京、津、唐地区土壤环境背景值研究

本文研究了痕量元素在土壤中的纵向分布和迁移及其环境背景值的处理. 文中讨论了关于:1)不同层次土壤中25种元素的含量;2)我国某些地区若干元素背景值;3)若干微量元素分布频率图;4)京、津、唐某些土壤类型中的元素含量;5)25种元素在不同母质土壤中的比值;6)京、津、唐地区不同地域土壤含量比较;7)其平均值及95％的置信域.     

宁波市土壤环境背景值及其分异特征

本文介绍了土壤中铜、铅、锌、镉、汞、铬、镍、锰、钴、铁、氟、砷、钒、硒等十四个微量元素的背景值,并对其在不同土类、不同母质、不同土层中的分异进行了论述。对今后宁波市制定发展规划、国土整治、工农业合理布局等提供了重要的科学依据。     

土壤——植物系统重金属污染研究现状与展望

土壤植物系统与人类生产生活密切相关，本文对土壤———植物系统重金属背景值、环境容量、迁移转化及污染的生态效应等方面的研究现状进行了论述，并结合国情提出了今后这一领域研究工作重点     

PM 2.5中铂族元素及微量元素采样滤膜的选择

为准确分析大气PM_(2.5)中的铂族元素及微量元素,得到更低的检出限,对3种石英滤膜(Whatman石英滤膜(WH)、Pall石英滤膜(PA)、国产石英滤膜(CC))的空白值进行检测,并用王水处理WH,以检验其空白值的降低效果。结果表明:PA中铂族元素及微量元素含量最低。王水处理WH(WH’)中铂族及微量元素的空白值得到有效降低。WH’和PA可用于PM_(2.5)中铂族元素及微量元素的采集和分析。     

硫酸亚铁对粉煤灰中不同价态铬元素淋滤特性的影响

粉煤灰中痕量元素的滤出会对灰场下游的生态环境产生重要的影响,因而研究粉煤灰中痕量元素的淋滤特性具有重要的现实意义。针对贵州某电厂灰样,开展铬元素的迁移控制及柱淋滤特性的研究,建立HPLC-ICP-MS对不同价态铬定量分析的方法,结果显示,以EDTA为络合剂,经过高效液相色谱分离,Cr(Ⅲ)与Cr(Ⅵ)的保留时间分别为80 s和120 s左右,实现了基线分离。并选取硫酸亚铁,研究硫酸亚铁的添加对不同价态铬元素在柱淋滤系统内淋滤特性的影响。     

天津地区土壤中铁、钛、钙、锌、锶、锆背景值的初步探讨

土壤中元素背景值的测定,是环境科学的一项基础性工作。为了确定一个地区或某种土壤类型背景值的正常范围,并为判断土壤污染与否和发展区域性环境质量评价、研究元素的迁移,富集和转化规律以及环境对     

参比物质在陕西省粮食铜锌元素背景值研究中的应用

在粮食背景值研究中,引用了协作组提供的“C号大米粉”样品作为参比物质,用其相应元素背景值的均值和极差作出“X-R”控制图,用相应元素加标回收率的均值和标准差作出准确度控制图。在分析实际样品时,同时分析参比物质,并以参比物的两个控制图来判定样品分析的可靠性,从而提高了元素背景值分析的精密度和准确度。     

浮选技术在环境分析化学上的应用

存在于水溶液中的物质(离子、分子、胶体、悬浮物等)吸附在气泡上而选择性地浮选到溶液的表面的过程称作浮选.众所周知,用浮选法从矿石中富集有价值的矿物已有几十年的历史,但用作为无机痕量元素的分离和富集却是从1959年Sebba开始.目前已成功地用于污水处理、环境监测、水样中痕量元素的富集等.在分析化学上可分     

“多元素—多残留”检测在水质评价上的应用

“多元素——多残留”是利用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)和气相色谱仪(GC)联合检测水中无机元素和农药残留的方法。灵敏度高,ICP-AES的平均回收率为96.3±4.4％,变异系数为3.15±0.12％,GC的平均回收率为95.1±1.55％,变异系数为3.22±0.21％。为水质检测、环境质量定位动态监测等提供了一种高效、快速、全面的新方法。     

扇贝标准样品中元素的全反射X射线荧光光谱法测定分析

全反射X射线荧光光谱(TXRF)法是一种新型的检测生物体内元素含量的方法,采用TXRF法对生物成分分析标准物质——扇贝GBW10024进行了多元素分析。结果表明,使用TXRF法测定扇贝等贝类生物样品中元素含量时,Al、Ti、Cu、Fe、Pb这5个元素的测定极易受到环境的干扰,其测定结果需通过实验空白进行校正;其中Ti、Pb由于本身在生物体内的含量较少,故测定结果有待进一步验证;S、P在生物体内本身含量较多,测量结果可能偏小,但仍具有一定的参考价值;其他9个元素(K、Ca、Mn、Zn、As、Se、Br、Rb、Sr)测定结果的准确度和精密度均能满足需求。     

Trace element contaminants in mineral fertilizers used in Iran

The application of mineral fertilizers which have contaminants of trace elements may impose concern regarding the entry and toxic accumulation of these elements in agro-ecosystems. In this study, 57 mineral fertilizers (nitrogen, potassium, phosphate, and compound fertilizers) distributed in Iran were analyzed for their contents of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Fe. The results revealed that the contents of these trace elements varied considerably depending on the type of the element and the fertilizer. Among these elements, Fe displayed the highest average content, whereas Cd showed the lowest. Generally, the trace element contents in P-containing fertilizers were higher than those in nitrogen and potassium fertilizers. The mean values of trace elements (mg kg^?1) in P-containing fertilizers were 4.0 (Cd), 5.5 (Co), 35.7 (Cr), 24.4 (Cu), 272 (Mn), 14.3 (Ni), 6.0 (Pb), 226 (Zn), and 2532 (Fe). Comparing trace element contents to limit values set by the German Fertilizer Ordinance showed that the mean contents of potentially toxic trace elements, such as Cd and Pb, were lower than their limit values in all groups of fertilizers. On the other hand, while a number of fertilizers contained a high content of some essential trace elements, particularly Fe, they were not labeled as such.     

Determination of trace elements and evaluation of their enrichment factors in Himalayan lichens

Within the framework of the Ev-K2-CNR research program of the Italian National Research Council a specific task project has been initiated for the identification of trace elements in lichens in remote high altitude areas. This is to evaluate the possibility of using lichens as biomonitors of trace elements of atmospheric pollution. In this preliminary study, more than 20 elements have been determined in some species of lichens collected at different altitudes (from 1300 to 5000 m) in the region of the Sagarmatha National Park (Nepal). Samples of superficial soils were also collected and analyzed to calculate the trace element enrichment factors (EF) using scandium as a normalizing element. Most of the trace elements were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), while lead and cadmium measurements were carried out with electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ET-AAS). The EF values as well as the elemental concentrations are reported and discussed.     

Analytical methods and validation for determining trace elements in red wines

The objective of this work is to quantify As, Hg, Cd, Ni and Pb in Portuguese red wines. First, the methods for the quantification of trace elements in red wines were validated. Several pre-treatments were compared, namely a pre-digestion process with HNO₃, a pre-oxidation step with H₂O₂, and a spiking step of wine samples with a known concentration of the trace elements analyzed. Except for As, it was determined that the quantification of the trace elements does not require a pre-digestion process with HNO₃. For all of the trace elements analyzed, a pre-oxidation step with H₂O₂ may enable an accurate quantification. The techniques chosen for the quantification of trace elements were hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) for As and Hg, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) for Cd, and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) for Ni and Pb. In the second stage of this work, 25 Portuguese red wines spanning all of the red wine-producing regions were analyzed for all of the five trace elements referred to above. Only Cd and Pb have shown concentrations above the limit values defined by the “Organization Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin.” The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) equation was used to determine in which wine-producing regions that wine consumption can be a problem for public health in terms of the concentrations of the five trace elements analyzed. THQ values have indicated that for the universe of the 25 red wines analyzed no region produces wines that can pose problems for public health, when the Portuguese red wine standard consumption is considered.     

National baseline survey of soil quality in the Netherlands

To determine background values of the 252 chemical compounds listed in Dutch legislation, a survey was designed with the aim of estimating percentiles of the cumulative frequency distributions and areal fractions exceeding the former, legislative reference values. Sampling locations were selected by probability sampling, so that in estimating the target quantities no model assumptions on the spatial variation were required, and valid estimates could be obtained by design-based inference. Strata in random sampling were formed by overlaying an aggregated soil map and land use map. For most of the heavy metals the areal fraction with concentrations in the topsoil (0-10 cm) exceeding the reference value was smaller than the allowable maximum of 5%. For these compounds a background value was determined smaller than the reference value. Exceptions were V, Co, Ba and Cu, for which a background value was defined (slightly) larger than the reference value.     

京津唐地区土壤类型和水系分异对微量元素分布的影响分析

本文研究了不同土壤类型微量元素含量的差异,并对造成差异的因素进行了分析。 文中讨论了:1)京津唐地区土壤微量元素的背景含量;2)土壤微量元素含量与土壤类型的关系;3)土壤微量元素含量与水系的关系。     

Impact of the implementation of PM abatement technology on the ambient air levels of metals in a highly industrialised area

Data on the spatial and time (2002–2005) variation of levels of trace elements and the source attribution of these elements in the ceramic cluster of Castelló (Eastern Spain) are presented and discussed. Earlier studies concluded that metal levels in PM₁₀ were one of the most critical parameters for attaining the EU legal requirements of the air quality standards. Levels of Li, Sc, Co, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Zr, Cd, Cs, Ce, Tl and Pb were higher than the usual range of concentration in urban areas of Spain, and some of them exceeded the concentration ranges obtained for other industrial sites in Spain. Of these elements, Zr, Zn, Pb and As (and probably Tl) may be considered as tracers of the ceramic emissions from the study area. A downward trend was observed for most of them, simultaneously, with the progressive implementation of the emission abatement techniques, especially those applied to the PM abatement of the manufacture of glaze components and the avoidance of the use of specific raw materials with high contents of impurities. At the end of the study period, the elements for which the EU sets limit or target values met the established requirements for 2013 (2005 for Pb), whereas, at the beginning of the study some elements exceeded the 2013 target values. Furthermore, a detailed discussion on the interpretation of peak concentration events and source attribution for a number of trace elements is presented. Five different sources were identified: mineral emissions (from clay use and handling), industry (mainly glaze production and use), road traffic, sea spray and the regional background influenced by a fuel oil-power plant and a petrochemical plant.     

Trace elements in sediments,blue spotted tilapia Oreochromis leucostictus (Trewavas, 1933) and its parasite Contracaecum multipapillatum from Lake Naivasha,Kenya, including a comprehensive health risk analysis

This study presents the distribution of 15 major and trace elements in sediments and fish and their pericardial parasites from Lake Naivasha, Kenya. The lake is one of the few freshwater lakes in the Great Rift Valley and is under strong anthropogenic pressure mainly due to agricultural activities. Its fish provide a valuable protein source for approximately 100,000 people in the area. Fish and their parasites have been acknowledged as indicators of environmental quality due to their accumulation potential for both essential and nonessential trace elements. A total of 34 specimens of the blue spotted tilapia Oreochromis leucostictus and pooled samples of their pericardial parasite, the anisakid nematode Contracaecum multipapillatum (larvae 3), were examined. Element concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). The concentrations of elements in the sediments reflected the geology of the area and did not point to pollution: none of the investigated trace elements, including Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn, showed elevated values. In contrast, concentrations in the fish muscle were elevated for Li, Sr, Cd, and Zn, with high target hazard quotients (THQ?>?0.1) indicating a potential health risk to the consumers of this fish. Fish liver showed significantly higher concentrations of the trace elements Fe, Mn, Cd, and Cu compared to the muscle and C. multipapillatum. In the parasite, Zn had the highest concentration, but the worms only minimally accumulated trace elements in relation to their fish host.     

Trace element accumulation in the moss Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. and the trees Quercus ilex L. and Pinus halepensis Mill. in Catalonia

We studied trace element accumulation in the moss Hypnum cupressiforme and the widely distributed Mediterranean trees Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis located at increasing distances from the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. Hypnum cupressiforme, Quercus ilex and, to a somewhat lesser extent, Pinus halepensis, have proved to be adequate as possible accumulative monitoring species in relation to trace elements pollution. No significant effects of crown orientation were found. One-year old leaves generally accumulated more trace elements than current-year leaves. All the studied trace elements showed greatest concentrations in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area, with lead, cadmium and arsenic concentrations being especially high. In general, trace element concentrations in biomass were similar or higher than the values reported from other Mediterranean urban areas of Europe. The top soil-layer concentrations were also higher in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area indicating the existence of mechanisms of atmospheric deposition and/or concentration in the soil. The lower values of Pb of airborne origin relative to other elements such as Cd, Cu, Zn and Sb suggest that traffic exhausts are not the only important focus of pollutants in this area. The results of biomass concentrations and of enrichment factor of biomasses respect to bedrock and soils show that atmospheric inputs account for the higher trace element concentrations in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area.     

Elemental composition of Tibetan Plateau top soils and its effect on evaluating atmospheric pollution transport

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is an ideal place for monitoring the atmospheric environment of low to mid latitudes. In total 54 soil samples from the western TP were analyzed for major and trace elements. Results indicate that concentrations of some typical “pollution” elements (such as As) are naturally high here, which may cause incorrect evaluation for the source region of these elements, especially when upper continental crust values are used to calculate enrichment factors. Because only particles <20 μm are transportable as long distances, elemental concentrations of this fraction of the TP soils are more reliable for the future aerosol related studies over the TP. In addition, REE compositions of the TP soils are unusual, highly characteristic and can be used as an effective index for identifying dust aerosol from the TP.     

Pollution status and risk assessment of trace elements in Portuguese water,soils, sediments,and associated biota: a trend analysis from the 80s to 2021

Pollution of water bodies and sediments/soils by trace elements remains a global threat and a serious environmental hazard to biodiversity and human’s health. Globalization and industrialization resulted in the increase and availability of these substances in the environment posing unpredictable adverse effects to living organisms. To determine pollution status and risk contamination by trace elements, data available in the literature of the last 40 years on trace elements occurrence in three environmental matrices (water bodies, sediments/soils, and biota) from Continental Portugal were collected (about 90 studies). Data were compared to water and sediment quality guidelines to assess potential ecological risks. Most environmentally relevant hazardous elements include Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and As. Various studies found trace elements at levels higher than those considered safe by environmental guidelines. In surface waters, Al, Zn, Se, and Ag were found above aquatic life limits in about 60% of the reviewed papers, while Cu, Zn, and As exceed those values in more than 60% of mining waters. Hg and Cd in sediments from mining areas exceeded aquatic life limits and potential ecological risk showed extremely high risk for most of the elements. The data compiled in this review is very heterogenous, varying in terms of sampling schemes, trace elements analysed, and spatiotemporal settings. This heterogenicity leads to data differences that make meaningful comparisons difficult. Nevertheless, the compilation of scattered environmental spatial and temporal trace elements data, of either natural sources or human activity as well as the ultimate effect on biological systems, is of the upmost importance to broaden its knowledge, risk assessment, and implementation of mitigation measures.