原子吸收法间接测定水中可溶性硫酸根

用原子吸收法间接进行自来水、地表水、地下水和带有颜色的废水中硫酸根离子的测定时,为消除铁和镍的干扰,在标准和试样中加入2％氯化铵。为提高测定的灵敏度,加入20％无水乙醇,测定被硫酸根离子从铬酸钡置换出来的铬,吸收波长为357.8nm,准确度达94％以上。     

土壤和水体中PCP—Na残留的紫外线光度分析

待测样经蒸馏、乙醚萃取、氢氧化钠反萃取后,常见干扰物质均可以除去,PCP-Na溶液在波长320nm处有最大的吸收峰,其它酚类物质在该波长处不干扰测定。本法操作简便、快速、准确、经济,稳定性好。本法测定PCP-Na的回收率,在水中为100.74％,在土壤中为91.45％。     

顶空/气相色谱—质谱法测定固体废物中挥发性卤代烃的研究

建立了顶空,气相色谱-质谱法同时测定固体废物中35种挥发性卤代烃的方法,系统地研究了顶空条件对测定结果的影响,优化了色谱分离条件。结果表明,各挥发性卤代烃可以实现良好的分离;标准曲线相关系数均大于0．99,检出限为2-3μg/kg,不同浓度的相对标准偏差分别为5．3％～19％,1．8％-17％和4．2％-15％,样品加标回收率为70．8％-118％。该方法灵敏度高,具有良好的精密度和准确度,适用于固体废物中挥发性卤代烃的测定。     

多阶段生活垃圾接种堆肥水溶性有机物荧光特性表征研究

为提高堆肥效率,采取多阶段接种技术（MSIC）进行城市生活垃圾堆肥实验,并运用荧光分析技术,对不同堆肥阶段样品提取出的水溶性有机物（DOM）的变化进行跟踪分析。荧光同步光谱分析显示：堆肥过程中类蛋白峰发生红移,且在堆肥后期出现了类腐殖质峰,且类腐殖质荧光峰与类蛋白荧光峰荧光强度的比值‰‰不断增大,T2处理增长幅度最大。发射光谱分析显示：254nm激发波长下发射光谱中后1／4波段与前1／4波段的荧光强度积分面积之比A435-450/A300-345、465nm激发波长下发射光谱中470～640nm范围内荧光积分面积A协枷均不断增大,表明堆肥腐殖化程度不断增强,且T2处理在堆肥各阶段腐殖化程度均高于其他处理,T2处理物质结构最为复杂,腐殖化程度达到最高。三维荧光光谱显示：随着堆肥的进行,与蛋白质类物质有关的类蛋白峰荧光强度持续降低,而与腐殖质类物质产生的类富里酸荧光峰强度却不断增强;紫外区与可见区类富里酸峰荧光强度的比值r（A,C）随着堆肥的进行总体呈下降趋势;T2处理DOM中有机成分发生最为显著的变化,各阶段类蛋白荧光峰的发射波长明显发生红移,并且紫外、可见区域内类富里酸荧光强度明显高于其他处理,促进堆肥DOM中类富里酸物质数量的积累。结果表明：MSIC能够有效促进堆肥腐殖化进程,提高堆肥效率,是一种更加优良的堆肥技术。     

地面水中叶枯灵的高效液相色谱测定

本文采用反相高效液相色谱法，在质控条件下，对河水，塘水两种地面水中叶枯灵的检验方法进行了测试，用Shimapck ODS柱为分析柱，以甲醇：水＝50：50为流动相，并用冰醋酸调PH至4－5，紫外检测波长281nm，两种水样的平均回收率分别为91．7－96．3％，90－95．8％，相对标准偏差为4．3％，最低检出限为0．0261mg/l，为地面水中叶枯灵卫生标准的实施提供了简便，灵敏，正确的配套测试手段。     

苯系物测定方法的研究

在浓硫酸存在下，苯类化合物与甲醛反应可生成黄棕色二苯基甲烷聚合体，其浓度与显色程度成正比关系，以此进行比色测定。该有色化合物的最大吸收波长为465nm，本法的最低检出限为1．240μg／5ml，当采样体积为30L时，最低检出浓度为0．04mg／m^3。本法适用于室内环境空气的测定。研究此新测定方法的同时，与国家标准方法—气相色谱法进行了对比，对比结果显示，这两种方法相关性很好。本法具有连续性测定，方法快速、经济、简便、灵敏度高等优点。     

哈希快速消解法测定高氯废水CODCr的优化

采用哈希（HACH）20 min快速消解分光光度法,对高氯废水化学需氧量CODCr的快速测定进行了探讨试验.通过多种条件试验探索出简单方便、快速测定高氯废水CODCr的优化方法.该方法采用样品与硫酸汞外部络合预处理,消除氯离子干扰,在165℃的条件下与硫酸-硫酸银及强氧化剂重铬酸钾一起加热消解20 min,冷却至室温后,于420 nm波长下测定剩余Cr6＋的含量,结果与在线分析仪测定结果基本一致,与HJ/T70-2001《高氯废水化学需氧量的测定氯气矫正法》测定结果相比,相对误差为7.28％～9.8％,可以满足该单位生产控制及应急监测的需要.     

工业废水中氰化物测定方法的改进

叙述了测定工业废水中氰化物的改进方法。从结果看，终点颜色明显，有突变。与硝酸银容量法比较，准确度达99．6％，符合工业生产定量分析的要求。     

原子吸收分光光度法测定气溶胶中的镉、铜、铁、铅和锌

大气微粒中五种元素的火焰测定法可方便地从发表的文献中查到。通常 Cd 波长228.8nm 灵敏度是38PPb,Cu 波长324.8nm 灵敏度79PPb,Fe 波长248.3nm 灵敏度84PPb,pb 波长283.3nm 灵敏度0.68PPm,Zn 波长波长214.0nm 灵敏度36PPb。无火焰法灵敏度更高,消耗样品量少,但干扰较大。在相同波     

MA-2000型测汞仪直接测定环境水体中的汞

介绍了MA-2000型测汞仪测定环境水体中的汞,以氯化亚锡为还原剂,0．001％半胱氨酸为汞固定剂,在一定浓度范围内被测汞蒸汽在波长253．7nm紫外光下的吸收值与汞蒸汽浓度成正比。方法检出限0．006ng,精密度和准确度均满足水质监测实验室质量控制的要求。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.