乐安河沉积物重金属污染现状评价

通过2003年对乐安河沿线12个采样点的沉积物重金属含量检测,采用污染综合指数法(P)、地积累指数法(Igeo)以及潜在生态危害指数法(RI)分别评价其污染水平,结果表明,乐安河沉积物重金属污染严重,根据Igeo,污染水平上游段Cu>Pb>Zn,中游段三者相当,下游段Pb>Zn>Cu,根据RI把乐安河沿线分为源头低生态风险型,上游单一金属高生态风险突出型,中下游多金属高生态风险综合型三种,三种评价方法反应的总体趋势一致,但也有不同之处,应用过程中宜将三种方法相结合综合进行评价。     

湘江中上游沉积物中重金属污染及潜在生态危害变化趋势研究

本文选取2000-2009年湘江中上游7个河断面140个沉积物样本,对河段沉积物样品中Cu、Zn、Mn、As、Hg、Cd、Cr和Pb 8种重金属元素的污染状况进行了研究,并采用Sperarmen秩相关系数和底质重金属潜在生态危害指数法对其生态危害变化趋势进行评价,结果表明:该河段沉积物中主要重金属污染因子为Hg、Cd和...     

东海大桥附近海域沉积物重金属分布特征及风险评价

东海大桥附近海域位于长江口和杭州湾的交汇地带,是长江三角洲南翼组成部分,在渔业上是一个重要的生态经济水域。本文以其为研究区域,2014年9月至2016年5月期间,采样4次,采集样品35个。分析了沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg和As 6种重金属的时空含量变化特征,并采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对不同时空条件下重金属的污染程度、潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:东海大桥附近海域沉积物重金属空间时间分布上有一定的差异。整体来看,东海大桥附近海域沉积物基本未受重金属的污染,属于清洁状态,沉积物中重金属的含量Cr＞Pb＞Cu＞As＞Hg＞Cd。沉积物的潜在生态风险评价表明主要风险因子为Hg,应成为下一步关注重点。     

湘江衡阳段河流沉积物中重金属污染特征及评价

2011-2015年连续5年采集了湘江衡阳段河流沉积物,测定了沉积物中9种重金属的含量。采用地累积指数法及潜在生态危害指数法对沉积物中9种重金属的污染状况及生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:以地累积指数法评价时污染程度表现为镉锌铅铜汞锰砷钒总铬,其中镉为极强污染,锌、铅为强污染,铜、汞为中度污染到强污染;以潜在生态危害指数法评价时生态危害表现为镉汞铅砷铜锌锰钒总铬,其中镉为极强生态危害程度,湘江衡阳段及各个断面沉积物中重金属总潜在生态危害均表现为很强生态危害程度,各个断面的生态危害程度表现为松柏黄茶岭归阳镇熬洲;两种评价方法均表明2013-2015年污染较2011-2012年有所减轻。     

湘江衡阳段地表水体重金属污染及生态风险评价

为研究湘江衡阳段地表水及表层沉积物中重金属分布特征及生态风险,文章采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析测定了湘江衡阳段21个采样点地表水及表层沉积物中6种重金属的含量,并运用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法,评价了重金属污染现状及潜在生态风险。结果表明,湘江衡阳段地表水中6种重金属含量均未超标,单因子污染指数均<1,水质良好;内梅罗综合污染指数整体变化范围0.404～4.991,水质未受到严重污染。研究区表层沉积物中6种重金属元素均有不同程度超过背景值。地累积指数评价结果表明,湘江衡阳段已受到Cd和As偏中度污染和Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的轻度污染;潜在生态风险指数评价该江段存在中等潜在生态风险,其中Cd为高潜在生态风险,对综合潜在生态风险贡献率为77.66%,单一重金属潜在生态风险指数大小依次为Cd>As>Cu>Pb>Cr>Zn。     

曹妃甸围填海工程开发对近岸沉积物重金属的影响

为了解曹妃甸工业区围填海工程开发对近岸沉积物重金属污染状况,对2004年~2011 年8 a间4个航次的沉积物中5种重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Hg) 的含量进行了研究,并分别采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对重金属污染程度及潜在生态危害进行了评价。结果表明:2011年曹妃甸工业区附近海域表层沉积物中5种重金属的平均含量均高于渤海湾沉积物重金属背景值,表层沉积物中Hg为主要污染元素,且具有较强的生态危害;Cu、Pb和Zn处于轻度污染状态;两种沉积物重金属污染评价方法的结果具有一致性,各重金属元素的污染程度顺序为:HgCdPbCuZn;各评价年度综合生态风险等级为较高。     

滏阳河河系表层沉积物重金属污染特征及其风险评价

采集滏阳河表层沉积物,分析了6种重金属的污染特征,并采用富集系数法和Hankanson潜在生态危害指数法分析了重金属的来源,进而评价其环境风险.结果表明,沉积物中重金属Cr、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的平均含量分别为340.09、90.28、1.28、65.87、760.71、48.62 mg·kg-1,均在一定程度上超过了河北省土壤元素背景值.重金属富集系数分析结果显示,元素Cd、Zn在整个流域尺度内主要源于人为输入,Cr在邵村排干河段及Cu、Pb、Ni在汪洋沟上游河段受人为排放源影响较大,主要是由于河流沿线城市生产和生活污水的排放造成.单一金属的潜在生态危害指数评价结果显示,沉积物中Cd污染达到极强生态危害,其次为Cu、Pb和Zn,而重金属综合生态危害指数(RI)评价表明,滏阳河沉积物重金属总体处于强生态风险,其中,汶河河段达到很强生态风险.     

基于主成分分析的河流沉积物重金属污染评价

采用环境评价领域内的污染负荷指数法、潜在生态危险指数法以及数学统计分析领域内的变异系数法和主成分分析法,对山东省境内的娄山河、墨水河、小清河、沂河等4条代表性河流的沉积物重金属污染水平、生态危害、污染来源及分布进行了评价和分析。对4条河流沉积物中的8种重金属(Cu、As、Pb、Hg、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni)含量的分析结果表明,娄山河、墨水河沉积物重金属含量较高,综合污染情况较重,污染负荷指数范围达到了75.35~83.2,潜在生态危险指数为中级,小清河、沂河则较好,仅仅轻微污染;针对4条河流进行的污染来源相关性及主成分分析结果表明,其污染来源具有相似性,污染来源主要分为:工业"三废"、生活垃圾、农药化肥等生产生活活动。总的来说,该文在综合评价山东省流域内的河流污染状况过程中,运用了多种评价方法进行科学评估,为土壤重金属污染评价提供了一种较全面的方法。     

天津河流入海口沉积物重金属污染状况评价

选取天津河流入海口沉积物作为调查对象,分析测试了8种重金属的全量,采用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害系数法评价了重金属污染状况,结果表明:入海口沉积物Hg污染不容忽视,污染点位比例占87.5%,多数入海口沉积物存在不同程度的Hg和Cd污染生态风险,蓟运河、海河、大沽排污河入海口沉积物重金属污染较重,处于强风险水平。     

陆浑水库沉积物重金属空间分布特征及风险评价

为了解洛阳市饮用水水源地陆浑水库沉积物中重金属污染程度,采集32个点位的表层沉积物,分析6种重金属（Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn）的空间分布特征,并运用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数和聚类分析等方法对研究区重金属污染程度进行评价、生态风险评价及源解析.结果表明：Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn含量超过黄河流域河南段重金属土壤背景值,分别是其8.8、2.0、6.5、2.3倍,重金属存在明显富集,且主要污染集中于坝前区域.地累积指数法评价结果显示,Cd为强污染,Pb为中-强污染.潜在生态风险指数表明,陆浑水库沉积物重金属风险呈自上游至下游逐渐增强的趋势,总体处于高度生态危害,潜在生态风险指数均值达到312.94,其中Cd为主要贡献因子.富集系数法和聚类分析结果显示：Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn主要为人为源,Cr和Pb以自然源为主.总体而言,陆浑水库沉积物中重金属Cd和Pb污染相对较重,可能会对水库水环境构成威胁.     

郁江、黔江和浔江广西桂平段水质变化趋势分析

根据2003-2012年水质监测资料,采用秩相关系数法对郁江、黔江和浔江广西桂平段水质变化趋势进行分析。结果表明,黔江和浔江水质呈明显好转趋势;郁江水质呈好转趋势,但不明显。提出了继续加强水污染防治工作的建议。     

长江、黄河、松花江60-80年代水质变化趋势与社会经济发展的关系

对我国“水年鉴”上所载长江、黄河和松花江自５０年代末至８０年代中期所有站点的水化学监测数据进行统计分析，发现，在此时段内，就天然水主要离子成分而言，长河、黄河和松花江表现出各自独特的水质变化趋势。对其成因和机理进行了探讨，认为长江中上游水质的酸化趋势起因于该地区不断增长的燃煤硫排放所引起的严重酸沉降过程和不断增加的农田流失氮肥的氧化成酸过程。松花江水质的碱化趋势主要与黑龙江省造纸废水排放所引起的     

Development and preliminary application of a method to assess river ecological status in the Hai River Basin, north China

The river ecosystem in the Hai River Basin(HRB), an important economic region in China, is seriously degraded. With the aim of river restoration in the HRB, we developed a method to assess the river's ecological status and conducted a preliminary application of the method.The established method was a predictive model, which used macroinvertebrates as indicator organisms. The river's ecological status was determined by calculating the ratio of observed to expected values(O/E). The method included ecoregionalization according to natural factors, and the selection of reference sites based on combinations of habitat quality and macroinvertebrate community. Macroinvertebrate taxa included Insecta,Crustacea, Gastropoda, and Oligochaeta, with 39 families and 95 genera identified in the HRB. The HRB communities were dominated by pollution tolerant taxa, such as Lymnaeidae, Chironomus, Limnodrilus, Glyptotendipes, and Tubifex. The average Shannon–Wiener index was 1.40 ± 0.5, indicating a low biodiversity. In the river length of 3.31 × 10~4 km, 55% of the sites were designated poor, with a bad ecological status. Among nine secondary river systems, Luan and Zi-ya had the best and worst river conditions,respectively. Only 17 reference site groups were selected for river management in the 41 ecoregions examined. This study lays the foundation for river restoration and related research in the HRB, and we anticipate further developments of this novel method.     

Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Yellow River Estuary and Yangtze River Estuary, China

Surface sediment samples collected from twenty-one sites of Yellow River Estuary and Yangtze River Estuary were determined for sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by isotope dilution GC-MS method. The total PAH contents varied from 10.8 to 252 ng/g in Yellow River Estuary sediment, and from 84.6 to 620 ng/g in Yangtze River Estuary sediment. The mean total PAH content of Yangtze River Estuary was approximately twofold higher than that of Yellow River Estuary. The main reasons for the di erence may be the rapid industrial development and high population along Yangtze River and high silt content of Yellow River Estuary. The evaluation of PAH sources suggested that PAHs in two estuaries sediments estuaries were derived primarily from combustion sources, but minor amounts of PAHs were derived from petroleum source in Yellow River Estuary. PAHs may be primary introduced to Yellow River Estuary via dry/wet deposition, wastewater e uents, and accidental oil spills, and Yangtze River Estuary is more prone to be a ected by wastewater discharge.     

长江武汉段水中病毒污染的研究

通过滑石粉-硅藻土技术浓缩长江水中病毒,用空斑技术滴定病毒,用ELISA、SPA—免疫电镜进行病毒定性分型,发现长江水中病毒检出率为100％,病毒量为1.2×10~2—1.7×10~3PFU/L。夏秋季病毒量较春季为多,长江水中已检出PolioⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型病毒。     

Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments of the Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River in Tianjin, China

Persistent organochlorine compounds were analyzed by means of GC-ECD in surface sediment samples from two selected rivers in Tianjin, Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River. A total of 16 surface sediment sites were selected along the both rivers. The frequency of detection of T-HCH and T-DDT in sediment samples both was up to 100%, which illustrated that the contamination of HCH and DDT was widespread in Haihe and Dagu Drainage Rivers. Results indicated that the concentrations of various pesticides in sediments from Haihe River were in the range of 3.30-75.96 ng/g dw for T-HCH and 1.57-211.57 ng/g dw for T-DDT. Compared with Haihe River, Dagu Drainage River was contaminated by HCHs and DDTs along the all locations and the values of T-HCH and T-DDT residues in sediments ranged from 2.30 to 124.61 ng/g dw and from 11.28 to 237.30 ng/g dw, respectively, The possible pollution sources were analyzed through monitoring results of organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） residues in sediments from the two rivers. The investigation also indicated that HCH was still used as pesticide in Tianjin partial area.     

赣江流域山丘荒地的形成、危害和开发途径

赣江流域的山丘荒地总面积约为 2902×10⁴亩,除 35×10⁴亩属于“十边草地”零星分布于路边、河边、田边、村边、沟边之外,比较成片的约有 2867×10⁴亩（见表 1）,略多于现有耕地,而且相当于现有林地的一半。这些荒地 3/4以上分布在红壤丘陵（低丘岗地 388×10⁴亩,占13.5％;中低丘1236×10⁴亩,占43.1％;高丘605×10⁴亩,占21.2％;山地638×10⁴亩,占22.3％）,而且主要分于于上、中游地区（上游地区占60.2％,中游地区占25.4％,下游地区占14.4％）。综合开发治理、合理利用这些山丘荒地,是赣江流域、特别是上、中游地区的农民摆脱贫穷落后困境、实现小康目标的重要环节之一。     

赣江流域山丘荒地的形成、危害和开发途径

赣江流域的山丘荒地总面积约为 2902×10~4亩,除 35×10~4亩属于“十边草地”零星分布于路边、河边、田边、村边、沟边之外,比较成片的约有 2867×10~4亩(见表 1),略多于现有耕地,而且相当于现有林地的一半。这些荒地 3/4以上分布在红壤丘陵(低丘岗地 388×10~4亩,占13.5％;中低丘1236×10~4亩,占43.1％;高丘605×10~4亩,占21.2％;山地638×10~4亩,占22.3％),而且主要分于于上、中游地区(上游地区占60.2％,中游地区占25.4％,下游地区占14.4％)。综合开发治理、合理利用这些山丘荒地,是赣江流域、特别是上、中游地区的农民摆脱贫穷落后困境、实现小康目标的重要环节之一。     

Limitation of spatial distribution of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in the Haihe River, China, by heavy metals

The Haihe River is characterized by high ammonia pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to determine how environmental factors, such as heavy metals in the river limit the spatial distribution of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms. In this study, the relationships between five heavy metals and ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms were studied. The results showed that under high ammonia, low oxygen and high concentrations of suspended particles, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) ranged from 101:3 to 104:8 gene copies/mL and ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) ranged from 102:7 to 104:9 gene copies/mL. The average metal concentrations in water were 23.57(Cr), 21.58(Ni), 65.09(Cu), 622.03(Zn) and 10.16(As) μg/L, with those of Zn, Cu and Cr being higher than the US EPA criteria. Scatter plots of microbial abundance and metals indicated that both AOA and AOB were limited by heavy metals, but in different ways. As had an inhibitory effect on AOB, while Ni and Zn promoted AOA, and the other metals investigated showed no significant correlation with microbial abundance. Overall, our results indicated that the effects of heavy metals on ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in water are complex, and that the final effect is determined by the physiological role of each element in the microorganisms, as well as environmental conditions such as complexation of organic matter, not simply the total metal concentration.     

恩施市龙洞河污染现状与防治对策

依据龙洞河地表水质监测数据,客观分析了龙洞河水质污染现状、主要污染物。根据污染特征,提出了相应的防治措施。