北京地铁义和庄站基坑支护结构及变形监测

结合北京地铁义和庄站深基坑支护变形监测方案,并通过大量实测数据对基坑的水平变形、钢支撑和锚索拉力变化规律进行了研究;并比较排桩、内支撑与排桩、锚索两种支护形式的变形差异.监测结果表明:围护结构的变形增量主要发生在基坑深层土体开挖及支撑结构架设前后阶段,在开挖至坑底后变形趋于稳定;支撑内力增加影响因素较多,包括地面堆载及温度影响;围护结构变形与支撑轴力变化具有显著的关联性;桩撑与桩锚支护结构的变形具有一定的差异性.     

基于Winkler模型的沿空留巷底板变形力学分析

沿空留巷顶板岩层垮落到底板时,会影响底板的受力和变形,进而导致底臌,底臌的产生将直接影响采煤工作开展。为了对巷道底板的变形机理进行研究,根据空留巷底板受力特点,将巷道底板视为弹性地基梁,建立顶板岩层垮落在巷道底板上的不均匀荷载作用下的Winkler弹性地基梁力学模型,通过对高阶微分方程求解,分析巷道底板任一处的挠度、转角、弯矩及剪力的分布规律,并结合内力分布规律对底板破坏机理进行分析。结合工程实践,提出了防止底板变形的措施,为类似工程的设计及施工提供参考。     

窄长类匝道基坑开挖变形监测数据统计分析

为研究窄长类基坑开挖过程中基坑变形性状和基坑开挖对近邻的扰动,以上海市某匝道基坑开挖工程为案例,采用统计方法对该基坑围护结构、邻近地表、周边建筑变形监测数据进行分析.结果表明:相较于民建宽大类基坑,窄长类基坑开挖对于围护结构侧向位移、墙后地表沉降、邻近既有建筑倾斜大小的影响更小,而在围护结构最大侧向位移出现的位置上,二...     

地铁车站深基坑开挖变形及数值模拟分析*

为研究土岩复合地层地铁车站深基坑变形时空效应特征与规律,以南宁地铁某车站基坑为研究背景,在不同施工工况下对车站基坑进行有限元数值模拟,并结合实测数据进行对比。结果表明:数值计算值与现场实测值差距较小,2种变形规律接近一致,有限元计算结果合理。围护结构水平位移随施工进行逐渐增大,呈现鼓肚形状,水平位移由桩顶移动到桩身,最大位移稳定在桩身0.5~0.75H处;围护结构受力集中在第2道和第3道内支撑位置;基坑地表沉降中,长边方向的沉降比短边方向沉降明显,空间效应显著;在地铁车站深基坑中,基于时空效应机理,考虑施工影响,在施工过程中调整施工工序和参数,对基坑稳定和控制变形具有重要指导意义。     

基于深基坑地下连续墙变形安全性分析

在基坑开挖过程中实时对整个基坑安全状态进行评判,动态地评判基坑的安全状态,对保证基坑安全具有重要的现实意义,其中如何在基坑开挖过程中获得围护墙的实际弯矩,成为评判围护墙内力安全状态的关键,根据深基坑工程中常规监测所得的围护墙体测斜变形曲线,通过多项式拟合的测斜曲线方程求解变形曲率,将计算得到的弯矩与通过钢筋混凝土单筋截面梁弯矩计算极限弯矩进行对比分析,来科学判断基坑的安全状态。同时基坑深层土体开挖会引起较大的围护墙位移和土体沉降,施工中应严格控制深层土体开挖无支撑暴露的时间,及时架设支撑及浇注混凝土底板,减小土体侧向位移及地表沉降,最后阐述了基坑监测数据产生异常的原因。     

西安地铁车站深基坑变形规律FLAC模拟研究

开展西安地铁深基坑变形规律理论与监测的研究对指导西北地区深基坑信息化施工具有重要价值。本文以西安地铁2号线某车站深基坑工程为背景,完成了车站深基坑施工监测方案设计,对深基坑施工过程进行了FLAC计算模拟,重点研究了桩体变形、钢支撑轴力、基坑周边地表变形规律。结果表明,复杂环境下城市地铁车站站深基坑明挖施工时,现场监测是信息化安全施工的保证,采用钻孔灌注桩和钢支撑的复合围护方案作为车站深基坑的围护结构是合理的,土方分层开挖方式和钢支撑预应力施加是减少空间效应保证安全施工的重要措施。桩身水平位移特别是桩顶水平位移是围护结构变形特性的直接反映,围护桩变形最大的地方为基坑中部到三分之二基坑深度处。基坑围护结构附近的地面隆起量明显小于基坑中部的隆起量,随着开挖深度增大,隆起量逐渐由基坑中部最大转变为两边大中间小的型式。     

基坑开挖引起下卧隧道竖向变形的Hermite谱分析方法

针对基坑开挖引起下卧隧道的竖向变形问题,通过引入Hermite函数,建立基坑开挖所引起土体附加应力及下卧隧道竖向变形的Hermite谱分析方法。基于Mindlin解答与Pasternak地基上的Euler-Bernoulli梁理论,建立了基坑开挖所引起土体附加应力的计算表达式与下卧隧道竖向变形的控制方程,并采用有限项Hermite级数展开,将下卧隧道竖向变形控制方程转化为线性代数系统进行求解,获得其竖向变形解答;在此基础上,结合工程案例,验证所建立解答的收敛性与可靠性,并探讨隧道埋深、隧道与基坑水平距离及基坑平面尺寸对下卧隧道竖向变形特性的影响。结果表明：随着隧道埋深及隧道与基坑水平距离的增加,基坑开挖对下卧隧道竖向变形的影响逐渐降低,下卧隧道的竖向位移逐渐变小;基坑开挖水平尺寸的增大会使下卧隧道竖向变形增大,且平行隧道方向的尺寸变化,影响更为明显。研究成果为分析基坑开挖所引起的下卧隧道竖向变形特性提供了一种新的计算方法。     

在建车站下穿既有车站开挖过程仿真及监测对比分析

为研究在建车站基坑施工对既有车站的影响特性,以昆明市地铁4号线某车站下穿同站已运营地铁1号线为工程背景。采用ANSYS软件构建车站基坑数值分析模型,对车站基坑密贴下穿开挖过程进行模拟,分析既有车站结构变形规律,并基于实测数据对模型进行验证分析,绘出施工过程与车站结构位移变化对应特征曲线,同时利用模拟结果预测基坑施工过程中可能发生最大变形的位置,以此指导后续施工。结果表明:主体结构各项位移及轨道高差都满足规范要求;临近地铁隧道的深基坑开挖会引起隧道不同程度的位移,变形规律与开挖工况及距基坑远近密切相关;轨道几何部位最大水平位移-2 mm,轨道间距2 mm,变形所受影响较车站主体及道床影响大。     

基于粗集理论算法-脊波神经网络的深基坑变形预测与应用

基坑开挖变形具有非线性特性,在脊波神经网络的基础上,采用粗集理论算法优化初始权值和阈值,建立了基于粗集理论算法-脊波神经网络的深基坑变形预测模型,应用该模型对西南地区某市火车站综合交通换乘中心南广场的基坑开挖过程进行了变形预测。结果表明:粗集理论算法能够对脊波神经网络进行优化,提高了脊波神经网络基坑变形预测结果的收敛速度和泛化能力;脊波神经网络能逼近基坑变形的非线性部分,避免了模型误差影响基坑开挖变形预测精度,提高了系统整体抗干扰性能。模型的预测值与实测值之间的误差在5%以内,满足实际工程的要求。     

基于粗糙集和加权灰色关联分析的岩爆预测

本文选取影响岩爆发生的五项指标作为岩爆预测的关键影响因素:最大主应力、单轴抗压强度、岩石点荷载强度、岩体完整性系数和弹性变形指数。通过采用粗糙集理论确定岩爆预测影响因素的权重,利用加权灰色关联分析对某工程的岩爆发生情况进行了预测。预测的结果与现场实际状况相吻合,说明运用该方法预测岩爆是合理的。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。