施工场地扬尘排放运移特征研究

施工场地内粉尘的运移规律对研究颗粒污染和净化等有很大作用,为有效解决施工中产生的粉尘污染问题,探究粉尘飘散规律,以某工程扬尘状况为研究对象,利用Fluent软件,运用欧拉-拉格朗日气-尘颗粒两相流动数学模型,模拟不同粒径粉尘在不同风速下受工地有无围挡阻隔的飘散效应。研究结果表明:无围挡作用时风速由1.6 m/s增大至6.7 m/s时,扬尘浓度显著提高;有围挡作用时形成较大负压,对后方粉尘扩散有抑制作用;围挡距离尘源扩大到10 m时,抑制作用最明显,且风速达到6.7 m/s以上时可以减弱扬尘向围挡后上方的扩散作用;所得结论为粉尘防治和相关人员的保护提供科学对策,现场应用效果较好。     

煤层干式钻进粉尘扩散规律的研究

针对煤层干式钻进过程中粉尘污染严重的问题,分别对新庄孜矿c13煤层及10煤层干式钻进粉尘的分散度和煤的硬度进行测定,分析对比2煤层钻进时粉尘在3 m/s风速下的浓度分布情况;并针对C13煤层,在1.5 m/s,2.3 m/s和3 m/s的风速下测定粉尘浓度分布情况.根据粉尘浓度的实测数据,分析煤层干式钻进粉尘扩散规律....     

开放性粉尘时空分布的数值模拟研究

工程爆破常在开放空间中进行,因其产生的粉尘会对爆源周围环境造成影响,所以受到了广泛关注。为阐明工程爆破产生的粉尘的时空分布特征,基于相似性原理建立了二维几何模型,使用ANSYS Fluent仿真软件对爆破粉尘在不同环境风速下的时空分布进行了数值模拟。结果表明：在静风状态下,近尘源区域中的爆破粉尘自由缓慢扩散,空间分布范围小;当环境风速分别为1、2.45、5、10 m/s时,粉尘粒子均随气流扩散,且风速越大,粉尘粒子运移越快,空间分布范围越广;在近壁面区,受壁面摩擦影响,气流形成一涡旋卷吸区,涡旋卷吸区内粉尘浓度高,停留时间长,是高污染区,也是爆破粉尘防治的着力点。     

复杂街区脏弹恐怖袭击下放射性物质扩散模拟

为研究复杂街区"脏弹"恐怖袭击情景下的放射性物质扩散问题,以实体街区为例,基于欧拉模型,对街区内放射性物质扩散进行数值模拟,分析并总结复杂街区结构和不同风场条件下放射性物质的扩散特征。结果发现,同一风向下,当风速小于20 m/s时,风速越大,街区下风向出口处的辐射风险越高;当风速为10 m/s时,街区下风向各出口的总辐射风险最高,风速为6 m/s时风险最低。街区复杂结构对扩散的影响随风速的增大而增大;风速小于2 m/s时,近源处易形成大面积高浓度聚集,污染物整体呈高斯分布。研究表明:发生袭击时,应避免在下风向建筑物邻近区域或密集区域以及环形区域等位置停留,疏散时也应选择远离这些区域的出口。     

厂内液氨钢瓶泄漏对应急集合点影响研究

为防止液氨泄漏时造成严重影响,以上海某公司液氨泄漏事故为例,利用Aloha软件对液氨钢瓶在不同风速、泄漏孔径和质量条件下泄漏的扩散范围及规律进行模拟分析,找出厂内应急集合点安全的临界条件和最危险情况下新的应急集合点。结果表明,泄漏扩散面积随着风速的增大先减小后逐渐趋于定值;随着钢瓶内液氨储量的增多而持续增大;随着泄漏孔径的增大而增大后逐渐趋于定值;应急集合点只有在风速小于1 m/s时才会受到影响,在最危险情况下,新应急集合点应设在原来应急集合点的北侧105 m。     

不同风速作用下半水煤气泄漏的数值模拟

针对氮肥工业半水煤气泄漏问题,以计算流体力学(CFD)和燃烧爆炸理论为基础,运用FLUENT软件对半水煤气在不同自然风风速作用下的扩散情况进行了模拟分析.通过比较下游半水煤气各组分体积分数来判断半水煤气的危险爆炸范围以及致死浓度区域.结果表明,当风速为0.5 m/s时,泄漏的危险性气体在自身动量和浮力的作用下缓慢扩散,能够达到爆炸极限或者致死浓度的范围均较小;而当风速达到5 m/s时,圆柱绕流产生的漩涡开始脱落,并携带大量有害气体向下游扩散,致使发生爆炸危险性的区域和致死浓度区域均有所扩大;当风速继续增大到10 m/s时,可能发生爆炸的区域和致死浓度区域范围因空气的稀释作用增强而减小.     

液氯储罐瞬时泄漏扩散质量浓度分布规律与中毒后果评价

液氯储罐一旦发生泄漏,容易在大气中快速扩散,其扩散速度受到泄漏量、外界风速等条件的影响。为了研究不同风速和泄漏量对氯气扩散规律的影响,分别在泄漏量为2 kg、5 kg,外界风速为2 m/s、5 m/s的条件下,采用Fluent软件模拟了氯气储罐瞬时泄漏后氯气质量浓度随时间的分布规律,并结合氯气的致死浓度,对氯气扩散区域最大质量浓度分布及其毒性致命损伤进行了分析。结果表明,氯气扩散初期,云团浓度较高,重气效应比较明显,随时间增加云团逐渐增大。泄漏量越大,氯气的扩散速度和致死区范围越大,毒性致命损伤时间越短;风速越大,致死区的影响距离越大,但致死区的影响时间大幅度缩短,能有效降低氯气的中毒危害。     

大采高综采工作面风流-呼吸带粉尘分布数值模拟

为了研究大采高综采工作面在多工序、多尘源情况下的呼吸带范围粉尘质量浓度分布,运用Fluent软件对井下大采高综采工作面风流分布、粉尘运移、呼吸带高度范围粉尘质量浓度分布进行模拟研究,并结合现场实测对比分析.结果 表明,采煤机械设备的影响使得工作面空间体积发生突变,造成采煤机附近局部风速增大,并且在采煤机下风侧附近产生3 m/s的湍流.湍流使得运移到此处的粉尘发生扩散,致使湍流下风侧呼吸带粉尘质量浓度剧烈升高十几倍.根据实测数据与模拟结果对比分析:采煤机下风侧10～20 m是粉尘防治的重要区域;而在采煤机下风侧30 m以后的范围,巷道中心部位呼吸带高度粉尘受风流影响漂浮在空中而不易沉降,导致粉尘质量浓度居高不下,此范围也是重点防尘区域.     

铀矿区放射性核素氡在大气中的迁移研究

以堆浸场、废石场为污染源项,对铀矿区大气中放射性核素氡在复杂地形条件下的迁移情况进行了模拟研究.结果表明,风速对山谷地形的氡气流场的分布影响比较明显.风速为1 m/s时,在矿区内某居民点处没有涡流; 当来流风速为2 m/s和7 m/s时,产生了涡流,且涡流随风速的加快而加大.风速越大,污染物扩散越快,对居民点处的氡浓度的贡献越大.风速为1 m/s时,居民点处的氡浓度为5.4 Bq/m3,2 m/s时6.5 Bq/m3,7 m/s时达10 Bq/m3.对铀矿区内某居民点处的氡浓度进行了实际测量,测量值与模拟结果吻合较好.     

一种新型电-袋复合除尘器的粉尘颗粒运动规律分析

针对一种新型电一袋复合除尘器.对环形电场巾的粉尘颗粒受力及运动规律进行研究.忽略粉尘颗粒形状等因素的影响,把粉尘颗粒视为理想球体,不考虑复杂流态,把气流视为层沉.通过列表计算,对不同颗粒直径和电场风速条件下颗粒所受离心力与其所受静电力进行对比.结果表明.颗粒直径大于或等于10μm且电场风速达到10 m/s以上时,离心力和静电力才能对粉尘颗粒的收集起协同作用.     

Trends in occupational hygiene in Finland

The aim of this work is to evaluate and describe the current status of, and prospects for, the future of occupational hygiene in Finland. The main sources of information include a seminar held in the annual meeting of Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society and interviews with different stakeholders. Nanotechnology and other new materials, changing work environments, circular economy including green jobs, new medical methods and advances of construction methods were recognized as future challenges. Future work opportunities for occupational hygiene experts included exposure assessments in indoor air surveys, private consulting and entrepreneurship in general, international activities and product safety issues. Unclear topics needing more attention in the future were thought to be in new exposures, sensitive persons, combined effects, skin exposures and applicability of personal protective equipment. Occupational hygiene should broaden its view; occupational hygienists should have to cooperate with other specialists and grasp new challenges.     

Gender differences in DUI offenders in treatment in Texas

OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered substance abuse treatment in Texas between 2000 and 2005. Participants were either on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. METHODS: The female and male clients were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of completing treatment and being abstinent at follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. Females were significantly more likely than males to be White (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 vs. 19 years), to be seeking custody to regain their children (11% vs. 2%), to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% vs. 23%), to have injected drugs (31% vs. 23%), to have used substances daily (42% vs. 40%), to have a depressive disorder (16% vs. 7%) or bipolar disorder (12% vs. 5%), and to be have been in treatment before (60% vs. 49%). In contrast, males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% vs. 44%). Females were less likely to complete treatment (67% vs. 72%) and reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% vs.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprised only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they were more impaired and experienced more problems than their male counterparts. The findings indicate that additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring mental health problems and living in sober households, may be keys to helping these women achieve abstinence and prevent additional DUI episodes.     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

我国非煤矿山安全生产的差距

从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析，分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距，最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。     

我国林区直升机吊桶灭火应用分析

直升机吊桶灭火是一项成熟有效的航空森林消防技术,是国外林业发达国家的重要森林消防手段。我国经过多年的探索和实践,已经在多数重点林区推广应用并取得成效。分析了直升机吊桶灭火的特点、机型和设备,对吊桶灭火的方法进行了探讨。     

Violence in the workplaces in Finland

The aim of this study was to describe violence in Finnish workplaces by comparing it with leisure-time violence. The data were derived from 13,762 interviews made from a representative sample of the Finnish population in 1988. The subjects were asked to report all the violent incidents they had encountered during the previous 12 months. There were 394 victims of violence in workplaces, that is, 40.6 victims per 1,000 workers. The rate of occupational violence was almost identical for males (40.6) and females (40.5). The most hazardous occupations were prison guard, police officer, and mental health nurse. The main reasons for violence at work were related to refusal of an authority's order to go away or to the relationship between doctor or nurse and patient. A typical assailant was an unaccompanied man who was under the influence of alcohol.     

Risk Assessment in the Working Environment in Estonia

The first step to chart hazards in the working environment in Estonia (labour force: 0.65 million) was taken by the National Board of Health Protection in the beginning of 1996.

The existing chemical, physical, and biological agents in the working environment were investigated with the help of local health inspectors in all counties. An identification of hazards and workers at risk was carried out. The results of the analysis showed that 16% of Estonian industrial workers are exposed to different hazards: 20,000 persons are exposed to noise, 11,000 are working in the conditions of vibration, 10,000 are affected by unsatisfactory microclimate, 6,000 complain about long-lasting work in a compulsory posture, the overexertion of eyes is suffered by 5,500 persons, and physical overload by 3,500 workers. In the group of chemical hazards the greatest numbers of workers are exposed to organic dust (6,500) and welding aerosols (5,400), followed by petroleum products (2,700), and oil-shale dust (4,300). The measurements of working conditions showed that an average of 30.3% of the results are above the standards. Proposals for the improvement of the situation in occupational safety and health are presented.     

Trends in occupational injuries and fatality in Turkey

Introduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend of occupational injuries in Turkey using epidemiologic criteria such as incidence mortality and fatality/all injuries recorded – rates. Materials and methods. Safety and health data were obtained from the Annual Statistic Books of the Social Insurance Institution (1988–2006) and Social Security Institution (2007–2011) of Turkey. Results. The results from the official data showed that although total employment is increasing the number of occupational injuries and incidence and mortality rates are decreasing. The results also demonstrate that occupational fatality/all injuries recorded – rate is increasing. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate per 1000 injuries increased to 25.5 in 2011 from 8.6 in 1988. Each work day an average of five people died because of occupational injuries. Discussion and conclusions. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate (the number of fatal cases per 1000 occupational injuries) is an important indicator of the injury rate for a country. Systems of occupational injury and illness surveillance constitute a critical resource for the management and reduction of occupational injuries and illness.     

我国化学品安全技术说明书(SDS)的管理现状研究

从分析我国化学品安全技术说明书的监管现状出发,研究对比了我国和国外在SDS覆盖化学品的范围、审核监督制度以及信息保密机制等管理技术方面的不同做法;指出我国对化学品安全技术说明书的监管在这三方面存在缺陷和不足;提出加强和完善化学品安全技术说明书的监管是提高我国化学品安全监管水平的重要手段;认为借鉴欧盟、美国和加拿大等国家的先进做法拓宽需要编制SDS的化学品范围、建立化学品安全技术说明书第三方检测制度、加强监督、完善信息保密机制将对促进我国的化学品安全监管水平具有重要意义。