云南省马鞍山沟泥石流危险度评价

为了保证金沙江某码头工程的顺利进行,特对马鞍山沟泥石流做危险度评价。根据对马鞍山沟泥石流的调查与分析,结合前人的研究成果,选取了一次泥石流最大冲出量、松散固体物质储量、最大漂砾粒径、最大容重、最大12小时暴雨量、流域最大相对高差、泥石流发生频率、流域面积等8个危险因子。采用模糊综合评判法,建立评价因子隶属函数与模糊矩阵;依据最大隶属度原则得出所属危险度;结果显示:马鞍山沟泥石流的危险度为中度危险,在强降雨激发下有可能发生泥石流灾害。     

基于灰色关联度理论的河北省太行山区下瓦岔泥石流灾害危险性评估研究

1999年8月14日发生在河北省太行山区的下瓦岔泥石流,冲毁了位于沟口的下瓦岔村的几十户人家,造成26人死亡,下瓦岔泥石流是河北省太行山区泥石流暴发的重灾区之一,其危险度研究对该区经济建设及防灾减灾意义重大。本文以灰色系统理论为基础,选取一次泥石流(可能)最大冲出量等2个主要危险因子及流域面积等9个次要危险因子进行多因素关联度分析,再对各危险因子赋予相应的权重,并结合下瓦岔泥石流灾害主要特征,确定各危险因子等级并赋值,最终求出下瓦岔泥石流危险度值,其结果与现场实际勘察的结果相吻合。研究表明,运用灰色关联法进行河北省太行山区下瓦岔泥石流危险度评价是实用的和有效的。     

基于模糊综合评价法和熵值法的泥石流危险度评价

泥石流危险度评价是当前国内外地质工程领域的重要研究方向之一,也是泥石流研究中的重点与难点。本文将模糊综合评价法与熵值法相结合,选取了流域面积、主沟长度、流域最大相对高差、主沟纵坡降、泥石流最大冲出量、松散物储量、植被覆盖率、24h最大降雨量8个影响因素作为评价因子,建立了模糊综合评价模型,对岷县的8条泥石流沟进行了危险度评价。结果表明:评价结果与实际情况基本吻合,从而验证了该方法在泥石流危险度评价中的合理性和可靠性。     

炮手沟泥石流的危险度评价

炮手沟位于辽宁省瓦房店市潘家屯河上源,主沟长3 350米,纵向坡角9°36＇,汇水面积2.56平方公里,各级沟谷共31条,累计长度13 450米。该区域平均每平方公里发生53处滑坡,是山地灾害严重的地区之一。文章应用层次分析法和模糊数学理论对炮手沟泥石流的危险程度进行了初步评价,能够较直观地反映出该泥石流沟的危害等级,对辽南泥石流灾害区的其他泥石流沟研究具有一定的实践意义。     

LNG接收站泄漏事故最大风险预测

用道化学公司火灾爆炸危险指数评价法预测上海液化天然气(LNG)接收站内各系统的危险等级.结果表明,接收站内高压输送管道风险值最高.假设管径完全破裂,采用风险评价导则中的两相流泄漏计算公式计算泄漏量,同时对泄漏过程中可能发生的喷射火焰、爆炸、蒸汽云扩散等事故采用相应的公式进行预测.预测结果表明,发生火灾、爆炸等最大规模泄漏事故的安全半径在500m以内,蒸汽云危险扩散半径在1.5 km内.并对预测的不确定因素进行分析.      

长江上游地区泥石流灾害敏感性量化评价研究

泥石流敏感性分析对灾害分析评价预测具有重要作用。文章以长江上游为研究区,选择坡度、相对高差、地层岩性、年降雨量、地震烈度等5方面因素为评价因子,探讨运用GIS技术管理分析泥石流灾害信息和区域泥石流敏感性分析的方法。量化评价因子的作用分值大小,有效表达泥石流敏感性指数(DFSI),进而,结合空间分析与条件概率模型,实现了区域泥石流敏感性分析并制作了泥石流敏感性专题图。长江上游地区泥石流敏感性区域具有一定的规律性,高度敏感区主要分布在第一级阶梯与第二级阶梯的过渡地带,比较集中的区域有雅砻江中下游、安宁河、小江、普渡河、大渡河中下游、理塘河、白龙江、岷江上游、涪江上游等干支流的5～10 km范围内;中度敏感区主要分布在高度敏感区的外围约10～30 km范围内。利用历史泥石流资料验证,表明已经发生的泥石流主要分布在泥石流敏感性指数较高地区,说明敏感性分析的结果基本反映出研究区泥石流敏感性特性。     

雅砻江中游老里沟坡面型泥石流成因机制及危险度评价

坡面泥石流是山地分布最广,出现频率最高的灾害现象。基于野外现场调查及室内实验分析,阐述了老里沟坡面型泥石流的基本特征及形成机制,并结合泥石流动力特征参数进行了危险度评价。研究结果表明:滑坡体上坡面侵蚀沟道发育,为坡面型泥石流的形成提供了强有力的条件;降雨是诱发老里沟坡面流的主要因素;老里沟泥石流类型为高中频、小规模、粘性、暴雨型泥石流,属于中度危险泥石流沟。     

北京地区突发性地质灾害易发区划及危险度评价

本文在认真分析北京地区地质环境的主要特征及地质灾害发育现状基础上,对泥石流、采空塌陷以及崩滑塌等突发性灾害的发育特征、分布规律及其主要影响因素进行了深入地分析、研究和探讨.采用袭扰系数法,对区内突发性地质灾害的易发程度进行了综合评价预测,圈定出突发性地质灾害高易发区、中易发区、低易发区和不易发区.采用模糊综合评判模型,对影响地质灾害演变趋势的降雨条件、人类工程活动、地震活动以及区域岩组结构等因素进行了综合评判,并依据突发性地质灾害的易发区划结果及其主要影响因素的综合评判结果,对其演变的危险程度进行了评价,将北京地区划分出突发性地质灾害高风险区、中风险区以及低风险区.这对政府相关部门制定减灾防灾、资源开发、环境整治、经济建设和社会发展等规划具有一定的参考作用.     

风险评价在HSE工程管理中的应用

风险评价是HSE管理体系的核心要素,是所有要素的基础.通过风险评价能发现企业运行过程中可能的HSE影响,并对以往的HSE管理进行总结,经过科学的评价分析,确定最大危害程度和可能影响的最大范围.企业按照实际情况,制定具体目标和表现准则,制定预防危险和控制风险措施的应急反应计划,将企业的生产、经营活动对HSE的不利影响降到最低.     

长输油气管道河沟道水毁灾害气象风险预警系统的设计与实现

以长输油气管道沿线河沟道水毁灾害调查为基础,详细叙述了管道河沟道水毁灾害的发育及危害特征,拟定了河沟道水毁冲刷深度计算方法;构建半定量评价指标体系,建立长输油气管道河沟道水毁灾害的气象风险预警模型,设计了基于WebGIS的长输油气管道河沟道水毁灾害气象风险预警系统.该风险预警系统基于B-S架构计算机程序,实现了最少人机...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.