长江三角洲大都市周边地区城市定位研究——以苏州、南通为例

本文以大都市理论和区位理论为基础 ,从区域分工与协作的角度 ,探讨了在经济全球化和市场一体化背景下 ,上海大都市周边的大城市苏州和南通未来发展的城市定位以及实现定位的途径 ,为长江三角洲都市连绵区诸城市之间的协调发展提供借鉴。     

用科学的发展观引领中国城市化进程

城市化是中国经济社会发展的必然趋势。城乡二元体制将会给中国的城市化进程带来巨大的挑战；城市特别是大城市圈在今后中强经济发展中的作用越来越突出。将成为区域经济发展的主导力量。目前中国正处于城市化加速发展阶段。城市化水平严重滞后于工业化水平。低城市化率引发经济社会发展中的许多深层次矛盾。片面追求经济增长已让我们付出了沉重的代价。加快我强的城市化进程必须抛弃传统的发展理念和发展模式。用科学的发展观加以引领。城市发展甍兼顾中国冒情，坚持走大、中、小城市协调发展之路；要统筹处理经济增长、人口增长、资源利用与环境保护的关系。实现城乡经济社会协调发展。     

长江三角洲都市连绵区可持续发展战略研究

长江三角洲都市连绵区已成为我国经济最发达的地区之一 ,但与国外发达国家都市连绵区相比面临着一系列资源、环境、产业结构与行政管理等方面的问题。港澳回归并和珠江三角洲结合以及多条新的南北通道出现将使长江三角洲地区在全国的地位遭到进一步的挑战。有鉴于此 ,本文提出一系列实施长江三角洲都市连绵区可持续发展的战略 :(1)建设上海国际经济中心城市 ;(2 )加速城市化进程 ,促进都市连绵区最终形成 ;(3)加大支柱产业、跨国公司、高新技术产业与园区和基础设施投入 ;(4 )加强长江三角洲都市连绵区内部的分工与协作 ;(5)加强政府对区域发展的调控能力 ;(6)开展跨行政区规划 ,促进长江三角洲的持续发展     

长江三角洲都市连绵区可持续发展战略研究

长江三角洲都市连绵区已成为我国经济最发达的地区之一,但与国外发达国家都市连绵区相比面临着一系列资源、环境、产业结构与行政管理等方面的问题。港澳回归并和珠江三角洲结合以及多条新的南北通道出现将使长江三角洲地区在全国的地位遭到进一步的挑战。有鉴于此,提出一系列实施长江三角洲都市连绵区可持续发展的战略：（1）建设上海国际经济中心城市;（2）加速城市化进程,促进都市连绵区最终形成;（3）加大支柱产业、跨国公司、高新技术产业与园区和基础设施投入;（4）加强长江三角洲都市连绵区内部的分工与协作;（5）加强政府对区域发展的调控能力;（6）开展跨行政区规划,促进长江三角洲的持续发展。     

大城市旧城住区可持续发展研讨会在武汉市召开

随着我国经济的飞速发展，城市化步伐不断加快，许多具有优秀历史建筑及文化遗产的大城市在发展过程中面临着严峻的考验，如何实现大城市旧城区的城市建设与历史文化遗产保护之间的协调和可持续发展越来越成为人们所关注的问题。为了探索如何进一步提高我国城市旧城住区规划与建设能力，保护历史文化遗产，改善社区弱势群体的居住环境质量，学习欧盟国家的先进经验，促进我国大城市旧城住区的可持续发展，     

长江三角洲都市连绵区边界界定研究

都市连绵区的边界界定对象包括两个方面,都市连绵区的整体空间范围边界界定和内部结构边界界定。对长江三角洲及其周边地区所有的238个县、市、区的就业人口结构和空间分布特征进行主成分分析和聚类分析,探讨相应都市区的结构特征以及都市区的空间组合特征等,进而确定了长江三角洲地区的整体范围边界和内部结构边界。其结论包括①长三角都市连绵区的整体空间范围包括苏州、无锡、宁波的全部以及上海、南京、常州、杭州、镇江、扬州、泰州、南通和绍兴、舟山的部分县市区;②长三角的内部结构可分为三大部分,以上海为中心的环太湖城镇密集区,以南京为中心形成沿长江城镇区,以杭州、宁波为中心形成环杭州湾城镇密集区,其内部边界界线分别以镇江丹徒区、嘉兴—湖州为边界地带。从核心城市上海角度看,整个长江三角洲都市连绵区的内部结构呈现“圈层推进+轴线延伸”的空间特征。     

中国城镇化态势分析和可持续城镇化政策建议

在阐述今后15年中国城镇化面临的就业和收入差距、资源和环境、区域发展、政府管治等四大挑战之后，分析了到2020年中国城镇化水平年均增长0．6、0.8、1．0和1．2个百分点的4种态势。如按1978—2002年城镇年均提供636万人就业考虑，到2020年中国城镇化水平年均增长不宜超过0．7个百分点；如果考虑到2005年上半年城镇安排595万人就业，则城镇化水平年均增长1．2个百分点也是可行的。但是，对于所有4种态势，土地短缺都是一个棘手的问题。最后就可持续城镇化提出的政策建议包括：①引导农村富余劳动力向城镇有序转移；②贯彻落实大中小城市和小城镇协调发展的方针；③高效利用和节约资源，保护生态环境；④统筹城乡规划，加强对经济区发展的引导；⑤贯彻落实工业反哺农业，城市支持农村的方针；⑥建立多元化的城镇基础设施投资体制，大力吸引民间和国际资本；⑦全面推进城镇管理体制创新，制定公众参与政策；⑧坚持按城镇化的客观规律办事，控制地方政府的城镇化热情。     

中国大城市郊区化对城市可持续发展的影响分析

进入20世纪80年代以来，中国经济在改革开放的促进下飞速发展，城市化水平大大提高。随着城市的发展和人民生活水平的提高。以及城市产业结构的调整，我国一些大城市一部分工业尤其是污染扰民工业开始从中心区向郊区搬迁，大城市工业进入郊区化发展阶段。随着住房制度的改革，大城市中许多工薪阶层开始住进郊区的单位分房或自购房。人口郊区化及随之而来的商业郊区化也开始显现。我国大城市郊区化是中国城市发展过程中的一种重要现象。城市郊区化对城市发展产生了深远影响。本文以北京、上海、广州、杭州、苏州、沈阳、大连等大城市为例，概括了当前我国大城市郊区化的现状特点，指出了郊区化对城市可持续发展的影响，提出了相应的管理对策，为城市管理部门提供参考。     

长江三角洲都市连绵区城市体系的分形特征

分形研究是现代理论地理的重要内容之一,分形维数是刻画城市体系结构的有效参数。为定量分析长江三角洲都市连绵区城市体系的分形特征,通过计算豪斯道夫维数分析了长江三角洲城市体系规模分布的分形特征,通过计算关联维数和集聚维数,从城市要素的空间相关性和城市随机集聚的向心性两方面,分析了长江三角洲都市连绵区城市体系空间结构的分形特征。测算结果表明：（1）城市体系规模结构符合位序 规模分布类型,但首位城市的垄断性还很强,处于由首位型分布向序列型分布转变的过程之中,中间位序的城市数量偏少,城市之间呈竞争发展态势;（2）城市体系空间结构呈现出均匀分布的特征,城市的空间关联性强,空间相互作用强度大。在上述结论的基础上对长江三角洲都市连绵区城市体系的优化发展提出了建议.     

中国城镇化现状、影响因素及发展方向

改革开放以来,中国工业化与城镇化迅速发展,但在发展过程中,空间城镇化发展速度超过人口城镇化发展速度。本研究基于2004-2011年省级面板数据,通过VAR分析发现空间城镇化水平与土地财政、FDI具有长期正相关性,与财政分权具有长期负相关。为了协调空间城镇化与人口城镇化发展,应改革财政制度、户籍制度与地方政府官员晋升考核机制,合理引进与利用FDI。同时关注生态环境、民生、人文、服务等领域,并对互联网与云计算等高科技信息技术安全问题加以注视,以此建造智慧城市,使城镇化发展沿着科学发展道路前进。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.