衍生化气相色谱法测定黄磷诱发氧化水中苯酚降解产物

利用衍生化气相色谱法对黄磷诱发氧化苯酚降解产物进行了研究，在磷酸存在下，以甲醇作酯类衍行生试剂，分别和ＳＥ－５２和ＨＰ－１７石英毛细管双柱结合ＧＣ－ＭＳ进行分离定性定量，黄磷诱发氧化苯酚降解产物以羧酸为主，在反应温度５０℃时，表现为一级反应特征，速率常数（Ｋ）：０．０７７ｍｉｎ＾－１，半衰期（ｔ１／２）：９．０ｍｉｎ。     

黄磷诱发氧化破坏苯环结构的反应途径

黄磷诱发氧化是一种有效的氧化新技术，对许多结构稳定的污染物有明显去除效果，本文针对四种典型苯基衍生物，初步考察了反应过程中原始物的去向。实验结果表明：因气液相接触条件的不同，苯环的三个双键可同时被打开生成乙酸，并进一步氧化到甲酸；或者只打开一个双键，生成共轭小分子羧酸。     

蓟运河水和底泥中黄磷的氧化转化治理研究

本文介绍了蓟运河水和底泥模拟试验中黄磷的氧化速度。其表观氧化速度取决于几个因素,其中水体的搅动最为重要,溶解氧含量的影响也显著,而pH和Eh值则对反应略有影响。泥和水组成的混合液中黄磷的充气氧化半衰期为7h。经6.5—8.5d自然空气氧化后,底泥中黄磷可减少一半。底泥中黄磷浓度降到0.8mg/kg干土以下就不致使鱼类死亡。     

臭氧对气体中甲硫醇的氧化降解

甲硫醇是主要恶臭污染物之一,研究甲硫醇的降解技术对于恶臭异味的治理具有重要意义.为了获得臭氧对气体中甲硫醇的氧化降解性能,实验研究了臭氧对气体中甲硫醇的均相氧化过程,考察了氧含量、臭氧投加量、反应时间、温度和湿度等因素的影响.结果表明,氧气可将甲硫醇部分氧化为二甲二硫.甲硫醇去除率随臭氧投加量、反应时间的增加而升高,且臭氧对气体中甲硫醇的氧化降解过程符合伪一级动力学反应模型.甲硫醇的去除率随温度升高而增大,该趋势在温度高于50℃时不再明显;氧化反应的最佳相对湿度为45%—62%.采用原位红外光谱、气相色谱-质谱联用和离子色谱技术对甲硫醇氧化降解过程的研究证明,考察条件下,臭氧不能将全部甲硫醇矿化为二氧化碳和水,而是生成了部分醛类和酮类中间产物,且甲硫醇中硫的主要氧化产物是硫单质.综合考虑臭氧氧化甲硫醇的最佳反应条件和降解产物,该工艺存在能耗高、易造成二次污染等不足,在实际应用中不建议采用臭氧直接氧化工艺对含甲硫醇臭气进行净化.     

《环境化学》一九九四年总目录(第13卷)

用过渡应答技术研究人。-TIO。上NO-NHa选择性还原反应的机理………………………周裕之二（）铜锰钻复合氧化物催化剂对环己烷或苯深度氧化的催化活性…,…··尹玲王淑梅胡克源1（l）氧化饰在非贵金属燃烧催化剂中热稳定性的研究…··”·’…··”’…·王幸宜吴善良卢冠忠等见（16）多氯联苯催化转移氢化脱氯的研究…………………………………………………………赵毅4（328）黄磷诱发氧化新技术…………………………………………………………………………王伯中巴（525）聚合氯化铝对水中微量铬（VI）的富集—……………………………     

硫化亚铁处理含砷废水中砷的形态变化

本文对用硫化亚铁处理含砷废水时，在气相、液相和固相中砷的形态进行了研究结果表明，在气相中无ＡａＨ３，但在Ａｓ（Ｖ）废水的液相中有Ａｓ（Ｖ）和Ａｓ（Ⅲ）共同存在，在固相中有Ａｓ（０），ＦｅＡｓＯ４（ＦｅＡｓＯ３），Ａｓ２Ｓ３（Ａｓ２Ｓ５）和吸附砷，砷的形态变化表明，硫化亚铁处理含砷废水能取得良好的效果，是沉淀、沉淀转化、氧化还原、吸附共沉淀和中和五种反应共同作用的结果。     

烯烃气相臭氧化反应机理的研究进展

气相条件下的烯烃臭氧化反应是大气中极其重要的反应之一,是多种自由基以及二次有机气溶胶的重要来源,与大气环境和人类生活密切相关.综合以往的研究成果,对早期提出的Criegee机理做了简介,着重阐述了Criegee中间体(CI)的结构及其相关反应、羟自由基的形成机理及萜烯臭氧化形成二次有机气溶胶产物的机理.最后,对未来的研究方向进行了探讨.     

苯酚的超临界水氧化试验

以自建的一套连续式超临界水氧化装置的温度，压力，溶氧量和流量等参数的可控性进行了实验，并在此基础上进行了苯酚的超临界水氧化研究。结果表明：所建立的装置能比较精确控制各种条件参数，是可靠的超临界水氧化试验研究装置。在氧气过量的条件下，停留时间是影响苯酚在超临界水中氧化分解的主要因素，反应的温度和压力升高导致苯致苯酚去除率的增大，只要有足够的氧气，苯酚起始浓度的增加对苯酚的转化率影响不明显，在实验条件下，溶液中苯酚的去除动力学对苯酚是一级，氧气是零级。     

水环境试样中黄磷的气相色谱法测定

污水中黄磷的测定可用溴水氧化钼蓝比色法。但它们不适于测定微量黄磷的试样。为了提高测定灵敏度,有人用有机溶剂萃取磷钼络合物,在有机相中显色。也可用磷钼酸-甲基紫三元络合物直接水相显色测定黄磷,检测下限为ppb。 60年代末,Ackman等人用气相色谱法直接测定水、底泥和鱼体等水环境试样中的     

厌氧氨氧化污水处理工艺及其实际应用研究进展

厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)反应是指在厌氧或者缺氧条件下,厌氧氨氧化微生物以NO2--N为电子受体,氧化NH4+-N为氮气的生物过程。该过程是一种新型自养生物脱氮反应,反应无需外加有机碳源,且污泥产生量小,相对于传统硝化/反硝化脱氮工艺具有显著优势,对处理含高氨氮废水特别是低有机碳源废水具有重大的潜在实际应用价值。近年来,厌氧氨氧化为主体的污水处理工艺已经在各种类型废水处理中得到成功应用,取得了显著的经济和环境效益。综述了厌氧氨氧化反应中常用的亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺(Sharon-Anammox工艺)和完全自养脱氮工艺(CANON工艺)的作用原理、环境调控因子与功能性微生物种群动态分布等最新研究进展,且阐述了两工艺在垃圾渗滤液、厌氧消化液和猪场养殖废水等低碳氮比废水的处理应用效能和最优化控制参数等,为厌氧氨氧化为主体的污水处理工艺的工程化应用提供了技术支撑。最后,总结并介绍了国内外厌氧氨氧化工艺现场规模化应用实例和控制参数,同时,对厌氧氨氧化污水处理工艺实际应用的研究前景及亟待解决的问题进行了展望,认为现场应用中Anammox菌的快速富集培养、有机碳源对Anammox菌的抑制效应以及厌氧氨氧化工艺的广谱适用性等将是厌氧氨氧化工艺大规模应用的难点和热点问题。为厌氧氨氧化工艺实际应用控制和推广提供了理论基础,具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

Carbon black-benzo(a)pyrene complex-induced apoptosis and autophagy blockage in rat alveolar macrophages

Abstract

Cooking of foods and the burning of biomass and fossil fuels in stoves are the main sources of cooking fumes, with carbon black and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as main components. The toxicity of carbon black and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been well studied individually, but the combined toxicity is much less understood. Carbon black can adsorb benzo(a)pyrene to form a complex which displays an altered physical form which in this study has been constructed to simulate particles in the cooking fumes and explore the combined toxic effect on rat alveolar macrophages. The complex-induced cell apoptosis and blocked cell autophagy flux compared with both individually. The mechanism of toxicity may be by intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, impairing the mitochondrial membrane potential and activating apoptosis signaling pathways.     

碳纳米管生殖毒性及其毒作用机制研究进展

随着碳纳米管(carbon nanotubes,CNTs)在各个领域应用的增加,人们接触到CNTs的几率也随之增加,越来越多的人开始关注CNTs对于人体是否具有毒性及其毒性的大小,近些年的体内和体外研究显示,CNTs可对生物体(如小鼠、斑马鱼、赤子爱胜蚓等)生殖系统产生毒性并遗传给后代,影响后代生长发育。本综述主要从CNTs种类、官能化和CNTs悬浮液中团聚体尺寸及所含杂质3个方面探讨CNTs的生殖毒性及毒作用机制,以及影响其毒性及毒作用机制的因素,从而为CNTs更加安全有效的应用提供依据。     

Uncommon heavy metals,metalloids and their plant toxicity: a review

Heavy metals still represent a group of dangerous pollutants, to which close attention is paid. Many heavy metals are essential as important constituents of pigments and enzymes, mainly zinc, nickel and copper. However, all metals, especially cadmium, lead, mercury and copper, are toxic at high concentration because of disrupting enzyme functions, replacing essential metals in pigments or producing reactive oxygen species. The toxicity of less common heavy metals and metalloids, such as thallium, arsenic, chromium, antimony, selenium and bismuth, has been investigated. Here, we review the phytotoxicity of thallium, chromium, antimony, selenium, bismuth, and other rare heavy metals and metalloids such as tellurium, germanium, gallium, scandium, gold, platinum group metals (palladium, platinum and rhodium), technetium, tungsten, uranium, thorium, and rare earth elements yttrium and lanthanum, and the 14 lanthanides cerium, dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, holmium, lutetium, neodymium, promethium, praseodymium, samarium, terbium, thulium and ytterbium.     

Recent developments on gas–solid heterogeneous oxidation removal of elemental mercury from flue gas

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Mercury is a toxic and persistent environmental pollutant which has been recognized as a global threat to human health and our ecosystem because mercury...     

Identification of sources of environmental lead in South Africa from surface soil geochemical maps

The bioavailability of lead in soil is of considerable importance to human and animal health. Although selective extraction has been explored as a more appropriate technique than total heavy metal analysis in environmental pollution assessments, such studies remain scarce globally and are almost non-existent in developing countries. Results for a large-scale study of extractable lead levels in undisturbed soil samples in South Africa identify several geographic areas of concern. Lead levels are considerably elevated relative to background levels in the Johannesburg urban and industrial area. Areas of active lead mining also exhibit higher surface soil values. Interestingly, areas of active and intensive coal mining activity display relatively low soil Pb values, possibly attributable to the relatively low heavy metal content of South African coal. In all instances, distribution of cadmium, a carcinogenic element, correlates with that of lead. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the quick and easy Mehlich-3 single extractant technique, an established technique in micronutrient studies, to simultaneously provide valuable environmental data for toxic metals such as Pb and Cd.     

Aqueous high‐temperature chemistry of arsenic‐containing compounds in water at 300°C

Arsenic compounds, and especially organo‐arsenic derivatives, are highly toxic and many have been manufactured as chemical warfare agents. This study was designed to provide background information relevant to the potential application of aquathermolysis techniques for the detoxification of such potent military warfare agents. Six arsenic‐containing compounds with structural features which mimic known agents were studied in neutral superheated water: 4‐aminophenylarsine oxide, 4‐arsanilic acid, 4‐nitrophenylarsonic acid, 5, 10‐dihydro‐10‐ethylphenarsazine, tetraphenylarsonium chloride hydrate, and (3‐cyanopropyl)dimethyl(2‐phenethyl)arsonium bromide. Most of these compounds were moderately susceptible to hydrolysis for 1h at 300°C. o‐ and p‐Aminosubsituted arsenic compounds were more reactive than compounds with an electron‐withdrawing group substituent. Aromatic C—As bonds were more resistant to cleavage than aliphatic C—As bonds.     

Efficacy of fenvalerate as contact poison against the larval development and viability of mutant form (Sepia) of Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen)

Fenvalerate, a synthetic pyrethroid, was analysed for its toxic effects on Drosophila melanogaster. It has been estimated that LC50 0.0166 micro 1/100 ml food is threshold of lethality. These studies have also revealed that fenvalerate is toxic as it had a pronounced effect on the rate of development and viability.     

Effect of biosolid hydrochar on toxicity to earthworms and brine shrimp

The hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge has been studied as an alternative technique for the conversion of sewage sludge into value-added products, such as soil amendments. We tested the toxicity of biosolid hydrochar (Sewchar) to earthworms. Additionally, the toxicity of Sewchar process water filtrate with and without pH adjustment was assessed, using brine shrimps as a model organism. For a Sewchar application of 40 Mg ha^?1, the earthworms significantly preferred the side of the vessel with the reference soil (control) over side of the vessel with the Sewchar treatments. There was no acute toxicity of Sewchar to earthworms within the studied concentration range (up to 80 Mg ha^?1). Regarding the Sewchar process water filtrate, the median lethal concentration (LC50) to the shrimps was 8.1% for the treatments in which the pH was not adjusted and 54.8% for the treatments in which the pH was adjusted to 8.5. The lethality to the shrimps significantly increased as the amount of Sewchar process water filtrate increased. In the future, specific toxic substances in Sewchar and its process water filtrate, as well as their interactions with soil properties and their impacts on organisms, should be elucidated. Additionally, it should be identified whether the amount of the toxic compounds satisfies the corresponding legal requirements for the safe application of Sewchar and its process water filtrate.     

Applications of nanomaterials in water treatment and environmental remediation

Nanotechnology has revolutionized plethora of scientific and technological fields; environmental safety is no exception. One of the most promising and well- developed environmental applications of nanotechnology has been in water remediation and treatment where different nanomaterials can help purify water through different mechanisms including adsorption of heavy metals and other pollutants, removal and inactivation of patho- gens and transformation of toxic materials into less toxic compounds. For this purpose, nanomaterials have been produced in different shapes, integrated into various composites and functionalized with active components. Nanomaterials have also been incorporated in nanostructured catalytic membranes which can in turn help enhance water treatment. In this article, we have provided a succinct review of the most common and popular nanomaterials （titania, carbon nanotubes （CNTs）, zero-valent iron, dendrimers and silver nanomaterials） which are currently used in environmental remediation and particularly in water purification. The catalytic properties and functionalities of the mentioned materials have also been discussed.