸盐溶解菌的代表微生物;②矿化菌通过诱导矿化的方式固定重金属离子,其中碳酸盐矿化菌、硫酸盐还原菌及磷酸盐溶解菌可以直接促进金属矿物的形成,铁锰氧化菌生成的矿物间接吸附金属离子;③微生物矿化是由外及内的过程,细胞壁及胞外多聚物具有丰富基团,在矿化初期提供吸附和成核位点,原生质体也可以提供矿化场所,在矿化中后期继续固定游离离子.但是,由于微生物复杂的细胞结构及独特的生理习性,矿化过程的微界面反应机制研究尚显不足,需要利用生物学、矿物学、环境科学等领域的先进技术进一步的探索;同时也应开展宏观生态水平的生物矿化研究,并结合实际问题完善生物矿化在环境污染治理中的理论,为重金属污染地区的治理提供新的思路和技术.      

类芬顿反应对长期施肥土壤中有机碳的影响

以吉林公主岭、江西进贤、湖南祁阳、辽宁沈阳农大等多地长期定位试验站的土壤为研究对象,结合原位微宇宙试验培养的土壤,探索类芬顿反应对长期施肥土壤中有机碳的影响.结果表明,长期施用化肥的土壤中自由基含量均显著低于长期施用有机肥的土壤.通过纳米粒子探针(NanoSIMS)发现,施用化肥的土壤中56Fe16O-的离子强度强于施...     

Crop residue removal and fertilizer N: Effects on soil organic carbon in a long-term crop rotation experiment on a Udic Boroll

Biofuels can be produced by converting cellulose in crop residues to ethanol. This has recently been viewed as a potential supplement to non-renewable energy sources, especially in the Americas. A 50-yr field experiment was analyzed to determine the influence of (i) removing approximately 22% of the above-ground wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residue each crop year, and (ii) N and P fertilization on soil carbon (C) in the top 15 cm depth of a fallow–wheat–wheat (F–W–W) rotation. The study was conducted from 1958 to 2007 on a clay soil, at Indian Head in sub-humid southeast Saskatchewan, Canada. Soil C concentrations and bulk densities were measured in the 0–7.5 and 7.5–15 cm depths in 1987, 1996 and 2007 and soil C changes were related to C inputs estimated from straw and root yields calculated from regressions relating these to grain yields. Two soil organic matter models [the Campbell model and the Introductory Carbon Balance Model (ICBM)] were also used to simulate and predict the effects of the treatments on soil C change over time, and to estimate likely soil C change if 50% or 95% of above-ground residues were harvested each crop year. Crop residue removal reduced cumulative C inputs from straw and roots over the 50-yr experiment by only 13%, and this did not significantly (P > 0.05) reduce soil C throughout the experiment duration. However, after 50 yr of applying N fertilizer at recommended rates, soil C increased significantly by about 3 Mg ha⁻¹ compared to the non-fertilized treatment. The simulated effect of removing 50% and 95% of the above-ground residues suggested that removing 50% of the straw would likely have a detectable effect on the soil C, while removing 95% of the straw certainly would. Measurements and model simulations suggest that adoption of no-tillage without proper fertilization will not increase soil C. Although it appears that a modest amount of residue may be safely removed from these Udic Borolls (Black Chernozems) without a measurable effect on soil C, this would only be feasible if accompanied by appropriate fertility management.     

污水处理厂尾水中有机氯化物的活性炭吸附深度处理

考虑到经氯消毒的城市污水处理厂尾水中可能存在的副产物,选择广东省东莞市两个典型污水处理厂尾水为研究对象,采用GC-MS分析其中的有机氯化物,并以某种粉末活性炭进行吸附深度处理及考察其效果.分析结果表明,尾水中存在二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、二氯一溴甲烷、二澳一氯甲烷、二氯硝基甲烷等多种有机氯化物,其中,三氯甲烷和四氯化碳在所取样品中都存在且相对含量之和超过80%;吸附结果表明,所选择的活性炭样在1 g·L-1投加量下,尾水中未检出有机氯化物.说明适宜的活性炭能够应用于污水处理厂尾水中多种有机氯化物的分离去除.     

聚苯胺/蒽醌修饰碳毡作为阴极在电芬顿中的应用

通过电化学的方法制备了经2-蒽醌磺酸钠(AQS)和聚苯胺(PANI)修饰的碳毡(CF)电极,探究其作为阴极应用于电芬顿系统中降解有机污染物的特征和影响因素及电化学稳定性.实验结果表明:经AQS/PANI修饰后碳毡阴极的电子转移内阻显著降低,仅为未修饰碳毡电极的0.21%,电化学活性显著提高.相同实验条件下修饰后的电极产过氧化氢的量约是未修饰电极的10倍.在阴极电位为-0.5 V,pH值为2以及Fe²⁺浓度为0.1 mmol·L^-1的条件下,60 min内罗丹明B的降解率可达96.46%.而在同样的实验条件下,CF、AQS/CF和PANI/CF分别作为阴极时,电芬顿体系对于罗丹明B的降解率分别为24.57%、64.29%和72.97%,均低于AQS/PANI/CF阴极.在此基础上,进一步开展自由基的淬灭实验和EPR实验,结果表明经AQS/PANI修饰后的碳毡阴极可有效催化还原分子氧产生超氧自由基,超氧自由基进一步转化为芬顿反应过程中所需的过氧化氢.