三角模糊需求下水上应急储备库选址-分配优化模型

为研究模糊需求下水上应急物资储备库的选址-分配问题,考虑自然条件对应急物资储备库覆盖半径的影响,基于覆盖模型、重力模型、三角模糊数学相关理论,构建了三角模糊需求下水上应急物资储备库选址-分配优化模型,并设计了遗传算法求解。算例分析结果表明,最终选址-分配方案能够实现对水域的全面覆盖和重点加强;程序运行50次,48次得到相同结果,计算结果具有稳定性。研究表明,选址-分配模型和算法是有效的。     

基于自适应遗传算法的应急物资储备库选址及物资调配优化研究

应急物资储备库是应急救援的重要载体,储备库选址是否科学合理决定着整个应急公共服务体系的成效,而传统遗传算法在研究储备库选址与物资调配相结合的问题上存在局限性。针对这一问题,从需求点及应急设施服务质量视角构建基于覆盖满意度和经济性的应急设施选址与物资调配优化模型,并根据模型设计自适应遗传算法(AGA),结合储备库实际情况采取具有方向性的初始群体生成法提高搜索速度,设计自适应交叉与变异算子使AGA能够在进化速度与解的质量之间进行权衡,并获得全局最优解。结果表明,该算法能跳出局部最优从而获得最优的选址-分配方案,可为应急管理部门和决策机构的应急设施选址规划及应急物资分配提供理论依据和决策参考。     

给定需求区域应急物资储备库选址模型及其解法

为确保应急方案的合理制定和灾后应急物资的高效调度与使用,提高应急物资储备库选址决策的科学性,引入非线性时间满意度函数,构建基于时间满意度的需求区域下应急物资储备库选址优化模型。考虑储备库选址中时间因素的重要性和需求区域的差异,从需求区域的角度定义时间满意水平。同时,考虑受灾规模和受灾程度的不同,用不同矩形需求区域描述物资需求点。利用蝙蝠算法(BA)求解模型,得到最优的选址分配方案和各个需求区域的时间满意度。结果表明,用BA算法能有效求得应急物资储备库选址模型的最优解,且在需求区域的不同时间满意度偏好下,选址方案达到了较高的时间满意度。     

考虑时间满意度的应急物资储备库选址模型与算法

为有效开展突发事件背景下的应急物资储备库选址工作。首先,考虑应急物资到达需求点的时间,以时间满意度最大和选址成本最小为目标,建立双目标混合整数规划模型;然后,在免疫算法中引入模拟退火算子,结合两者优点构建免疫模拟退火算法;最后,将位于四川省龙门山断裂带上的29个县市的汶川地震数据作为算例,求出选择2～8个应急物资储备库的选址方案并对比不同结果。结果表明：免疫模拟退火算法具有稳定性,选址数量为8的方案比之前研究时间满意度提升15.8%,选址成本减少26 268元。并且求得结果时间满意度与选址成本均优于免疫算法和模拟退火算法,有利于应急物资储备库选址。     

不确定需求下应急物资储备库选址鲁棒优化模型

为加强应急物资储备工作,提高预防和处置突发事件的能力,研究不确定因素对应急物资储备库选址决策的影响,建立应急物资储备库选址优化模型。用不同矩形需求区域描述物资需求点。用块范数度量图中距离。将人工蜂群算法(ABC)应用于模型的求解中,得到不确定需求下的最优选址方案。试验结果表明,模型具有良好的鲁棒性,便于决策者积极应对不确定因素带来的不利影响。     

考虑中断情景与防御的应急物资储备库LIP模型

为提高应急物资保障能力,研究应急物资储备库的网络优化设计问题。在传统的可靠性设施选址问题(RFLP)与选址-库存问题(LIP)研究基础上,考虑中断情景、设施设防、设施容量限制、物资批量采购折扣等因素,建立应急物资储备库的LIP双目标优化模型;设计一个改进的非支配排序遗传算法(NSGAⅡ)以求解该模型;以地震灾害应急物资储备库建设为例进行算例分析。结果表明:用所设计的算法可得Pareto前沿解集,使决策者可根据实际需要权衡时效性与经济性目标,从一簇Pateto解中选择合适的优化决策方案。     

基于模糊积分综合评价法的我国应急物资对外采购能力评价

首先构建了应急物资对外采购能力评价指标体系,然后针对我国应急物资对外采购能力评价是一个单方案、多层、多指标且指标间具有相关性的主观评价问题,提出了利用Choquet模糊积分和模糊测度构建我国应急物资对外采购能力二级综合评价模型。利用专家打分法确定单指标的模糊密度;用Choquet模糊积分算子融合指标的评语值;给出了详细的评价方法,并运用该方法对我国的应急物资对外采购能力进行评价,根据评价结果提出了存在的问题和改进建议。     

考虑动态需求的应急物资配送中心快速选址研究

为有效开展应急物资配送工作,综合考虑灾后道路损毁及恢复情况、不同类型物资动态需求和应急物流的多个优化目标,构建最小化配送时间和成本,同时最大化物资分配公平性的应急物资配送中心快速选址模型;利用耦合Dijstra算法的分层序列法来求解模型,并通过数据仿真分析,设计耦合配送路径的多物资多周期应急物资配送中心选址方案。结果表明:该模型既能实现物资需求和道路状况动态变化情况下,耦合配送路径的应急物资配送中心快速选址;又可减少应急物资配送中心建设和使用中可能产生的资源浪费,使整个应急物流体系更加敏捷可靠。     

消防战勤保障物资储备点布局与选址问题研究

为科学规划消防应急救援物资储备点布局,进一步提高消防部队处置突发事件的能力,从当前我国消防战勤保障物资储备点的建设现状入手,研究了消防战勤保障物资的分类。在此基础上明确了物资储备点的布点原则和选址方法,建立了储备点选址的数学模型,并利用计算机进行求解,得到若干个备选地址;然后在综合考量各种影响因素的前提下,通过灾害发生区域相对集中的规律进行适当的调整,进而筛选出最佳选址。最后讨论了部局级应急装备物资储备库的布局现状及建议。结果表明:储备库的选址应在科学合理的物资储备点选址基础上,与部局、总队的应急装备物资储备库相互依托、互相补充,从而形成一套符合我国消防力量建设实际的消防战勤保障物资储备体系。     

NSGA Ⅱ在应急物资储备库选址中的应用

为了更好地应对突发事件,应做好应急物资的储备.应急物资储备库选址问题就成为优化应急物资储备的关键.应急管理中的应急物资储备库选址涉及到多方面的因素,已不是简单的单目标决策问题.针对此问题,构建了选址模型,并且引入NSGAⅡ解决模型中的多目标优化问题.求解后得出一系列Pareto最优解,其解空间分布均匀,并且具有良好的收敛性和鲁棒性,决策者可以根据实际情况从中选取最合适的解.对某应急物资储备库选址问题进行了讨论,结果证明此方法具有一定的实用性.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。