碳纳米管对水中低浓度红霉素的吸附特性研究

采用多壁碳纳米管对自然水体中低浓度红霉素进行吸附试验,测定了其动力学曲线和吸附等温线,并计算了热力学参数,考察了p H值、离子强度和腐殖酸对吸附过程的影响。结果表明:碳纳米管对红霉素的吸附在前40 min为快速吸附阶段,200 min时基本达到吸附平衡,动力学曲线符合准二级动力学模型;Freundlich模型能够更好地拟合吸附试验数据,热力学参数表明多壁碳纳米管对红霉素的吸附为自发吸热过程;吸附活化能Ea表明多壁碳纳米管与红霉素之间的强吸附作用是以化学吸附为主的过程,碳纳米管表面含氧官能团含量决定平衡吸附量;离子强度对吸附有明显的影响;p H值在5~9时,提高溶液p H值有利于提高对红霉素的吸附量;适量的腐殖酸使碳纳米管对红霉素的吸附量显著增加。     

新疆某石化企业污水库周边土壤对钴的吸附行为研究

采用静态吸附法研究了新疆菜石化企业污水库周边土壤对重金属钴的吸附特征,考察了溶液pH值、钴离子平衡质量浓度、背景电解质浓度、吸附时间和环境温度等因素对钴吸附量的影响,并对吸附机理进行了初步探讨.结果表明:溶液pH值为1～4时,改变pH值对土壤吸附钴的影响显著;吸附时间在3h左右时钴吸附量趋于稳定;随溶液背景电解质浓度增大,土壤对钴的吸附量呈现先急剧后缓慢的下降趋势;土壤对钴的吸附量随温度升高而增加.拟合结果表明,Langmuir和Freundlich模型能较好地描述土壤对钴吸附的热力学过程;在3h内,土壤对钴吸附的动力学过程可以用一级反应动力学方程表示.方差分析结果表明,对土壤吸附钴量有显著性影响的因素有溶液pH值、钴离子平衡浓度、吸附时间和温度等.     

黑土对四溴双酚A的吸附热力学特征

为了探明四溴双酚A(TBBPA)在黑土中的吸附行为,采集吉林松源农田表层(0~20 cm)的黑土样品,研究了p H值、离子强度(Ca Cl2)、温度等条件对黑土吸附0.1~10 mg/L TBBPA的影响。结果表明,TBBPA在黑土中的吸附过程可以分为快速吸附阶段(0~4h)和慢速吸附阶段(4~48 h),并于48 h时达到吸附平衡。Linear方程(R2大于0.940)能更好地描述黑土对TBBPA的吸附过程。p H值、离子强度和温度对TBBPA在黑土中的吸附都有明显影响,黑土对TBBPA的吸附量随p H值增加而减小,随离子强度增加而增大,随温度升高而减小。15℃、25℃和35℃时的自由能变分别为-7.77k J/mol、-10.54 k J/mol和-15.20 k J/mol,表明TBBPA在黑土中的吸附属于物理吸附,是放热反应,而且自由能变为负值表明吸附反应能自发进行。     

利用Cu-Fe复合金属氧化物净化水中的磷

研究了利用Cu-Fe复合金属氧化物净化水中磷的过程。实验结果表明,在吸附剂的制备过程中,加入Cu可以显著提高吸附剂对水中磷的净化效率,Cu的适宜加入量为Cu/Fe摩尔比1∶2。在磷净化过程中,p H值对Cu-Fe复合金属氧化物的净化效率有显著影响,较低的p H值有利于磷的净化;水中磷的净化率随吸附剂用量的增加而增加,适宜的投加量为0.2 g/100 m L;吸附剂对水中磷的净化速度较快,磷的吸附率在5 min内达到87.08%,吸附2 h达到平衡,磷的净化率为98.85%;Cu-Fe复合金属氧化物净化水中磷的吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,磷的最大吸附量为11.36 mg/g。     

磁性油菜秸秆对阳离子染料的吸附研究

以油菜秸秆为原料,均苯四甲酸酐为改性剂,四氧化三铁为磁性包裹材料,制备了磁性油菜秸秆吸附剂。研究了染料初始浓度、初始p H值、无机盐离子等因素对吸附性能的影响。研究结果表明:室温时,在染料为自然p H值,吸附4 h后,改性吸附剂对亚甲基蓝和碱性品红吸附量分别为450、320 mg/g。p H在2~10范围内时,吸附量随着p H值的增大而增加;p H10之后,吸附量保持不变。高浓度盐的存在对吸附无明显影响,但K+要大于Na+的影响。改性吸附剂对两种染料吸附动力学模拟均符合准二级动力学方程,吸附等温式符合Langmuir模型。     

柚子皮生物炭的制备及对水体中锰离子的吸附

以柚子皮为原料经硫化钠活化后炭化处理制备了生物质炭吸附剂,并将之应用于含锰废水的吸附。考察了溶液p H值、底液质量浓度、生物炭投加量等因素对柚子皮生物炭吸附能力的影响,并研究了柚子皮吸附剂对锰离子废水的吸附平衡和动力学特征。结果表明:柚子皮吸附剂对含锰废水具备较强吸附能力,在溶液p H值为6,底液质量浓度为50 mg/L,吸附剂投加量为2 g/L的条件下,对锰离子的去除率为93.5%;吸附平衡实验表明该等温吸附过程符合Langmuir方程,饱和吸附量为24.691 mg/g;吸附动力学研究表明,该吸附过程符合二级动力学方程,吸附速率常数为0.028 6 g/(mg·min)。     

紫外LED联合次氯酸钠灭活枯草芽孢杆菌的影响因素

为了探究不同水质对紫外发光二极管(UV-LED)联合次氯酸钠灭活枯草芽孢杆菌(ATCC6633)效果的影响,通过改变初始氯质量浓度、初始菌液浓度、p H值、温度、无机阴阳离子浓度及腐殖酸质量浓度等6种常见水质条件来观察其分别对试验灭活率的影响。结果表明,灭活率随初始氯质量浓度增加先升高后降低,初始氯质量浓度为8 mg/L时灭活率为5. 9个对数级,达到最高值;灭活率则随初始菌液浓度升高而降低,在初始菌液浓度为104cfu/m L时,灭活率最高,达6. 2个对数级;灭活率随p H值上升有显著降低,酸性条件下灭活率明显好于碱性条件,在p H=6时灭活率为6. 59个对数级;灭活率随温度上升先升高后降低,在25℃时灭活率最高为5. 9个对数级。碳酸氢根离子浓度的增加会对灭活产生抑制作用,锰离子质量浓度的增加同样会降低枯草芽孢杆菌的灭活率。溶液中腐殖酸的存在也会对灭活有抑制作用,且质量浓度越大抑制效果越明显。动力学分析表明,UV-LED联合次氯酸钠对枯草芽孢杆菌的反应遵从假一级反应动力学,反应速率常数k的变化幅度表明,p H值、初始氯质量浓度和HA质量浓度对试验灭活的影响高于其他3种水质条件。     

人造沸石对氨氮废水的吸附及其影响因素

采用人造沸石吸附废水中的氨氮,研究了投加量、反应时间及初始pH等因素对吸附效果的影响,分析了其等温吸附线和吸附动力学.结果表明:人造沸石能够有效地处理质量浓度为150～200 mg/L的氨氮废水,当初始pH值为5,人造沸石投加量为25 g/L时,反应120 min后,氨氮去除率可80％左右,人造沸石比天然沸石的吸附平衡时间缩短了约50％;投加量、反应时间和初始pH值对人造沸石的吸附都有影响.随着投加量的增加,人造沸石对于氨氮的去除率逐渐增加;随着反应时间的延长,人造沸石对氨氮的去除率逐渐增加,达到吸附平衡后,去除率不再增加;初始pH值对于吸附效果有较大影响,偏酸环境下去除率较高.人造沸石对氨氮的吸附行为符合Freundlich方程,且为优惠吸附;准一级方程比准二级方程能够更好地拟合吸附动力学试验数据,吸附速率随着投加量的增大而增大.     

西北黄土对克百威的吸附特征

采用批量试验的方法研究了西北地区黄土对克百威的吸附动力学和热力学行为,并对相关影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:黄土对克百威吸附的最优动力学方程为准二级动力学方程;克百威在黄土中的吸附较好地符合Freundlich等温吸附方程;黄土吸附克百威过程中的吉布斯自由能ΔG■、焓变ΔH■及熵变ΔS■都小于0,表明黄土对克百威的吸附为自发进行的放热过程,并且吸附过程中体系混乱度减小,黄土吸附克百威的主要作用力为氢键力;pH值为4~10时,随pH值增大克百威的吸附容量减小,且pH值为4~8时减小趋势较平缓,p H值为8~10时减小趋势很大;随供试土样粒径减小,克百威在黄土中的吸附容量增大,当土壤粒径从0.45 mm减小到0.075 mm时,吸附容量由0.009 mg/g增加到0.049 mg/g;克百威在黄土中的吸附容量受其初始质量浓度影响很大,随克百威初始质量浓度增大,黄土对其的吸附容量相应增加,克百威初始质量浓度从20 mg/L增至110mg/L时,其在黄土中的吸附容量从0.080 mg/g增加至0.206 mg/g。     

泥质活性炭对含磷废水的处理研究

以污水处理厂污泥为原料,采用化学活化法制备了泥质活性炭,研究了泥质活性炭对含磷废水的吸附性能。考察了溶液p H值、泥质活性炭相对投加量、吸附时间、磷初始质量浓度对磷去除率和吸附量的影响,采用响应曲面法Box-Behnken Design(BBD)模型优化了吸附条件,并进行了吸附动力学试验。结果表明,最佳溶液p H值为6,泥质活性炭的相对投加量为18.00 g/mg,吸附时间为80 min,磷初始质量浓度为1 mg/L,在此条件下,磷的去除率达到62%。伪二级动力学方程能很好地描述泥质活性炭对磷的吸附过程。研究表明,用污水处理厂污泥制备的泥质活性炭可用于处理含磷废水,对磷具有较好的吸附性能。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。