基于MRMR-RPK-ELM模型的PM2.5质量浓度预测

为了提高PM2.5质量浓度预测精度,提出一种用最大相关最小冗余算法(MRMR)筛选最优特征值,高斯多项核函数(RPK)优化极限学习机(ELM)的PM2.5质量浓度预测模型.以赣州市为例,选择PM10、O3、SO2、CO、NO2、降水、气压、气温、相对湿度、风速等10个影响因子,PM2.5为目标因子,通过降维处理和核函数特征映射代替随机映射解决PM2.5的高度复杂性.结果表明,MRMR算法选出的影响因子PM10、O3、CO、NO2和相对湿度,不仅考虑目标因子与影响因子的相关性,还考虑影响因子之间的相关性,进而降低了数据维度.MRMR-RPK-ELM模型的平均绝对误差、均方根误差、平均绝对百分比误差和确定系数分别为6.35、9.618、19.89％和0.942,相较于原始的ELM模型,PM2.5质量浓度预测精度有明显提升,拟合程度较高,且具有更好的泛化能力,能准确捕捉PM2.5质量浓度的突变节点.     

北京城6区大气颗粒物质量浓度变化规律研究

为较好地了解当前北京城6区大气颗粒物PM2.5和PM10质量浓度的污染水平及变化规律,根据2013年3月11日至2014年2月28日城6区12个空气质量实时监测点连续、实时的监测结果,构建多点位、完整时间序列的颗粒物质量浓度数据资料.应用数理统计分析手段,对当前北京城6区大气颗粒物质量浓度的频数分布、相关性和逐时变化特征进行分析,并结合全年实际气象特征,对引起大气颗粒物质量浓度变化的因素进行了初步探讨.结果表明,2013年3月至2014年2月北京城6区大气颗粒物污染较为严重,且PM2.5和PM10质量浓度具有特别显著的线性相关关系,全年相关系数达0.9,10年间无显著变化;二者年均值达91.7 μg/m3和116.9 μg/m3,分别超标162％和67％;二者质量浓度比达78.4％,10年间同比增长约20％.颗粒物质量浓度逐时变化受季节变化影响明显,总体呈现夜间最高、白天最低的趋势,变化周期为7～9h.研究表明,影响颗粒物质量浓度变化的因素包括春季的大风和生物粒子、夏季的湿热和降雨、秋季和冬季的逆温现象和降雪等气象因素及规律性的人为源因素.     

相对湿度对室内细颗粒物粒径分布影响的试验研究

为了研究相对湿度对室内2.5μm以下细颗粒物(PM2.5)分布的影响,设计了如下试验:在恒温房间中点燃卫生香,作为较稳定的污染源向室内释放细颗粒物,当室内颗粒物浓度达到一定值时,停止源释放,测量颗粒物粒径谱随时间的变化情况;利用蒸汽加湿器改变室内相对湿度,得到不同相对湿度下细颗粒物的粒径分布;同时,利用惯性捕捉法采集颗粒物样本,并用扫描电镜进行微观观察。结果表明,室内相对湿度达到80%左右时,可吸入颗粒物的粒径分布发生明显变化,其中1μm以下细颗粒物数密度百分率都明显减小,而1μm以上较大颗粒物数密度百分率明显增加。扫描电镜微观观测结果表明,室内颗粒物从发生源产生后即容易凝并,而相对湿度大于65%时,可采集到较多由细颗粒并聚而成的较大颗粒物,特别是相对湿度达到80%时更加显著。研究表明,室内相对湿度增加可以导致颗粒物吸湿长大且可促进细颗粒物并聚成较大颗粒物,相对湿度较大导致颗粒物粒径分布向大的方向偏移。     

气象参数对基于BP神经网络的PM2.5日均值预报模型的影响

建立了基于BP神经网络的PM2.5质量浓度预报模型,对广州市5个监测点2012年6月-2013年5月的PM2.5质量浓度日均值进行预报,分析了总体预报误差、不同风速和降雨量下的预报误差,以及天气预报误差对PM2.5质量浓度预报误差的影响.结果表明,BP神经网络模型对5个站点的PM2.5预报结果稳定,平均相对误差为29.71％.在有利于PM2.5扩散的气象条件下预报误差较大,风速较大时与风速较小时预报误差的差异高达15％,而不同降雨量情况下的预报误差较相近.修正天气预报后,各站点的预报误差平均降低了4.67％.这表明可从空气质量数据质量等方面人手改进模型.     

不同地铁环控系统可吸入颗粒物研究及防治

为改善地铁站台环境质量,采用激光粉尘仪,运用比值分析和相关性分析方法,研究西直门(敞开式系统)、五道口(半高安全门系统)、西土城(全高安全门系统)及北土城(屏蔽门系统)等环控系统站台地铁车辆驶入前后的可吸入颗粒物PM2.5和PM10浓度及浓度变化率,分析PM2.5占可吸入颗粒物浓度大小、PM2.5与PM10的相关性及屏蔽门等防护装置的粉尘防治效果。结果表明,地铁驶入后引起颗粒物浓度增加,且以PM2.5等细颗粒物增加为主;在粉尘防护装置中,屏蔽门的防护效果最优。     

风量调节方式对室内污染物浓度的影响分析

针对不同室外空气质量条件,利用MATLAB/Simulink分别对新回风比例不变、新风量不变改变回风量、回风量不变改变新风量的变风量空调系统室内PM_(2.5)质量浓度和CO2体积分数进行了模拟分析。模拟结果表明:对于新回风比例不变的系统,室内PM_(2.5)稳定质量浓度与室外PM_(2.5)质量浓度有关,而与回风量和额定回风量的比值R1无关;但室内PM_(2.5)质量浓度下降速度与R1有关。对于新风量不变改变回风量的系统,室内PM_(2.5)质量浓度主要受回风量影响。对于回风量不变改变新风量的系统,室外PM_(2.5)质量浓度和新风量是影响室内PM_(2.5)质量浓度的主要因素。     

某铸造厂房夏季室内热环境测试分析及评价

高温是工业厂房常见的职业危害因素,为了掌握工业厂房夏季室内热环境特征,对某铸造厂房不同工作地点的空气温度、相对湿度、风速及湿球黑球温度（WBGT）进行了现场测试,对比分析了室外环境参数与工作地点环境参数的变化规律,结合高温职业卫生限值规定对室内高温环境进行了评价,并建立了室内空气温度与WBGT的关系式。结果表明：室内空气温度高于室外空气温度,而室内相对湿度小于室外相对湿度;不同工作地点的WBGT平均值在27.13～33.74℃,部分工作地点全天WBGT都超出了高温作业职业接触限值的规定;室内空气温度升高1℃,WBGT将升高0.68℃。研究结果可为工业厂房室内高温环境设计及评价提供参考。     

湿电除尘器PM2.5现场实测与特征变化研究

基于稀释通道原理自设固定源PM2.5稀释采集系统,应用该系统对陕西省关中地区某燃煤电厂湿式电除尘器(WESP)进出口烟气中的PM2.5、PM10和颗粒物开展了现场实测,并在实验室对采集样品进行了化学源组分分析。结果表明:WESP对PM2.5、PM10和颗粒物的脱除效率分别为67.85%、43.57%、40.88%;WESP前后质量浓度峰值均出现在积聚模态,但由双峰(1.764μm、0.649μm)变成单峰(1.764μm),峰值移至大粒径段,数浓度峰值出现在爱根核模态和积聚模态,但由多峰(0.017μm、0.129μm、0.384μm、1.764μm)变成双峰(0.017μm、0.073μm),峰值移至小粒径段;经WESP,PM2.5积聚模态大多粒径段颗粒物的质量浓度与数浓度均在下降,爱根核模态大多粒径段颗粒物的质量浓度与数浓度均在上升,无论是WESP前或后,PM2.5的主要质量浓度均集中在大粒径段、主要数浓度均集中在小粒径段;WESP对PM2.5中大粒径段颗粒物的去除效果要优于小粒径段颗粒物;WESP对PM2.5中全部已检出离子和大部分主要无机元素均具有去除作用,占离子总质量比重最高的SO42-和占元素总质量比重第5位的Mg去除率均最高(64.75%,接近100%);经WESP处理后,各检出离子的质量浓度大小排序未受任何影响(由大到小为SO4^2-、Na^+、Ca^2+、Cl^-、NO3^-、F^-、Mg^2+、NO2^-、NH4^+、K^+)。     

长株潭城市环境空气中PM2.5和O3质量浓度的相关性研究

PM2.5与O3均为导致城市环境空气质量恶化的主要污染物,采用自动设备监测湖南省长沙、株洲、湘潭3市商业区和郊区空气中的PM2.5和O3质量浓度,并对数据进行相关性分析.结果表明:PM2.5和O3质量浓度的季节性变化大,其中O3质量浓度夏、秋2季高,春、冬2季低;PM2.5则秋、冬2季高,春、夏2季低;O3质量浓度峰值一般出现在当天午后,PM2.5质量浓度峰值一般出现在上午;空间分布上,O3质量浓度在郊区站点相对较高,而PM2.5质量浓度在商业区站点较高.PM2.5与O3质量浓度变化以负相关为主,即PM2.5质量浓度高时,O3质量浓度则低,反之亦然,二者一般不产生叠加污染.总体上,夏、秋季节应主要防O3污染,春、冬季节则主要防PM25污染.     

浅析大气自动监测中PM2.5和PM10倒挂成因

<正>前言PM10是空气动力学当量直径小于或等于10微米的颗粒物,而PM2.5是空气动力学当量直径小于或等于2.5微米的颗粒物。从理论上来说,在PM10和PM2.5监测时PM2.5应小于PM10,但是从实际得出的数据来看,还是会出现PM2.5的1小时平均质量浓度高于的PM10情况,这便是"PM2.5和PM10倒挂"。PM2.5和PM10PM2.5及细颗粒物也称为可入肺颗粒物,是对空气中直径     

记录历史见证成长携手明天

对于<中国安防产品信息>杂志社来说,2004年是一个特殊的年份,是我们创刊的第十个年头.回首十年历程,<中国安防产品信息>杂志锐意进取,改革创新,共出版杂志62期,其学术性、权威性为业内所公认.作为安防行业的首家专业媒体,我们记录历史,见证成长,推动了中国安防行业的进步与快速发展.     

Explosibility,flammability and the thermal decomposition of Bisphenol A,the main component of epoxy resin

Bisphenol A is one of the basic compounds used in a synthesis of polycarbonates and epoxy resins. Its dust can create an explosive mixture with air under specific circumstances. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to determine explosion characteristics and flammability behaviour of this compound. The complete flammability characteristic requires the determination of the basic parameters of Bisphenol A under fire conditions including Heat Release Rate, speed of combustion, ability to ignite and the temperature of the decomposition range. To establish those parameters, a cone calorimeter was used. The explosion characteristics were tested in a 20-L spherical vessel. Minimum Ignition Energy was tested on MINOR II Apparatus which is a modified Hartman's Tube. In order to identify hazardous substances generated during a fire involving Bisphenol A, a simultaneous thermal analysis that combines thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry was used. The substances obtained from the thermal degradation were analyzed by infrared spectroscope with Fourier transformation. Furthermore, the application of a Purser furnace and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry facilitated the identification of gaseous substances formed during the thermal degradation of Bisphenol A samples.     

Safety metaphors and theories,a review of the occupational safety literature of the US,UK and The Netherlands,till the first part of the 20th century

The 19th century and first half of the 20th century is one of those periods in history of rapid economical, technical and social changes. There is an ongoing mechanization, followed by a movement to rationalize production and to make it cost effective. This has created a heavy burden of occupational deaths amongst workers. In this period occupational safety is developing into a professional field. Engineers are enclosing hazards and fencing heights, shaping up safety technique, and writing very practical publications on occupational safety. These publications, predominantly published in the United States, are leading to quite some safety related metaphors, with the iceberg and the domino’s as the most famous ones. Sociologists, psychologists, and physicians are more concerned with questions related to accident causation, and these specialists are conducting research leading to two different safety theories. Causes of occupational accident are found either in the workers’ capacity to handle hazardous situations, or in external causes, like very long working hours, dangerous machines and the increased pressures of work and speed of production. The Pittsburgh survey, the first extended analysis of occupational accidents in a steel district, strongly advocated the environmental hypothesis, while the so-called ‘individual hypothesis’ is favored by the American Safety First Movement, starting as a private initiative in 1906 by US Steel, and later spreading out over Western European countries. The British Industrial Fatigue Board has given the individual hypothesis its scientific justification. Despite scientific criticism just after World War II on the concept of accident proneness and ‘unsafe acts’, its popularity is not fading. Even nowadays the famous metaphors are still part of the vocational training of safety experts, also in The Netherlands. Apparently professional and scientific developments in occupational safety are belonging to two separate worlds. Before World War II, The Netherlands is not a leading country in occupational safety but a follower, first of France and the German speaking countries. After World War I its focus is directed towards the Anglo-Saxon countries.     

天津大沽排水河疏浚前后沉积物生态毒性初步评价

沿天津大沽排水河设置16个采样点,于2009年3-5月和2009年9-11月分别采集疏浚前后共32份沉积物样品,采用发光细菌法评价其毒性效应.结果表明,疏浚前,25.0%的样品毒性等级为低毒,68.8%的样品毒性等级为高毒和剧毒,下游河段发光菌相对发光度均小于30.0%;疏浚通水半年后,37.5%的样品毒性等级为低毒,高毒和剧毒等级样品占总数的比例下降至18.8%.证明疏浚后沉积物对发光菌发光的抑制作用减弱,大沽排水河沉积物疏浚工程明显改善了大沽排水河的生态环境.     

Predictors of intentions to leave the ward,the hospital,and the nursing profession: A longitudinal study

The stages preceding and following the intention to withdraw from an organization have not been adequately examined. Data were collected at two time periods from a sample of 146 nurses working in a general hospital located in a large metropolitan area in Israel. Essentially, intention to withdraw from three levels — ward, hospital and profession — were examined. LISREL was used to test alternative longitudinal models for the best fitting set of linkages among variables. The findings supported a progression model of withdrawal intention. According to this conceptualization, a nurse first decides to leave the ward, then the hospital, and, finally, the profession. Theoretical and practical implications of the results were presented.     

Age,work experience,and the psychological contract

The purpose of the current paper is to examine the ways in which age and work experience shape how individuals experience psychological contract breaches. We first introduce the concepts of contract malleability (the degree to which individuals can tolerate deviations from contract expectations) and contract replicability (the degree to which individuals believe that their psychological contracts can be replicated elsewhere). Next, we discuss the variety of reasons why contract malleability and replicability become greater with age and work experience and how contract malleability and replicability may temper negative reactions to psychological contract breaches. We also address the different ways contract malleability and replicability mediate the relationships between age and work experience, on one hand, and exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect behaviors on the other. We consider the moderating effects of age similarity and dissimilarity here as well. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for future research designs and for managing older and more experienced workers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electric Accidents in the Production,Transmission, and Distribution of Electric Energy: A Review of the Literature

Many work related electric accidents occurred in electric energy industries and they were very often fatal. The situation of electric accidents in electric companies worldwide is investigated by reviewing the scientific literature, to offer perspectives on the types and kinds of statistics available, the factors regarded as influencing their occurrence, their consequences, and also methodological shortcomings.

Worldwide, reliable comparable data exist and indicate a downward trend in fatal electric accidents. Difficulties were encountered in compiling international statistics because of differences in how accident data were defined and recorded, variations in mandatory practices, lack of suitable data and indices, accident insurance systems, and lack of correlation between technical, financial, and medical aspects.