石化企业恶臭风险等级评估方法及应用

恶臭污染的发生具有明显的偶然性和不确定性,亟须建立科学高效的分级管理体系,通过优化管理资源、强化源头管理,真正实现恶臭污染的全过程管理.在现有企业环境风险等级评估方法的基础上,结合恶臭污染的特性,构建了基于化学品使用、生产设备及工艺、风险控制和敏感受体的恶臭风险等级评估方法.在此基础上,以某化工园为例进行了恶臭风险等级评估,并与该地区近3年恶臭投诉结果进行了比对.结果表明,在评估的51家石化企业中,存在重大恶臭风险企业1家,较大恶臭风险企业17家,这18家企业平均每家企业的年均投诉次数是一般恶臭风险等级企业的4倍.     

动态嗅觉仪法在炼油厂臭气污染评估中的应用研究

以国际先进的恶臭测定方法动态嗅觉仪法为基础,提出了完整的臭气污染评估流程.以某炼油厂为研究对象,对厂内恶臭污染源进行调查,确定主要污染源,进一步在筛选的装置区内布点,对点源和面源分别使用采样桶和风洞采样器进行采样,应用动态嗅觉仪法测定恶臭浓度,确定污染源源强,并选择了模拟软件预测污染范围.研究表明,动态嗅觉仪法是一种可以应用到炼化企业恶臭评估治理中的便捷可行的恶臭监测评估方法.     

苏州工业园区恶臭污染成因及扩散影响因素研究

<正>恶臭是各种气味(异味)的总称,可以通过人们的感知思维进行分析和判断。根据国内外有关论述,可将恶臭定义为:凡是能产生令人不愉快感觉的气体统称恶臭气体,简称为恶臭。苏州工业园区恶臭产生、扩散已引起较大社会反响和投诉,亟待通过污染物分析、产生的原因调查、扩散途径和影响因素的分析,提出恶臭污染控制与治理对策。本文选择其中一典型恶臭污染比较集中,反响较为强烈的区域开展污染调查,并分析其影响因素。     

恶臭物质的嗅觉阈值与致臭机理研究概况与展望

嗅阈值是表征气味物质特性的重要指标,对认识异味污染的形成机理、恶臭评估及污染控制有重要意义.围绕嗅阈值的测定方法、嗅阈值与分子结构的关系及复合臭气评估模型,论述国内外相关研究的概况,在指出现有研究不足的同时,提出有待解决的关键问题及重点研究内容.     

基于Fluent的养猪场恶臭风险分析及应用

由规模化养猪场所带来的恶臭问题越来越受到公众的重视,也影响着养猪行业的可持续健康发展.而确定恶臭防护距离是控制恶臭污染和减轻养猪场周边居民健康影响的重要措施之一.采用了典型养猪场中NH3和H2S的联合恶臭强度分级方法,利用Fluent软件对养猪场恶臭源扩散模拟结果进行联合恶臭强度分级,最后从恶臭管理的角度确定了养猪场恶臭防护距离,并与国外推荐的养猪场恶臭防护距离计算公式法的结果进行了比较.结果表明,养猪场内部恶臭强度为5级,为不可接受区,需要加强猪舍的粪便清理及通风条件的改善;生活在恶臭强度为3、4、5级所覆盖区域的居民应该尽量减少户外活动,并有必要向当地的环保部门或政府举报,要求加强恶臭管理.养殖规模为2 000头的实例养猪场的恶臭安全防护距离约为200m.     

垃圾填埋场恶臭气体的扩散规律研究

为了研究垃圾填埋场恶臭气体硫化氢在大气中的扩散规律,以某垃圾填埋场为例,利用AERMOD空气扩散模型输出垃圾填埋场周边地区各网格点的浓度预测结果,并利用Surfer软件绘制最高浓度等值线图.根据模拟结果、浓度等值线图得到最不利气象条件下整个区域的硫化氢浓度分布.通过浓度分布图分析得出,垃圾填埋场恶臭对周边的污染主要受到气象条件、地理位置、恶臭间歇性高释放率的释放特点、恶臭释放源强等因素的影响.     

风险严重度指数法在毒气泄漏评价中的应用

为评价某区域或某设备潜在的毒气泄漏事故场景的风险水平,以对不同的风险等级进行风险控制和安全规划,详细介绍了工业事故风险评估方法ARAMIS所采用的风险严重度指数法.首先基于事故频率和后果的风险矩阵选取毒气泄漏事故场景;然后运用毒气当量浓度计算任意暴露时间下不同风险严重度等级所对应的特征距离,并根据同一风险等级内风险严重度指数与距离的线性关系计算任意点的风险严重度指数;最后应用1个实例分析了考虑所研究区域的风向概率后对风险严重度指数的真实影响,便于工厂或企业识别不同的风险等级,进行不同场景下风险水平的对比性研究,为其安全设计及风险分析提供了一种新的评估方法.     

基于改进的FAHP-CRITIC法与云理论的露天矿边坡危险性评估模型

针对传统评估方法无法同时解决露天矿边坡危险性评估中存在的不确定性和模糊性问题,提出了基于改进FAHP-CRITIC法博弈赋权与正态云模型的边坡危险性评估方法.选取地质、工程、水文条件等多方面因素构建综合评价指标体系,首先采用改进FAHP法和CRITIC法分别确定主、客观权重;进而通过博弈论模型确定最优综合权重;然后结合云模型计算各指标的不同等级隶属度,求出不同边坡隶属于不同危险等级的综合确定度,由最大隶属度原则划分边坡的危险性等级.将该模型运用于某露天铜矿边坡危险性评估,其评估结果与实际情况相符,表明该方法是科学可行的,并与其他方法的评估结果进行对比分析,分析结果进一步证明了该评估模型的可靠性.     

西南山区集约化畜禽养殖工程环境影响后评价指标体系构建

针对西南山区集约化畜禽养殖工程具有周边居民分布多、恶臭问题突出、山区环境容量相对较小、高浓度养殖废污水不宜排放的环境特点,归纳出此类工程在开展环境影响后评价过程中应重点关注资源环境承载能力、粪肥消纳区农田土壤污染、周边噪声污染、周边恶臭污染以及移民安置等几方面环境问题。通过核查对比DSPR模式、LCA模式和基本指标模式3类评价指标体系构建模式的方法特点,确定选用基本指标模式的技术方法初步构建了该类工程的环境影响后评价指标体系,对今后在该区域开展此项工作具有一定的指导意义。     

流域突发污染事件的生态服务价值损失评估方法研究

生态系统服务价值损失评估是流域突发水污染事件生态损害定量、污染事故责任认定的重要依据.针对流域突发污染事件损失定量问题,基于生态系统服务价值理论,构建了包含不同主导服务偏好的生态系统服务价值损失指标评估方法,提出了受损服务识别、评估指标筛选、损失价值核算三步评估程序,并以浙江省某河段苯酚泄漏事件造成的流域生态系统服务损失为例进行实际测算,结合实例以1-9标度层次分析法(AHP)验证了该方法偏好系数计算方法的可靠性.结果表明,本方法与AHP法的水体生态系统服务损失评估额相对偏差为2.5％,单项指标损失额排序相同,并且在保证评估结果可靠性的前提下更具易操作性优势.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。