衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同植被配置模式的生态恢复

以典型衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地草本、灌草、灌丛、乔灌4种植被配置模式以及未采取植被恢复措施的裸荒地为研究对象,同时为研究植被恢复程度,选裸荒地作为对照,通过调查取样和实验分析,对各配置模式人工、半人工植物群落的组成、结构、物种多样性及土壤主要养分进行研究.结果表明,裸荒地以一年生草本植物为主,种类单一,共8种植物,草本层低矮;草本、灌草、灌丛与乔灌4种植被配置模式植物种类明显增加,共出现35种植物,分属22科.人工植被恢复约15 a后,植物群落主要以人工种植的植物为主,伴生种多为狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon),马兰(Kalimeris indica),鬼针草(Bidens pilosa),狗肝菜(Dicliptera chinensis),铁苋菜(Acalypha australis)以及酢浆草(Oxalis corniculata)等.灌草模式Shannon多样性指数最高,Pielou均匀度指数最大,土壤全氮、有机质含量较高,说明紫色土丘陵坡地采取紫穗(Amorpha fruticosa)+白花草木樨(Melilotus albus)的灌草模式生态恢复效果较好,研究结果可为衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植被恢复提供参考依据.     

淮河源12种园林地被植物竞争格局与过程

淮河源区处于北亚热带向暖温带过渡地带,地被植物种类繁多,选取该地区有代表性的12种典型地被植物,进行应用表现情况调查和竞争力量化评价,选用园林地被植物权重(以分布面积计)、园林地被植物养护的投入和园林地被抗杂草入侵能力三个量化指标,计算得出竞争力指数。研究表明淮河源区园林地被植物栽植后5—10年,其竞争力的强弱可充分表现出来,其中木本植物整体竞争力大于草本,而藤本植物竞争力最强。但也有少量草本如红花酢浆草,竞争力超过部分木本植物,值得大量推广运用。根据淮河源区园林地被植物群落竞争格局与过程,在进行园林工程实践中充分考虑园林地被上杂草和地被植物自身竞争力状况,降低园林工程中化学药品的使用和能源消耗,以保护生物多样性。     

内蒙古辉河自然保护区植物功能型的空间变异性研究

为了揭示辉河国家级自然保护区不同功能区植物功能型及生物多样性的变化特征,采用样带与样地结合的方法在核心区、缓冲区和实验区进行植被调查。选取3块生境条件基本相同的样地(面积为250 m×250 m),每块样地设置3条样带,每条样带上设置8个样方(面积为1 m×1 m)。分析丰富度指数、多样性指数、群落生物量和生活型植物功能型在不同功能区的空间变异性。结果表明,研究区植物以多年生杂类草和多年生禾草为主;在核心区和缓冲区,多年生禾草和多年生杂类草的物种数较多,一年生草本极少;在实验区,多年生禾草和多年生杂类草等功能型的物种数明显减少,而一年生草本增加。从核心区、缓冲区到实验区,灌木的优势度逐渐增加,与核心区相比,缓冲区多年生禾草和多年生杂类草的优势度无显著差异(P0.05);实验区多年生禾草和多年生杂类草的优势度均显著低于核心区相应功能型的优势度(P0.05),而一年生草本的优势度从核心区、缓冲区到实验区依次增加。多年生禾草、多年生杂类草的生物量及群落总生物量从核心区、缓冲区到实验区依次减少;灌木和一年生草本的生物量则依次增加。缓冲区物种Patrick丰富度指数最高,且显著高于实验区和核心区(P0.05);与核心区相比,缓冲区Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均无显著差异(P0.05)。     

纤维素类草本能源植物的研究现状

纤维素类草本能源植物具有很高的生物质产量、纤维素和半纤维素含量,对环境友好,是目前最有发展前途的生物质资源之一,欧洲和美国将其作为首选的生物质能源植物.本文介绍了柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum)、芒草(Miscanthus spp.)、芦竹(Arundo donax Linn)等几种主要纤维素类草本能源植物具有产量高、适应性强、用途广泛等特点;综述了纤维素类草本能源植物在国内外的研究概况,以及基因工程技术在降低植物木质素含量及在植物中过表达纤维素降解酶类方面的应用;进一步指出在我国存在纤维素类草本能源植物资源评估、选育滞后,相关技术还不完善等问题,进行充分开发利用将在缓解能源紧张、解决环境问题、促进农业和经济发展等方面有着良好的前景.     

祁连山北坡自然恢复杨桦林地植物功能型组成及其影响因素

依据生活型(乔木、藤本、灌木、半灌木、多年生禾草、多年生杂类草和一二年生草本)和水分生态型(旱生、旱中生、中生和湿生)将祁连山北坡次生杨桦林28个调查样地中的81个物种划分为18种植物功能型(Plant functiontypes,PFTs),并通过典范对应分析(CCA)方法研究植物功能型与环境因子间的关系.结果表明:自然恢复杨桦林地植物功能型主要集中在中生多年生杂类草(PFTs16)、湿生多年生杂类草(PFTs23)、旱中生多年生杂类草(PFTs9)和中生灌木(PFTs18)4个植物功能型上;乔、灌、草三层冠层特征和中生植物的大量出现,反映了群落植物生活型趋于复杂化和结构化,生态型逐渐向中生化方向演替的特点;土壤容重、有机碳和全氮含量主要影响植物的生活型分异特征,土壤含水量和林冠郁闭度是植物的水分生态型分异的主要环境因子,而坡位、坡度控制着群落植物总体分布格局的形成.图1表3参31     

古田山国家级自然保护区黄山松群落特征及物种多样性研究

通过对黄山松群落特征及物种多样性进行分析,结果表明,古田山自然保护区黄山松群落植物种类较丰富,科属组成分散,区系成分较复杂。从属的地理成分来看,温带分布的属多于热带分布的属。群落的生活型以高位芽植物为主,地下芽植物次之。该群落叶的性质以小型叶、单叶、草质、非全缘为主。群落垂直结构复杂,地上成层现象明显,可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,并有一定数量的层间植物。乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性大小依次为灌木层>乔木层>草本层。     

古田山国家自然保护区针阔叶混交林植物物种多样性特征

利用样方法进行野外群落调查.共调查了6个样地,每个样地大小为20m×20 m,研究古田山自然保护区针阔叶混交林植物物种多样性特征.结果表明:古田山针阔混交林的科、属、种组成多样性较高,植物种类丰富.组成复杂.群落的属种多样性>科属多样性>科种多样性.从灌木层、乔木层至草本层物种多样性依次递减,乔木层和灌木层的物种多样性指数明显大于草本层物种多样性指数.     

四川紫色土丘陵区不同植物篱类型蜘蛛群落结构

于2006-2007年冬小麦和夏玉米生长季采用直接观察法对四川紫色土丘陵区香根草、紫穗槐、蓑草和苜蓿4种植物篱类型蜘蛛的群落结构及多样性进行调查.结果表明,2006年共发现蜘蛛3 074头,分别隶属于16科48种,其中狼蛛科、跳蛛科和球腹蛛科为优势科;2007年共发现蜘蛛3 233头,分别隶属于14科51种,其中狼蛛科和跳蛛科为优势科.在2006和2007年小麦和玉米生长季,不同植物篱类型蜘蛛个体数的季节性动态变化规律基本相同,蜘蛛个体数均在小麦或玉米收获后达到高峰,收获前后相比差异均达显著水平(P＜0.05);不同植物篱类型间蜘蛛个体数、物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H ')均存在显著差异.香根草、蓑草和苜蓿篱类型蜘蛛个体数、物种丰富度和H'值在绝大多数情况下显著高于紫穗槐.Jaccard相似性系数表明香根草、蓑草与苜蓿篱类型间的相似程度较高,香根草、蓑草和苜蓿与紫穗槐篱类型间相似程度较低,表明植被结构对蜘蛛群落结构有明显影响.就保护蜘蛛而言,草本植物篱比灌木植物篱更重要,且丛生型草本植物篱比其他草本结构植物篱能维持更高的蜘蛛多样性.     

半干旱黄土区自然恢复与人工造林恢复植被群落对比研究

为研究半干旱黄土区高效植被恢复途径,选取陕西省吴起县境内的合沟封禁流域和柴沟人工造林流域为研究区,在两流域内,沿顺坡和横坡方向,选择一系列20 m×20 m的样地,各组成2条样带。在每个样地内的对角线交点和对角线四分之一处选取5个样方进行植被调查,草本样方和乔灌样方的尺寸分别为1 m×1 m和5 m×5 m。共获得草本样方185个、乔灌木样方80个,其中,合沟封禁流域105个,均为草本样方,柴沟人工造林流域草本样方与乔灌样方各80个。运用植物生态学和植物群落学方法,调查各样方内的植物种类、株数、株高、盖度、地上生物量以及树木基茎、树高、冠幅等植被群落特征指标,并在此基础上对两流域的植被群落特征进行对比分析。结果表明：（1）两流域的植被种类共61种,其中柴沟人工造林流域46种,合沟封禁流域51种,共存物种36种;（2）经过10年生态恢复,柴沟人工造林流域已形成乔-灌-草群落,合沟封禁流域仍为草本群落,且两流域草本群落均以铁杆蒿（Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb.）和茭蒿（Artemisiagiraldii Pamp.）为主要建群种;（3）柴沟人工造林流域的植被盖度、平均高、生物量均明显高于合沟封禁流域的相应指标。两流域植物群落Simpson指数和Shannon-Weiner指数差异较小,Sorensen指数为0.742,主要草本植物种的指标差异不显著。以上特征反映出,在半干旱黄土区,适宜的人工造林可加速该区植被恢复的进程。     

岷山北坡高海拔区草本植物群落特征及主要植物功能群C、N、P含量分析

海拔是影响物种多样性格局的决定性因素之一,对生态系统格局与过程起着重要作用。运用回归分析、相关分析、Duncan多重比较和Pearson相关系数检验对岷山北坡高海拔2300—2900 m草本群落特征、群落初级生产力及不同植物功能群进行分析。结果表明:样地共调查出草本植物20科35属44种,菊科、百合科和蔷薇科的物种数分别占总物种数的比例为25%,14%和11%,表现出明显的优势性。草本群落的生物量均与海拔梯度的相关性不显著(P>0.05),且随海拔升高均表现出先增后减的总体趋势;植物盖度、物种丰富度、密度均与海拔表现出极显著负相关关系(P<0.001),而植物高度与海拔表现出极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。从功能群的角度分析,随着海拔梯度的不断升高,禾本科、菊科以及杂类草3个植物功能群的叶碳含量(LCC)和根碳含量(RCC)整体呈上升趋势;叶磷含量(LPC)整体都呈下降趋势,而禾本科的根磷含量(RPC)呈上升趋势,菊科和杂类草表现出先升后降的趋势;叶氮含量(LNC)禾本科呈下降趋势,菊科呈上升趋势,杂类草呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,根氮含量(RNC)禾本科和杂类草的呈上升趋势,而菊科表现出先上升后下降的趋势。研究结果初步揭示了岷山北坡不同海拔梯度草本植物群落特征及其生物量的变化特征,以及物种多样性和主要植物功能群碳、氮、磷元素在海拔梯度上的分布差异,为今后岷山北坡草本群落分布格局和生物地球化学循环的研究提供科学依据。     

Relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China

This paper studied the relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China. 50 herbaceous plant samples of 9 plant species from 4 families and 50 soil samples were collected and then ana1yzed for the tota1 concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn. The results showed that the average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in soil samples were 3772.83, 168.81, and 5385.65 mg/kg, respectively. The average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn were 395.68, 28.14, and 1664.20 mg/kg in the shoots, and 924.12, 57.25, and 1778.75 mg/kg in the roots, respectively. Heterospecific plants at the same site and conspecific plants at various sites had different average levels of Pb, Cd, and Zn, both in the shoots and the roots. Enrichment coefficients of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 2, 3, and 9 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. Translocation factors of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 10, 17, and 25 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. In all 50 samples, the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn between the shoots and the roots, the shoots, and the soils, and the roots and the soils had significant positive relationships.     

9种草本观赏植物叶绿素含量和细胞膜透性对酸雨胁迫的响应

研究模拟酸雨(pH 2.0、3.0、3.5)对9种草本观赏植物叶片叶绿素(Chl)含量和细胞质膜透性的影响。结果表明,酸雨强度与草本观赏植物Chl含量呈负相关,酸雨胁迫次数越多,Chl含量越低,不同pH胁迫只是变幅之间存在差异,而在酸雨处理终止后,植物叶片Chl含量逐步恢复,且不同敏感型植物在各时段的恢复速度(或修复进程)不同,其规律为敏感植物<中等植物<抗性植物。酸雨强度与植物叶片质膜透性呈正相关,每增加1次酸雨胁迫,植物叶片质膜透性在前次基础上有所增加,增加幅度也表现出敏感植物>中等植物>抗性植物的基本规律。酸雨处理结束后,3类植物叶片质膜透性基本呈现“低—高—低”变化规律,质膜透性的变化峰值多出现在酸雨处理终止后的48 h,仅变化幅度存在差异,即敏感植物>中等植物>抗性植物。     

青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系的构成特征

在资料分析和2013年夏秋二季进行的实地调查基础上研究了青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系的科属种构成、种的生活型构成、属的地理分布区类型构成,并比较了青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系与青岛崂山种子植物区系、中国种子植物区系属的地理分布区类型构成差异。结果表明,青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系有种子植物69科155属228种,有含5种及以上的12个较大科、124个单种属、183种木本植物和45种草本植物,有热带分布属32属、温带分布属95属、世界分布属14属和中国特有属14属。青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系有植物种类丰富多样,木本植物种类多,区系中属、种的分化程度高,属的地理分布区类型多样且具有很典型的温带特征和鲜明的中国特色等特点。     

Assessment of herbaceous plant habitats in water-constrained environments: predicting indirect effects with fuzzy logic

Herbaceous plant production plays a key role in determining the function of rangeland ecosystems in the semi-arid and Mediterranean regions. Therefore, assessment of herbaceous plant habitats is important for understanding the ecosystem functioning in these regions and for applied purposes, such as range management and land evaluation. This paper presents a model to assess herbaceous plant habitats in a basaltic stony environment in a Mediterranean region. The model is based on geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing and fuzzy logic, while four indirect variables, which represent major characteristics of herbaceous habitats, are modeled: rock cover fraction; wetness index (WI); soil depth; and slope orientation (aspect). A linear unmixing model was used to measure rock cover on a per pixel basis using a Landsat TM summer image. The wetness index and local aspect were determined from digital elevation data with 25 m × 25 m pixel resolution, while soil data were gathered in a field survey. The modeling approach adopted here is process-based and assumes that water availability plays a crucial role in determining herbaceous plant production in Mediterranean and semi-arid environments. The model rules are based on fuzzy logic and are written based on the hypothesized water requirements of the herbaceous vegetation. The results show that on a polygon basis there is positive agreement between the model proposed here and previous mapping of the herbaceous habitats carried out in the field using traditional methods. Intrapolygon tests show that the use of a continuous raster data model and fuzzy logic principles provide an added value to traditional mapping. Moreover, herbaceous biomass measurements at two time intervals—mid- and peak winter season—corresponded with the habitat assessment predictions achieved using a new scenario that is proposed in this research. This scenario suggests that rockiness increases herbaceous production on south-facing slopes, while in other slope aspects the rock cover has lower impact on herbaceous growth. Due to its simplicity, the model suggested here can be used by planners and managers, to adjust range activities over large areas. The process-based approach should allow adaptation of the model to other regions more effectively than models that were formulated on a purely empirical basis. The model could also be used to study the relationship between water availability and ecosystem productivity on a regional scale.     

Changes in hardwood forest understory plant communities in response to European earthworm invasions

European earthworms are colonizing earthworm-free northern hardwood forests across North America. Leading edges of earthworm invasion provide an opportunity to investigate the response of understory plant communities to earthworm invasion and whether the species composition of the earthworm community influences that response. Four sugar maple-dominated forest sites with active earthworm invasions were identified in the Chippewa National Forest in north central Minnesota, USA. In each site, we established a 30 x 150 m sample grid that spanned a visible leading edge of earthworm invasion and sampled earthworm populations and understory vegetation over four years. Across leading edges of earthworm invasion, increasing total earthworm biomass was associated with decreasing diversity and abundance of herbaceous plants in two of four study sites, and the abundance and density of tree seedlings decreased in three of four study sites. Sample points with the most diverse earthworm species assemblage, independent of biomass, had the lowest plant diversity. Changes in understory plant community composition were most affected by increasing biomass of the earthworm species Lumbricus rubellus. Where L. rubellus was absent there was a diverse community of native herbaceous plants, but where L. rubellus biomass reached its maximum, the herbaceous-plant community was dominated by Carex pensylvanica and Arisaema triphyllum and, in some cases, was completely absent. Evidence from these forest sites suggests that earthworm invasion can lead to dramatic changes in the understory community and that the nature of these changes is influenced by the species composition of the invading earthworm community.     

Plant defense, growth, and habitat: a comparative assessment of constitutive and induced resistance

The growth rate (GR) hypothesis relates the evolution of plant defense to resource availability and predicts that plants that have evolved in abiotically stressful environments grow inherently more slowly and are more constitutively resistant to herbivory than plants from more productive habitats. Stress-adapted plants are also predicted to have reduced inducibility, but this prediction has not been previously tested. To evaluate this hypothesis, I compared the growth of nine species of herbaceous plants from Missouri glade habitats to congeners from more productive non-glade habitats. I also conducted bioassays using larvae of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera exigua to estimate constitutive and inducible resistance in these congeners. Glade congeners tended to grow more slowly and have higher constitutive resistance and lower inducibility than non-glade species. However, none of these comparisons was statistically significant due to the conflicting response of one congeneric pair (Salvia azurea and S. lyrata). Analyses without this genus were consistent with the GR hypothesis, as were analyses that categorized congeners by relative growth rate. These results highlight the complexity in searching for factors that determine plant growth rates and resistance traits across multiple genera and support the hypothesis that both constitutive and induced resistance may be influenced by selection on traits that alter plant growth rates. Future studies should attempt to determine whether variation in inducibility is better explained by habitat or relative plant growth rates.     

Incorporating differences between genetic diversity of trees and herbaceous plants in conservation strategies

Reviews that summarize the genetic diversity of plant species in relation to their life history and ecological traits show that forest trees have more genetic diversity at population and species levels than annuals or herbaceous perennials. In addition, among-population genetic differentiation is significantly lower in trees than in most herbaceous perennials and annuals. Possible reasons for these differences between trees and herbaceous perennials and annuals have not been discussed critically. Several traits, such as high rates of outcrossing, long-distance pollen and seed dispersal, large effective population sizes (N_e), arborescent stature, low population density, longevity, overlapping generations, and occurrence in late successional communities, may make trees less sensitive to genetic bottlenecks and more resistant to habitat fragmentation or climate change. We recommend that guidelines for genetic conservation strategies be designed differently for tree species versus other types of plant species. Because most tree species fit an LH scenario (low [L] genetic differentiation and high [H] genetic diversity), tree seeds could be sourced from a few populations distributed across the species’ range. For the in situ conservation of trees, translocation is a viable option to increase N_e. In contrast, rare herbaceous understory species are frequently HL (high differentiation and low diversity) species. Under the HL scenario, seeds should be taken from many populations with high genetic diversity. In situ conservation efforts for herbaceous plants should focus on protecting habitats because the typically small populations of these species are vulnerable to the loss of genetic diversity. The robust allozyme genetic diversity databases could be used to develop conservation strategies for species lacking genetic information. As a case study of reforestation with several tree species in denuded areas on the Korean Peninsula, we recommend the selection of local genotypes as suitable sources to prevent adverse effects and to insure the successful restoration in the long term.     

Uptake and transformation of perchlorate by vascular plants

Phytoremediation is a promising new method that uses green plants to cleanse soil and water contaminated with organic or inorganic pollutants. In this study, the uptake and transformation of sodium perchlorate (NaClO₄) using four vascular plant species were examined in batch experiments. The species include two trees, cabbage gum (Eucalyptus amplifolia) and eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), a herbaceous wetland plant, perennial glasswort (Salicornia virginica), and a herbaceous aquatic plant, waterweed (Elodea canadensis). Perchlorate was depleted from solution in the presence of all but one species (waterweed). Depletion was calculated as a first‐order kinetics reaction with k values in the range of 0–0.013 per day and accumulation of perchlorate was between 3.2 and 3138 mg/kg. Perchlorate and transformation metabolites (chlorate, chlorite, chloride) were observed in all plant tissues (e.g., roots, stems, leaves) analyzed. Results suggest that significant influences on perchlorate uptake include: (1) plant species present, (2) concentration of perchlorate, (3) sand versus hydroponic treatments, (4) the presence or absence of plant nutrients or competing ions, (5) stage of plant maturity.     

Inhibition of decomposing leaf litter of Cinnamomum camphora on growth of Pharbitis nil and the alleviation effect of nitrogen application北大核心CSCD

In plant configuration of landscaping, herbaceous plant is often inter-planted with ornamental tree species. But unreasonable plant collocation may reduce the effectiveness of afforestation for the inhibition effect of tree on the growth of understory, and further more affect the greening effect. Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) is widely planted in landscaping accompanying herbaceous plants including morning glory (Pharbitis nil). But camphor was reported to have allelopathic effect on its adjacent plant, therefore correct selection and collocation of plants has important significance to obtain good greening effect. This research aimed to study by a pot experiment the effects of decomposing leaf litter of Cinnamomum camphora on the growth, phenological traits of Pharbitis nil, as well as modification of these effects by nitrogen application. Three application rates of C. camphora leaf litter including 25, 50 and 100 g/pot (denoted by L25, L50 and L100, respectively) and a control (CK) were implemented. Nitrogen application began on the 34th d of decomposition, with 0.39 g urea being divided into three equal portions and added continuously to each pot. The results showed that (1) The height, basal diameter, leaf area and biomass production of Pharbitis nil were all inhibited sharply by exposure to the leaf litter, being decreased by 32.85%-83.78%, 5.23%-23.00%, 30.31%-58.47%, and 40.34%-84.54%, respectively, with the inhibition effect increasing both in intensity and stability with the increase of leaf litter. Such inhibition effect was obviously alleviated by exogenous nitrogen application. (2) The flowering dynamics of Pharbitis nil was greatly impacted by the leaf litter, with the flower initiation 2.5-10.0 d later and the flowering duration 6.3-11.4 d longer compared to the control. Although the leaf litter-treated plants exhibited more (0.5-3.3) flowers than the control, their quality decreased, and the hundred-grain weight of the seed decreased with the increase of leaf litter. However, the differences among treatments in the reproductive parameters mentioned above reduced after nitrogen fertilization. The results indicated that leaf litter of C. Camphora has a great allelopathic effect on morphological and reproductive growth of Pharbitis nil, which may be attributed to the release of phototoxic substances during the decomposition process.