南京北郊夏季近地层臭氧及其前体物体积分数变化特征

南京北郊,钢铁、石化等重工业集中,大气污染现状不容乐观.为了研究此类重工业地区夏季光化学污染特征,于2013年5月18日~8月31日连续观测了臭氧及其前体物的浓度并同时记录了常规气象要素.结果表明,观测期间臭氧(O3)、氮氧化物(NOx)和挥发性有机物(VOCs)平均体积分数分别为(32.01±15.20)×10-9、(21.50±14.02)×10-9、(33.16±25.20)×10-9,一氧化碳(CO)为(0.66±0.44)×10-6;O3体积分数小时均值最大值达146.42×10-9;O3超过国家环境空气质量二级标准14.1%.对污染物进行浓度频率分布近似得到观测期间O3、NOx和VOCs背景体积分数分别为(5.71±2.51)×10-9、(12.20±0.36)×10-9和(22.44±0.38)×10-9,CO为(0.28±0.01)×10-6.观测点污染物受周边排放源的影响较大.在风速为2~3 m·s-1的西南风作用下,VOCs中的活性物种体积分数较高,O3体积分数容易累积达到高值;偏东风主导下主要来自周边工业源和交通源的NOx、CO和VOCs体积分数易出现高值.南京亚青期间对工业生产和部分机动车采取了调控措施,O3体积分数未明显减少,并有4 d超过国家二级标准.     

济南市城区夏季臭氧污染过程及来源分析

2019年夏季,在济南市城区开展了大气臭氧(O3)及其前体物[挥发性有机物(VOCs)和氮氧化物(NOx)]的综合观测研究,观测发现,日最大8h φ(O3)均值为(103.0±14.5) ×10-9,φ(NOx)平均值为(16.7±11.3) ×10-9,VOCs的体积分数和活性水平分别为(22.4±9.4)×10-9...     

南京夏季市区VOCs特征及O3生成潜势的相关性分析

挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)是大气中光化学污染臭氧(O3)的重要前体物,其在大气中的浓度水平直接影响着臭氧的污染特征.本研究运用大气挥发性有机物快速在线连续自动监测系统,于2013年8月对南京市区大气中98种VOCs进行观测,分析南京夏季VOCs体积分数水平及组成特征,分析臭氧及其前体物的变化,运用VOCs/NOx比值法研究南京臭氧生成敏感性控制因素.结果表明,夏季南京市区大气VOCs最高体积分数达200×10-9,平均体积分数为52.05×10-9,各物种体积分数大小为烷烃含氧有机物烯烃芳香烃;臭氧平均质量浓度76.5μg·m-3,小时质量浓度超标率为5.9%.臭氧质量浓度高值期,其前体物VOCs与NOx变化趋势基本一致,并与O3变化呈明显的反相关;不同臭氧质量浓度阶段,同种类的VOCs体积分数也存在一定的差异;夏季南京市区的臭氧生成对VOCs较敏感,属于VOCs控制区.     

天津滨海新区秋冬季大气污染特征分析

为了解天津滨海新区大气污染物浓度水平和污染来源,2009年9月1日~2010年2月28日对NOx、CO、SO2、O3、PM2.5、PM10进行了连续在线观测,并同步观测了气象要素.结果表明,秋冬季上述污染物最高日均值(秋冬平均值±标准差,O3为日小时均值最大值)分别达到300.7(65.4±52.9)×10-9、7.278(1.324±1.169)×10-6、53(13±12)×10-9、95(28±21)×10-9(体积分数)和287.4(62.3±53.6)μg/m3、1421.4(161.9±136) μg/m3. NOx和SO2秋季低于冬季,O3和PM10反之. CO和PM10相对国家二级标准超标率为2%和38%,PM2.5相对WHO标准(75μg/m3)超标率为31%.季节统计日变化显示CO和NOx为早晚双峰型,SO2为中午的单峰型,O3为午后单峰型,且秋季日变化振幅远大于冬季, PM10为早晚双峰型,但冬季比秋季晚出峰2~3h.除冬季PM10,大气污染物浓度49%~74%的逐日变化由气象要素影响.滨海新区大气污染受局地排放和外源输送共同影响,西南方向气流易造成污染物积累,其次是东北方向,而东和东南气流最有利于污染物扩散;各污染物具体表现为NOx主要受局地源控制;SO2主要受外来输送影响;CO和PM2.5同时受本地源和外来源的共同影响;PM10秋季表现为本地源污染,而冬季为本地源和外来源的共同影响.     

深圳大气挥发性有机物污染特征及臭氧生成潜势

该研究选取深圳市工业区、城区、郊区等不同类型的5个典型地区在2017年8月(夏季)、10-11月(秋季)、12月(冬季)开展了挥发性有机物(VOCs)离线手工采样及监测,获得了113种VOCs物种的体积分数数据并分析了VOCs污染特征及臭氧生成潜势(OFP)。研究表明,观测期间深圳市VOCs平均体积分数为37.3×10~(-9),以含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)和烷烃为主要组分,共占总体积分数的57.2%。秋冬季体积分数约为夏季的2倍,日变化上烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃体积分数在中午达到谷值,较早晚平均值偏低46.7%～48.3%,但OVOCs日变化曲线较为平缓。观测期间VOCs的OFP平均为121.2×10~(-9),OVOCs、烯烃和芳香烃是主要贡献来源,分别占42.0%、33.0%和15.3%,1,3-丁二烯、丙醛、乙醛、甲苯是对OFP贡献最大的前4个物种,共占55.8%。工业排放对臭氧生成影响显著,工业区点位OFP较高(182.2×10~(-9)),城区次之(98.6×10~(-9)),郊区最低(68.9×10~(-9)),同时工业区甲苯/苯(T/B)比值较高(10.7),表明受溶剂使用源的影响较大。加强控制溶剂使用源、工业源和机动车的VOCs排放将有利于降低深圳市大气OFP,从而减少臭氧生成。     

北京奥运时段VOCs浓度变化、臭氧产生潜势及来源分析研究

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是大气中光化学污染臭氧(O3)的重要前体物,其在大气中的浓度水平往往直接影响着臭氧的污染水平.以2008年夏季北京大气中VOCs浓度观测资料为基础,分析了VOCs浓度和组分随时间的变化特征,比较了各组分对臭氧产生的影响潜势,并利用主成分分析法研究了VOCs主要来源.结果表明,北京大气总VOCs在上午和下午的浓度分别是34.38×10-9(体积分数)和27.13×10-9(体积分数),组分中以烷烃最高,芳烃次之,烯烃最低,下午大气中VOCs浓度显著低于上午,烯烃、芳烃和烷烃依次下降28%、26%和15%;其中1,2,4-三甲苯等效丙烯浓度最高(8.05×10-9C),其次为间对二甲苯(6.97×10-9C)、甲苯(6.41×10-9C)和1,3,5-三甲苯(5.64×10-9C);芳烃对大气O3生成贡献最大(47%),其次是烯烃(40%),烷烃最低(13%).北京大气中VOCs主要来源于机动车(28%)、溶剂挥发(19%)、液化气泄漏(15%)和工业排放(12%).为遏制近年来夏季O污染加重趋势,北京应大力减少VOCs排放,特别是芳香烃的排放量.     

基于PMF量化工业排放对大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的影响:以南京市江北工业区为例

挥发性有机物(VOCs)在臭氧(O3)和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)生成中起着关键作用.南京市江北地区工业密集,为评估工业排放对大气VOCs的影响,本研究于2017年3月在工业区受体点南京信息工程大学(南信大)开展了为期近1个月的VOCs采样和测量.监测数据显示南信大站点大气VOCs浓度波动大,范围(体积分数)在10.3×10-9~200.5×10-9之间,烯烃、芳香烃和卤代烃等组分(例如:乙烯、丙烯、苯、苯乙烯、二氯甲烷等)存在明显的异常高值.利用正交矩阵因子模型(PMF)对VOCs进行来源解析,结果显示在观测期间与工业排放相关源的平均贡献为50.0%,其中石化源、化工源以及涂料和溶剂使用源的贡献分别为14.9%、19.3%和15.8%.在VOCs高污染时段,与工业排放相关源的占比高达74.9%.进一步结合风速和风向数据,确定了不同类型工业源的主导方位,追溯排放源的潜在位置.     

上海市某化工区夏季典型光化学过程VOCs特征及活性研究

本研究基于夏季某化工区外5 km处观测点O_3及VOCs在线观测结果,分析了VOCs污染及光化学反应活性特征.结果显示,西南风向的VOCs平均体积分数为63.9×10~(-9)±28.6×10~(-9),高于其他风向42%(45.0×10~(-9)±28.0×10~(-9)),不同主导风向下的VOCs特征具有一定的相似性,均以烯烃、卤代烃和烷烃为主要组分,说明化工园区局地排放和累积对观测点VOCs影响较大.主要VOCs物种的日变化都具有夜间体积分数累积增多,白天逐步降低的特征;但是异戊二烯呈现日变化较小的特征,显示其受到人为源和天然源的双重影响.西南风向的臭氧生成潜势(Ozone Formation Potential,OFP)为242.1×10~(-9),远高于其他风向的OFP(174.1×10~(-9)),而平均MIR(Maximum Increment Reactivity)则较为接近;烯烃在VOCs总OFP中的贡献比例均在70%以上,其次是芳香烃.使用乙苯和间/对二甲苯的比值来表征气团光化学反应进程,计算得到观测点西南风向VOCs消耗量为(51.7×10~(-9)±38.8×10~(-9)),烯烃和卤代烃是最主要VOCs消耗组分.     

郑州市春季大气污染过程VOCs特征、臭氧生成潜势及源解析

利用GC5000在线气相色谱仪于2018年4月15日～5月15日对郑州市城区环境大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行监测,开展其污染特征、臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和来源解析研究.结果表明,监测期间,郑州市春季VOCs平均体积分数为40.26×10~(-9),非污染日和污染日VOCs平均体积分数分别为35.82×10~(-9)和44.12×10~(-9),污染日相较非污染日增长23%;VOCs物种对OFP的贡献表现为烯烃芳香烃烷烃炔烃;源解析结果显示监测期间郑州市VOCs主要来源是LPG源(66.05%)、机动车源(47.39%)、工业溶剂源(37.51%)、燃烧源(37.80%)和植物排放源(11.25%),且污染日的LPG源和植物排放源的贡献率较非污染日增长22.92%和68.50%.     

烟台市大气VOCs污染特征及臭氧生成潜势分析

该文以2020年5-10月烟台市117种VOCs监测数据为基础,对烟台市VOCs污染特征、臭氧生成潜势及污染来源进行分析。研究表明:烟台市VOCs平均体积分数为27.70×10~(-9)(75.43μg/m~3),VOCs体积分数月际波动较小,在25.61×10~(-9)～30.54×10~(-9)之间。烟台市VOCs化学组成由高到低排序,依次为烷烃OVOCs卤代烃芳香烃烯烃炔烃有机硫,其中烷烃和OVOCs比重最大,二者之和占总VOCs的68.5%;VOCs体积分数最高的3种组分依次为甲醛、丙烷、丙酮。烟台市VOCs组分的总OFP值为177.41μg/m~3,臭氧生成潜势量表现为OVOCs芳香烃烯烃烷烃炔烃卤代烃有机硫,OFP值排名前3的组分分别是甲醛、乙醛、甲苯。烟台市大气中芳香烃主要受机动车排放影响,同时工业排放影响也不可忽略;羰基化合物主要受机动车尾气和人为源影响。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.