耐盐菌群对高含盐染料模拟废水的脱色实验研究

目前生物法处理高含盐染料废水的研究鲜有报道,实验对3种不同来源的活性污泥进行耐盐驯化,耐盐程度达到25%NaC l(w/w),用驯化得到的耐盐菌对高含盐染料K-2BP模拟废水进行厌氧脱色研究,脱色率达100%,并对其脱色机理进行了初步探讨,同时,进行了耐盐菌的脱色广谱性实验,结果表明驯化耐盐菌对所选取的13种不同结构的染料均有很高的脱色效果。研究为常规生物法应用于高含盐废水的处理提供了实验基础和理论依据。     

嗜盐菌的特性与高盐废水生物处理的进展

论述了嗜盐菌的形态特征、营养构成、生理特性和嗜盐机理，以及利用其特性在含盐有机废水处理中的应用，综述了国内外生化处理高含盐量有机工业废水的实验研究成果、在实际废水工程中的应用及其发展方向。对嗜盐菌的培养与驯化有一定的参考价值，对含盐废水处理工程的设计与运行有指导意义。     

盐度对活性污泥驯化前后硝化特性的影响

通过批量试验系统研究了盐度对常规活性污泥硝化作用的影响以及污泥在含盐环境中经过驯化后其硝化功能的变化.试验结果表明,硝化菌比亚硝化菌对盐度更敏感,废水中含盐浓度为5 g/L时,对常规活性污泥中的亚硝化菌影响不大,硝化菌会受到一定程度的抑制;当含盐浓度超过10 g/L时,硝化菌和亚硝化菌均会受到严重抑制;含盐浓度大于30 g/L时,亚硝化菌和硝化菌已经完全受到抑制.在污泥驯化初期,耐盐硝化菌群数量较少,比硝化速率较低,硝化产物中亚硝态氮大量积累;随着驯化时间的延长,耐盐硝化菌群数量增加,比硝化速率增加,亚硝态氮累积量减少.污泥经过驯化后,硝化菌群可以逐渐适应高盐环境,在含盐浓度为30 g/L时硝化反应仍能进行.     

十三碳二元酸发酵有机废水处理研究

运用物化预处理和ＳＢＲ生化工艺对十三碳二元酸发酵废水中高浓度有机物的降解特征及高２硫酸钠对微生物的有害抑制作用进行处理试验,研究结果表明。采用物化预处理与ＳＢＲ生化法相结合的工艺可有效地处理该类废水。经驯化的耐盐微菌胶力和裂口虫为主,废水的ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率可达９２％以上,ＢＯＤ５去除率可达９５％以上。     

高色度印染废水和染料废水的脱色新技术应用

应用氧化絮凝复合新技术处理高色度印染废水和染料废水,研究了影响脱色效果的一系列物理化学因素。本技术应用于高色度印染废水和染料废水的脱色处理,可使其脱色率达99％以上,CODcr去除率也在80％以上。     

白腐菌处理染料废水的研究进展

白腐菌是一种可有效处理染料废水的丝状真菌，它可通过其分泌的特殊的降解酶系或其他机制将各种人工合成的染料彻底降解为CO2和H2O，同时，对脱色具有良好的作用。本文就白腐菌的生物学特性及其对染料的降解酶系，机理和白腐菌发酵的主要影响因子，白腐菌处理染料废水的有关研究及应用现状进行了综述。     

废铁屑处理难生物降解染料废水

研究了用废铁屑处理难生物降解的染料废水，考察了进pH值、曝气时间、固液比、铁屑粒度对废水处理效果的影响，并确定了适宜实验条件。实验证明，该法可以有效去除染料废水的色度和CODcr，在实验考察范围内，脱色率和CODcr去除率分别可达90％、61.7%。同时废水可生化性也得到了改善，BOD5／CODcr从19.6%上升到29.5%，提高了50％,有利于后续生化处理。该法以废治废，是一种很有实用价值的废水处理方法。     

生物法处理染料废水的研究进展

本文介绍了国内外对生物法去除废水中染料的机理,染料微生物降解性与结构的关系以及筛选染料脱色菌等方面的研究进展.     

优势菌处理印染废水的工艺及脱色机理研究

采用不完全厌氧－好氧工艺处理印染废水,工程运行前在水解池中投入了主要用于脱色的优势菌群,经３年多的运行,系统的脱色率均稳定在９０％以上。从池中取菌进行分离鉴定,并进行各单株菌脱色能力实验,对其中具有最佳脱色能力的菌株进行偶氮染料活性黑ＫＮＢ的脱色产物的化学分析,从而探讨水解池中染料的脱色机理。结果发现：分离到的１０株菌对试验染料有较好脱色效果,高效液相色谱检测发现产物只有苯胺类物质的存在。该菌的脱色作用主要是破坏了染料的发色基团——偶氮双键。     

混凝-生物强化联合处理环氧树脂高盐废水

环氧树脂高盐废水是目前较难处理的工业废水之一.采用混凝联合生物强化工艺:通过混凝过程进行预处理后,投加嗜盐菌进行生物强化考察盐度变化对系统降解有机物的影响以及污泥性状的变化情况.结果表明,当废水中氯离子浓度达到驯化目标10 g/L时,系统对COD的去除率仍稳定在85％左右;以没有投加嗜盐菌的反应器为对照组,在进水COD平均浓度为550 mg/L左右,氯离子浓度由12 g/L增至21 g/L时,对照组COD平均去除率由82％降至60％以下,而投加了嗜盐菌的反应器(投加组)则仍保持在85％以上;此外,盐度的变化同时影响污泥的活性及其沉降性能,随着盐度增大,两组中的污泥活性均有所降低,但投加组的污泥活性相对较高,其污泥的沉降时间和污泥体积指数(sludge volume in-dex,SVI)值也较低.采用本工艺处理环氧树脂高盐废水,使得生物处理过程能够长期稳定运行,且能够保持较高的耐盐度和COD去除率.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.