皇甫川流域不同植物群落主要物种生态位分析

本文对皇甫川流域不同植物群落类型主要建群种的生态位宽度、生态位重叠及生态位动态特征进行分析.结果表明:在群落类型中优势种群的作用最大,其生态位宽度都较伴生种大;植物种群如具有较大的生态位宽度,则种间生态位重叠亦较高.生态位宽度和重叠反映了由本氏针茅群落到本氏针茅+百里香群落,再到百里香群落的演替系列.     

酸沉降下红壤对K+吸附特征及反应动力学

研究酸沉降下K+在红壤表面的化学吸附行为,结果表明,K+的等温吸附可用Langmuir方程较好地描述;在K+的平衡吸附过程中,土壤表面有H+的释放;加入pH3.5酸溶液后,存在H+的消耗过程,其机理与SO42-的专性吸附释放OH-以中和溶液中H+有关.利用设计的动力学装置能很好地研究K+的吸附动力学,比较K+吸附的动力学模型,以一级动力学方程和Elovich方程为最佳模型;运用数据平滑工具求算吸附速率与吸附量的关系,进一步求得一级动力学方程的表观平衡吸附量和表观吸附速率常数.联合一级动力学方程的微分式和Elovich方程也可求得反应速率与时间的关系.     

Differences in functional traits between invasive and native <Emphasis Type="Italic">Amaranthus</Emphasis> species under different forms of N deposition

Differences in functional traits between invasive and native plant species are believed to determine the invasion success of the former. Increasing amounts of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) are continually deposited into natural ecosystems, which may change the relative occurrence of the different N deposition forms (such as NH₄–N, NO₃–N, and CO(NH₂)₂–N) naturally deposited. Under high N deposition scenarios, some invasive species may grow faster, gaining advantage over native species. In a greenhouse experiment, we grew invasive and native Amaranthus species from seed both alone and in competition under simulated N enriched environments with different forms of N over 3 months. Then, we measured different leaf traits (i.e., plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf shape index, specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf chlorophyll and N concentrations). Results showed that the competition intensity between A. retroflexus and A. tricolor decreased under N deposition. This may be due to the large functional divergence between A. retroflexus and A. tricolor under simulated N deposition. Phenotypic plasticity of SLA and leaf chlorophyll concentration of A. retroflexus were significantly lower than in A. tricolor. The lower range of phenotypic plasticity of SLA and leaf chlorophyll concentration of A. retroflexus may indicate a fitness cost for plastic functional traits under adverse environments. The restricted phenotypic plasticity of SLA and leaf chlorophyll concentration of A. retroflexus may also stabilize leaf construction costs and the growth rate. Meanwhile, the two Amaranthus species possessed greater plasticity in leaf N concentration under NO₃–N fertilization, which enhanced their competitiveness.     

Alkaloid concentration of the invasive plant species Ulex europaeus in relation to geographic origin and herbivory

In the study of plant defense evolution, invasive plant species can be very insightful because they are often introduced without their enemies, and traits linked to defense can be released from selective pressures and evolve. Further, studying plant defense evolution in invasive species is important for biological control and use of these species. In this study, we investigated the evolution of the defensive chemicals quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) in the invasive species gorse, Ulex europaeus. Using a common garden experiment, our goals were to characterize the role of QAs relative to specialist enemies of gorse and to investigate if QA concentration evolved in invaded regions, where gorse was introduced without these enemies. Our results showed that pod infestation rate by the seed predator Exapion ulicis and infestation by the rust pathogen Uromyces genistae-tinctoriae were negatively correlated to concentration of the QA lupanine. Quinolizidine alkaloid concentration was very variable between individuals, both within and among populations, but it was not different between native and invaded regions, suggesting that no evolution of decreased resistance occurred after gorse lost its enemies. Our study also suggests that QA concentrations are traits integrated into seed predation avoidance strategies of gorse, with plants that mass-fruit in spring but do not escape pod infestation in time being richer in QAs.     

Sown species richness and realized diversity can influence functioning of plant communities differently

Biodiversity–ecosystem functioning experiments (BEF) typically manipulate sown species richness and composition of experimental communities to study ecosystem functioning as a response to changes in diversity. If sown species richness is taken as a measure of diversity and aboveground biomass production as a measure of community functioning, then this relationship is usually found to be positive. The sown species richness can be considered the equivalent of a local species pool in natural communities. However, in addition to species richness, realized diversity is also an important community diversity component. Realized diversity is affected by environmental filtering and biotic interactions operating within a community. As both sown species richness and the realized diversity in BEF studies (as well as local species pool vs observed realized richness in natural communities) can differ markedly, so can their effects on the community functioning. We tested this assumption using two data sets: data from a short-term pot experiment and data from the long-term Jena biodiversity plot experiment. We considered three possible predictors of community functioning (aboveground biomass production): sown species richness, realized diversity (defined as inverse of Simpson dominance index), and survivor species richness. Sown species richness affected biomass production positively in all cases. Realized diversity as well as survivor species richness had positive effects on biomass in approximately half of cases. When realized diversity or survivor species richness was tested together with sown species richness, their partial effects were none or negative. Our results suggest that we can expect positive diversity–productivity relationship when the local species pool size is the decisive factor determining realized observed diversity; in other cases, the shape of the diversity–functioning relationship may be quite opposite.     

确定不同保证率下的中国酸沉降临界负荷

在进行中国酸沉降临界负荷区划时 ,通常以 1°× 1°(经纬度 )的网格为单位进行计算 ,难以反映网格内不同生态系统对酸沉降敏感性的差异 .为了便于决策者根据临界负荷确定酸沉降控制对策 ,也为了使 1°× 1°的结果更具代表性和实用性 ,本研究确定了 0 1°× 0 1°网格为单位计算的中国酸沉降临界负荷 ,并在此基础上通过引入保证率的概念 ,得到了一系列与一定的经济技术水平相适应的、允许有一定损失的 1°× 1°的中国酸沉降临界负荷图 .利用累积分布函数 ,本研究还确定了不同保证率下的中国酸沉降超临界负荷分布和各省、市、自治区的酸沉降临界负荷 .     

3种海洋赤潮微藻蛋白质和核酸合成动态对芘胁迫的响应

应用同位素标志法,研究了赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻核酸和蛋白质合成动态对芘的响应变化.结果表明:(1)芘处理对3种藻的96 h半抑制剂量分别为0.071、0.107和0.097 mg/L,3种海洋赤潮微藻对芘的敏感性依次是赤潮异弯藻、中肋骨条藻和亚历山大藻.(2)低浓度的芘处理对3种藻的生长与DNA的合成表现出刺激作用,高浓度则表现出抑制作用.(3)芘处理抑制3种藻的RNA和蛋白质的合成.随着芘浓度的增大,3种海洋赤潮微藻RNA和蛋白质的合成速度下降,其中赤潮异弯藻合成速度的下降幅度明显大中肋骨条藻和亚历山大藻,表明赤潮异弯藻RNA和蛋白质的合成对芘的敏感性高于中肋骨条藻和亚历山大藻.     

模拟重金属污染下曼陀罗种群核酸代谢变化研

将不同空间地段上获得同一种质但污染年代各不相同的曼陀罗材料种子易地种植在同一模拟重金属污染生境中生长,对比分析了曼陀罗种群的核酸代谢(DNA、RNA、DNase、RNase)动态变化.结果表明:在本实验条件下,种群的核酸代谢发生了定向性改变;在短期污染条件下,DNA、RNA、DNase、RNase活性代谢发生了一定程度的紊乱,随着污染时间的推移,上述生理变化逐渐向对照CK种群的正常值回复,表现出种群对重金属污染迹地的抗性适应和分化,且分化发生的速度远高于植物自然分化进程.根据上述四项生理指标对这四个曼陀罗种群利用模糊数学评判分析方法进行排序,适应性从优到劣的排序顺序为CK>L>M>S.     

Vertical distribution of microsclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina under various soil types and host crops

Microsclerotial populations of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. were concentrated in the top 30 cm of soil regardless of host crop. In general, microsclerotia were almost non-existent in the 40–100-cm zone. Soil texture, ranging from loamy sand to heavy clay, had no apparent affect on the vertical distribution of microsclerotia.     

土壤溶液中Ca2+降低Cd2+对赤子爱胜蚓的毒性

基于生物配体模型(BLM),在模拟土壤溶液中研究了Cd2 在不同Ca2 浓度下对赤子爱胜蚓(E.fetida)的毒性.结果表明,随着Ca2 浓度的变化,Cd半致死浓度(LC5o)也发生相应变化.当Ca2 浓度从0.2mmol/L增加到1.0mmol/L时,由于Ca2 与Cd2 竞争相同的生物配体点位(BL),导致48h后Cd2 对赤子爱胜蚓毒性显著降低.定量分析表明,蚯蚓半致死浓度LC50{Cd2 }activity(以自由镉离子活度表示)与{Ca2 }ivity(自由钙离子活度)间存在良好的相关性,Ca2 对Cd2 毒性的影响可通过相关方程预测.研究还表明,Cd2 的LC50随时间呈指数形式逐渐下降.     

Effects of simulated acid rain on root growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba saplings planted in acidified soil

Results from pot culture (with one-year old Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba) are described. It was found that the biomass production and elongation of C. lanceolata was seriously inhibited at pH 2.0 rain, but for S. superba, was not affected markedly. When pH values of experimental rain were higher than 2.0, the root growth of both species was not adversely affected. Aluminium had already accumulated to some degrees in the roots of both trees, and started to affect the root growth of C. lanceolata at pH 2.0 rain. The soil chemistry was also examined. Increased acidity of experimental rain increased the leaching of Ca and Mg. The Al/Ca mol ratio increased from 0.3 to 0.9 in top soil, and in rhizosphere to 1.5 when the pH values of simulated acid rain were 4.5 to 2.0. In this experiment, NO3- fertilization effect was discovered.     

不同氧化还原电位条件下稻田土壤中15N标记硝态氮的反硝化作用

氧化还原状况是影响土壤中反硝化作用的主要环境因子之一通过不同氧化还原条件下１５Ｎ标记硝态氮反硝化作用的培养试验，结合１５Ｎ气态损失的直接测定方法．研究了反硝化作用发生的氧化还原条件，可为进一步阐明稻田土壤中硝化－反硝化作用氮素损失发生机制提供直接依据．结果表明，氧化和还原条件下均能进行硝态氮的反硝化作用；在４周的培养试验期间，直接测得的氧化（Ｅｈ－２９０－３３０ｍＶ）和还原（Ｅｈ－１１４－４２ｍＶ）条件下的１５Ｎ气态损失分别占加入量的６０．２３±８．０４％和８３．８９±４．７９％．但是，氧化条件下反硝化作用速率明显减缓，外加的硝态氮的半衰期延长，显示了溶解Ｑ２对反硝化作用的抑制作用对反硝化作用进程的模型研究表明速率常数及相应的半衰期作为土壤反硝化作用潜在能力的衡量指标可能优于传统的土壤反硝化势表征方法（反硝化作用百分率），而１５Ｎ示踪－质谱计法直接测定与模型研究相结合则有可能对土壤及其他环境中的反硝化作用作出更恰当的评价．     

Characterization of soil fauna under the influence of mercury atmospheric deposition in Atlantic Forest,Rio de Janeiro,Brazil

The increasing levels of mercury (Hg) found in the atmosphere arising from anthropogenic sources, have been the object of great concern in the past two decades in industrialized countries. Brazil is the seventh country with the highest rate of mercury in the atmosphere. The major input of Hg to ecosystems is through atmospheric deposition (wet and dry), being transported in the atmosphere over large distances. The forest biomes are of strong importance in the atmosphere/soil cycling of elemental Hg through foliar uptake and subsequent transference to the soil through litter, playing an important role as sink of this element. Soil microarthropods are keys to understanding the soil ecosystem, and for such purpose were characterized by the soil fauna of two Units of Forest Conservation of the state of the Rio de Janeiro, inwhich one of the areas suffer quite interference from petrochemicals and industrial anthropogenic activities and other area almost exempts of these perturbations. The results showed that soil and litter of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil tend to stock high mercury concentrations, which could affect the abundance and richness of soil fauna, endangering its biodiversity and thereby the functioning of ecosystems.     

Changes in functional structure of soil bacterial communities due to fungicide and insecticide applications in canola

The fungicide vinclozolin and insecticide λ-cyhalothrin are widely used to control canola (Brassica spp.) diseases and insect pests, respectively, in Canada. We investigated non-target effects of these pesticides, applied at recommended rates, on soil microbial biomass, functional bacterial diversity and functional community structure of soil bacteria (by evaluating patterns of C substrate utilization) in canola rhizosphere and bulk soil at three locations in Alberta from 2002 to 2004. Experimental treatments were (a) untreated control, (b) vinclozolin fungicide foliar application, (c) λ-cyhalothrin insecticide foliar application, and (d) vinclozolin and λ-cyhalothrin applications. No significant pesticide effects on soil microbial biomass or functional bacterial diversity were observed, but the functional structures of soil bacteria were altered. In 1 of 12 cases, the control treatment had a different soil bacterial community structure from the 3 pesticide treatments. The fungicide treatment had different bacterial community structures from the control or insecticide treatments in 3 of 12 cases, the insecticide treatment had different community structures from the control or fungicide treatments in 4 of 12 cases, and the combined fungicide and insecticide treatment had different community structures from the other treatments in 3 of 12 cases. Therefore, evaluating soil bacterial functional structures revealed pesticide effects that were not detected when bacterial diversity or microbial biomass were measured in canola rhizosphere or bulk soil.     

Intercontinental chemical variation in the invasive ant Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) (Hymenoptera Formicidae): a key to the invasive success of a tramp species

Unicoloniality emerges as a feature that characterizes successful invasive species. Its underlying mechanism is reduced intraspecific aggression while keeping interspecific competitiveness. To that effect, we present here a comparative behavioural and chemical study of the invasive ant Wasmannia auropunctata in parts of its native and introduced ranges. We tested the hypothesis that introduced populations (New Caledonia archipelago) have reduced intraspecific aggression relative to native populations (e.g., Ilhéus area, Brazil) and that this correlates with reduced variability in cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs). As predicted, there was high intraspecific aggression in the Brazilian populations, but no intraspecific aggression among the New Caledonian populations. However, New Caledonian worker W. auropunctata remained highly aggressive towards ants of other invasive species. The chemical data corresponded with the behaviour. While CHCs of ants from the regions of Brazil diverged, the profiles of ants from various localities in New Caledonia showed high uniformity. We suggest that in New Caledonia W. auropunctata appears to behave as a single supercolony, whereas in its native range it acts as a multicolonial species. The uniformity of recognition cues in the New Caledonia ants may reflect a process whereby recognition alleles became fixed in the population, but may also be the consequence of a single introduction event and subsequent aggressive invasion of the ecosystem. Chemical uniformity coupled with low intraspecific but high interspecific aggression, lend credence to the latter hypothesis.     

Responses of plant, insect and spider biodiversity to local and landscape scale management intensity in cereal crops and grasslands

The aim of this study was to determine the relative effects of landscape scale management intensity, agroecosystem type, local management intensity and edges on diversity patterns of functional groups of plants, carabid beetles, spiders and grasshoppers. Nine landscapes were selected differing in percent intensively used agricultural area (IAA), each with a pair of organic and conventional winter wheat fields and a pair of organic and conventional mown meadows. Within fields, plants were surveyed in the edge and in the interior. Carabid beetles and spiders were captured by funnel traps, while grasshoppers were sweep-netted in the meadows. Diversity patterns of study organisms were affected both by local variables (local management, agroecosystem type and within-field position) and by landscape scale management intensity. Species richness of grasses, presumably because of sowing low-diversity mixtures, and hunting spiders decreased with percent cover of IAA. Meadows differed from wheat fields in that they had higher species richness of forbs and grasses, as well as higher densities of hunting spiders. In contrast, more carabid individuals, especially of non-carnivore species, were captured in wheat fields. In field edges with their reduced management intensity and increased immigration, species richness of plants, carabids and spiders was higher than in the interiors regardless of agroecosystem type and management. Organic management enhanced forb richness and cover in both agroecosystem types. Organic management also increased grass cover in wheat fields, but not in meadows, and promoted species richness of non-carnivore carabids and hunting spiders, but not grasshoppers. The results show that agri-environmental management needs to be targeted to the agroecosystem's field size, because higher edge area led to higher species richness. Organic management affected several functional groups positively (forbs, non-carnivore carabids, hunting spiders), while lower landscape scale management intensity only increased species richness of grasses and spiders. The great differences in responses of functional groups to local cereal and grassland as well as landscape management suggest implementing more scale and group specific targets for agri-environmental schemes to improve their efficiency.