不同稳定剂对污泥蛋白发泡特性的影响研究

污泥含有蛋白质,经过高温水解可产生水解蛋白液(简称污泥蛋白),该蛋白具有发泡特性,经通风搅拌可产生泡沫;由于污泥蛋白所产生的泡沫具有不稳定、易破裂的特点,因此,设计了不同稳定剂对污泥蛋白发泡特性的影响研究实验,解决污泥蛋白所产生泡沫的稳定性问题。结果表明,在测定污泥蛋白的基本发泡特性实验中,10 mL污泥蛋白稀释10倍时,初始泡沫量较大,达到2 153 mL,但泡沫半衰期相对较短,时间为27 min;在10 mL污泥蛋白中分别加入0.2 g十六烷基三甲基溴化氨(CTAB)、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、GP-1,并用水稀释10倍,制成泡沫后的初始泡沫量分别为1 380、1 400和1 248 mL,相对降低了773、753和905 mL;泡沫半衰期分别为31、76和509 min,相对提高了4、49和482 min,尤其是GP-1作为稳定剂时,泡沫的半衰期与不加稳定剂时相比提高了15倍;在10 mL污泥蛋白中加入0.2 g十六烷基三甲基溴化氨与0.2 g GP-1的复配稳定剂,用水稀释10倍,制成泡沫后的初始泡沫量为1 525 mL,相对降低了628 mL;泡沫半衰期为95 min,相对提高了68 min。因此,GP-1是污泥蛋白最好的泡沫稳定剂。     

降低负荷以提高反硝化颗粒污泥的稳定性

在上流式污泥床反应器（USB）内,接种好氧活性污泥,以甲醇为碳源,NO-3为电子受体,经过40多d培养,得到良好的反硝化颗粒污泥,粒径2～3 mm,MLSS为36 g/L,氮去除速率和COD去除速率分别在0.15 g NO₃-N/(g VSS·d)和0.8 g COD/(g VSS·d)。当负荷提高至6.44 g NO₃-N/(L·d)继续运行1周后,观察到反应器内颗粒污泥出现上浮,浓度降低,颗粒粒径多数在3～5 mm,外观呈乳白色。为恢复反应器稳定运行,当负荷降至3.86 g NO₃-N/(L·d)时,上浮现象减轻,当负荷降至2.57 g NO₃-N/(L·d)时,上浮现象消失,颗粒污泥密度由不稳定时的1.0018 g/cm³提高到1.0126 g/cm³,颗粒粘连现象基本消失,污泥氮去除速率在0.19 g NO₃-N/(g VSS·d),连续运行30 d,系统保持稳定。分析认为,颗粒污泥表面微生物生长速度过快是导致不稳定的主要因素,较长的泥龄有利于系统稳定。     

反硝化除磷颗粒污泥培养方式的对比实验研究

采用两完全相同的气升式间歇反应器（SBAR）进行反硝化除磷颗粒污泥培养方式的对比实验研究。R1始终以厌氧/好氧/缺氧（A/O/A）模式运行,在颗粒化的同时富集反硝化除磷菌（DPAOs）;R2以厌氧/好氧（A/O）模式培养颗粒,待颗粒形成后加入缺氧段,形成A/O/A模式,强化富集DPAOs。结果表明,R2中颗粒化时间较短,但所形成颗粒的沉降速率和比重分别为30.4 m/h和1.022 g/cm³,低于R1培养颗粒的35.9 m/h和1.061 g/cm³;R1中颗粒对于COD、NH⁺₄-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别是86%、98%、82%和91%,高于R2中的86%、99%、74%和66%;反应器运行至183 d时,DPAOs所占比例分别为44.7%和20.9%。     

Fenton氧化破解污水处理厂污泥

研究了Fenton氧化反应的影响因素pH值、H₂O₂/Fe²⁺投加比、反应温度和反应时间对污泥破解效果的影响,并以污泥上清液中蛋白质、糖类、SCOD及污泥TSS、VSS的变化来表征污泥破解的程度。结果表明,最佳破解条件为：pH=5,最佳H₂O₂/Fe²⁺投加比为24：1,反应温度为70℃,反应时间为90 min,在该条件下,SCOD、溶解性蛋白质和多糖分别由88.76、19.70和14.95 mg/L增加到3 714.64、2 039.90和289.70 mg/L;TSS及VSS分别由34.60 g/L、19.76 g/L降为26.60 g/L、14.22 g/L,去除率分别为23.12%和 28.14%。Fenton氧化破解污泥,能够有效促进污泥絮体分解,有利于进行后续的厌氧消化处理。     

污泥活性炭强化SBR法处理垃圾渗滤液的实验研究

为了进一步处理垃圾渗滤液,试验采用污泥活性炭强化序批式间歇反应器（SBR）法进行处理,通过对比普通SBR法试验,得出投加污泥活性炭强化SBR法处理垃圾渗滤液的效果要远远高于普通SBR法。当污泥活性炭的投加量为1.2 g/L,容积负荷为0.5～1.5 kg BOD₅/(m³·d)时,进水1 h,曝气10 h,沉淀1.5 h,闲置1.5 h,处理效果最好,COD的去除率达到了85%,NH³-N的去除率达到了90%。     

耐酸厌氧消化污泥处理餐厨垃圾简

采用耐酸驯化的厌氧消化污泥处理餐厨垃圾,在酸性条件下（pH=4.5）,对实验装置容积负荷从1.0 kg VS/（m³·d）分9次逐级增加到5.0 kg VS/（m³·d）的过程进行了跟踪监测,并较深入地研究了驯化污泥代谢活性和处理效果。实验结果表明,pH 4.5的耐酸厌氧消化污泥,最佳投加负荷约为4.5 kg VS/（m³·d）,此负荷下容积产气率,CH₄含量平均值均达最大,分别为1.68 m³/（m³·d）,75.0%。耐酸厌氧消化装置持续增料运行46 d,产甲烷菌仍能保持较高的活性,其COD去除率范围为40.4%~75.0%,仍能保持pH 7.2时处理效果的65.0%~91.8%,表明在低pH、低碱度下实现稳定的产甲烷过程是可行的。     

负荷及盐度对好氧颗粒污泥EPS的影响

研究了序批式反应器(SBR)内好氧颗粒污泥在不同有机负荷(1.6 kg COD/（m³·d）和8 kg COD/（m³·d)）和不同含盐(2.5%和5.0%)条件下胞外聚合物(EPS)的变化情况,并对EPS、比耗氧速率(SOUR)和孔隙率之间的关系作了进一步探讨。结果表明：在SBR反应器中,负荷较含盐量对好氧颗粒污泥EPS变化的影响要显著,且EPS糖成分和SOUR之间、EPS蛋白成分和孔隙率之间均呈负相关。另外,高负荷条件下的系统稳定性要优于低负荷。     

酸度对好氧颗粒污泥生物吸附含铅废水影响的研究

为了有效地控制铅污染,利用序批式反应器（sequencing batch reactor,SBR）培养的以醋酸钠为碳源的好氧颗粒污泥作为吸附剂,进行生物吸附含铅废水的效能和机理的研究。通过考察酸度、接触时间和Pb²⁺初始浓度等因素的影响,验证好氧颗粒污泥吸附模型,并利用不同的脱附剂,进一步解析其生物吸附的Pb²⁺。实验结果表明, 酸度是影响好氧颗粒污泥生物吸附Pb²⁺的关键因素,当初始pH为5时,好氧颗粒污泥对含铅废水生物吸附效果最好。对低浓度（0～20 mg/L）含铅废水, 10 min后可快速达到吸附平衡。好氧颗粒污泥对Pb²⁺的实测饱和吸附量为101.97±9.00 mg/g,符合朗缪尔（Langmuir）模型。好氧颗粒污泥生物吸附Pb²⁺的过程,伴随着pH值的升高和K⁺、 Ca²⁺、 Mg²⁺的释放,此现象揭示离子交换作用是好氧颗粒污泥生物吸附Pb²⁺的机理之一。此外,脱附剂HNO₃、EDTA和CaCl₂能实现Pb²⁺的回收和好氧颗粒污泥的重复利用。     

Ca(II)在活性污泥生物絮凝中的作用研究

采用4个平行的序批式反应器(SBR),研究了进水Ca²⁺浓度对活性污泥絮体表面特性和结构稳定性的影响,并由此来确定Ca²⁺在生物絮凝中的作用。结果表明：随着进水Ca²⁺浓度的增加,污泥中的Ca含量逐渐增大。进水中Ca²⁺的加入,增大了污泥絮体的粒径和密度,进而改善了污泥的沉降性能;Ca²⁺的加入,使可供结合的蛋白质数量最高增至近1倍,污泥表面疏水性也相应增强;污泥絮凝性能的改善,主要和可供Ca²⁺结合的蛋白质含量增加有关,而非多糖;EDTA通过络合污泥絮体中的Ca²⁺,破坏了由Ca²⁺架桥形成的污泥絮体结构,这说明Ca²⁺可通过和胞外聚合物（extracellular polymeric substances, EPS）中的负电官能团架桥来促进污泥絮体的形成并维持絮体结构的稳定性。     

剩余污泥制备活性炭及其应用研究

以城市污水处理厂二沉池排出的剩余污泥为原料,采用不同活化方法制备活性炭,同时对比活化效果,研究了制备工艺条件对污泥活性炭吸附性能及产率的影响。结合比表面积、孔径分布和扫描电镜表征分析,对制备的污泥活性炭的性能进行评价,并探讨了污泥活性炭作为水处理吸附剂的去除效果。结果表明,以ZnCl₂为活化剂制备的活性炭性能较好,其最佳制备条件为：活化温度550℃,活化时间45 min,ZnCl₂浓度40％,固液比1∶2。制得的污泥活性炭的碘吸附值为496 mg/g,产率为51.8％,比表面积为301.4 m²/g,孔体积为0.37 mL/g,微孔体积为0.08 mL/g,平均孔径为5.78 nm。将该产品用于处理城市污水,投加量为0.8％,吸附平衡时间约为60 min时,对COD的去除率为81％,吸附容量为42.53 mg/g。     

活性污泥法处理过程中泡沫问题的产生与控制

活性污泥法运行过程中经常受泡沫问题的影响,导致处理效果的降低以及运行费用的提高.大量研究表明,污泥中某些丝状菌或放线菌的过度增殖是造成活性污泥工艺中泡沫问题的主要原因.讨论了活性污泥过程中泡沫的产生原因、已知的发泡微生物的种类、影响发泡的环境因素和过程参数及常用的泡沫控制技术,并对污泥消化过程中的泡沫问题作了简单的介绍.     

Mechanism of effective nocardioform foam control measures for non-selector activated sludge systems.

Solids retention time (SRT), biological scum trapping and recycle, and the dynamic equilibrium between Nocardioform populations in the foam and the mixed liquor are the controlling factors in activated sludge foaming events caused by Nocardioform bacteria. For the operating modes described in this paper, a cured mixed liquor foaming condition (filament counts of approximately 10(5) intersections/g volatile suspended solids) was only achieved when SRT control, selective wasting, and polymer addition were in effect. Solids retention time control, with the SRT remaining below 1.5 days, and selective wasting will cure a severely foaming mixed liquor, but effects will only be observed after 3 or 4 months after implementation. The combined wastage of Nocardioform bacteria from selective wasting and SRT control can ensure long-term foam control to the operation of a pure-oxygen activated sludge system with foam-trapping features. An SRT of 0.3 days will result in the complete washout of Nocardioform bacteria from the activated sludge system, which can then operate at an SRT of 3 days free of Nocardioform. Polymer addition to mixed liquor is only effective for foam control when a large portion of the system biomass exists as a heavy layer of foam above the mixed liquor.     

利用废CRT屏玻璃为原料制备泡沫玻璃

以废阴极射线管(CRT)屏玻璃为主要原料,碳黑为起泡剂,采用粉末烧结法制备了低密度保温泡沫玻璃。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、导热系数测定仪等分析手段,研究了起泡剂的用量、发泡温度和发泡时间对泡沫玻璃泡径、密度、热学性能以及机械力学性能的影响。结果表明,在相同烧制工艺条件下,随起泡剂掺加量增加,烧制所得的泡沫玻璃密度成"V"型变化;当其掺加量为0.20%时,泡沫玻璃在密度、孔径分布以及力学性能上均达到最佳。随着发泡温度的提高和发泡时间的延长,密度会逐渐减小,泡沫玻璃的气泡会逐渐增大,以致产生连通现象。当发泡温度为820℃、发泡时间为30min时烧制的泡沫玻璃密度为0.180 g/cm3,导热系数为0.0695 W/(m.K)。     

污水处理厂污泥的再利用集成技术

将武汉市污水处理厂的剩余活性污泥在不同pH、不同时间下水解,测定水解液的蛋白质含量、重金属离子含量、氨基酸的种类及含量;将水解液制备成蛋白质泡沫灭火剂并测定其灭火参数;将所剩残渣干燥并测定热值,按5%的比例与煤混合压制成蜂窝煤,并测定热值。实验表明,所制备灭火剂的各项指标符合国家标准,所制备蜂窝煤减少了黄泥的使用,增强了蜂窝煤的热值,燃烧试验证明是完全可行的,该集成技术可实现污泥减量化、无害化和资源化利用。     

Thermal hydrolysis of secondary scum for control of biological foam.

Thermal hydrolysis of secondary scum at 9 bars and 170 degrees C was shown to completely destroy Gordonia sp. cells and reduce its foaming potential, so that it can be recycled to headworks or sent to the solids-handling side of the plant without the risk of causing foaming problems in the activated sludge system and anaerobic digesters. This process shows promise for biological foam control in wastewater treatment plants where solids retention time control and selective wasting cannot be applied and/or selector installation is not possible. An initial cost comparison of thermal hydrolysis and several widely accepted foam-management strategies shows it to be competitive; however, optimization of operating pressure and temperature is necessary.     

H₂S abatement in a biotrickling filter using iron(III) foam media

Airstreams polluted with H(2)S at inlet loads ranging from 2.4 to 40.9 g H(2)Sm(-3)h(-1) were treated in a biotrickling reactor packed with hematite bearing, open pore foam units, at Empty Bed Residence Times (EBRT) ranging from 20 to 60s over a period of 80 d, with almost complete removal of the pollutant from the startup of the system. The media had been seeded with sludge from a local water works facility, and removal efficiencies in excess of 80% were consistently observed along the operation of the reactor, with an average of 98%. Based on section performance, being a section one third of the bed length, observed elimination capacities (EC) reached up to 88.7 g H(2)Sm(-3)h(-)(1) and 72.0 g H(2)Sm(-3)h(-1) at section EBRT of 10 and 7s, respectively. The observed EC values compared much better than data reported on other packed bed reactors using biological iron oxidization to treat H(2)S airstreams indirectly, and so did it when comparing the EC per unit of specific area in a similar study using polyurethane (PU) foams. Further, and unlike PU packed biofilters, no compaction occurred due to the iron foam rigidity, which translated in much better observed gas phase pressure drop as opposed to other conventional biofilters. Denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis was performed on the biomass collected in the packing after the biofilter service, and it was found that though a multi bacterial colony was seeded in the system via the sludge, the only surviving genus was the iron oxidizing Alicyclobacillus spp.     

NaCl盐度波动对处于污泥膨胀的耐盐脱氮污泥沉降性能的影响

以处于污泥膨胀的耐盐脱氮污泥为研究对象,分别采用有效容积为2和240L的SBR装置（编号1#和2#）,在进水NH3-N浓度为40—100mg／L,pH为7．45～8．0,溶解氧为3～5mg／L,温度为28～30℃的条件下,分别研究不同NaCl盐度（0、10、20和30g／L）对污泥沉降性的影响。实验结果表明,在NaCl盐度条件下,可以明显改善耐盐脱氮污泥的沉降性。NaCl盐度越高,污泥絮凝体体积减小、丝状菌及原生动物减少趋势越明显,污泥沉降性效果越好。在30g／L盐度时,1#和2#SBR的SV30分别从95％和80％降至53％和30％,SVI分别从185．5和170．8mL／g降至127．3和78．4mL／g。     

污泥焚烧灰固化处理技术研究

研究了硅酸盐水泥、高铝水泥、高岭土和β-萘系减水剂在污泥焚烧灰固化技术中的应用效果。考察了污泥焚烧灰固化块(以下简称固化块)的抗压强度,测定了固化块的重金属浸出毒性,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析固化块组成和微观结构。结果表明,4种物质对提高固化块的抗压强度均具有较好的效果,硅酸盐水泥、高铝水泥、高岭土和β-萘系减水剂的适宜掺量分别为10、30、20、1.0g(以100g污泥焚烧灰中掺加的质量计)。XRD和SEM分析结果显示,经固化处理后制得的固化块结构密实,存在石英(SiO2)、水化硅铝酸钙(CaAl2Si2O8)和水化硅酸铝钙(Ca2Al2SiO7)等物质,其中水化硅铝酸钙等凝胶物质有利于提高固化块的抗压强度。     

The anaerobic biodegradability of municipal sludge and fat, oil, and grease at mesophilic conditions.

The anaerobic biodegradability of municipal primary and secondary sludge with increasing levels of partially dewatered fat, oil, and grease (FOG) was assessed using a mixed methanogenic culture at 35 "C. Under batch conditions with an acclimated and enriched microbial population, the sludge loading was 3 kg volatile solids/m3 and the highest FOG loading tested was 1.5 kg volatile solids/m3, resulting in a methane yield of 245 mL methane/g sludge volatile solids added at 35 degrees C and 1010 mL methane/g FOG volatile solids added at 35 degrees C. Under semicontinuous feeding conditions, the sludge and sludge plus FOG loading tested were 3 and 3.75 kg volatile solids/m3-d, respectively. Within 23 days of operation, the volatile fatty acid concentrations were reduced below 200 mg chemical oxygen demand/L (187 mg/L as acetic acid). Enhancement of sludge digestion was observed in those reactors where codigestion of sludge and FOG took place, which was attributed to a higher level of microbial activity maintained in these reactors as a result of FOG degradation. The results of this study demonstrate that beneficial use of FOG through codigestion with municipal sludge is feasible.