徐州煤矿混推复垦区土壤重金属分布特征及潜在风险评价

以徐州煤矿混推复垦区为研究对象,采用Tessier连续提取法,对该复垦区土壤Zn、Pb、Ni、Mn、Cu、Cr等6种重金属含量进行分析和风险评价.结果表明,除Cr外,复垦区土壤Zn、Pb、Ni、Mn和Cu的含量均大于当地土壤背景值,但均未超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准,不同复垦年限下土壤重金属含量差异较大,Zn、Mn总体上随复垦年限延长,积累越明显.形态分析表明,Pb和Mn以铁锰氧化物结合态为主;Zn、Ni、Cu和Cr以残渣态为主.徐州煤矿复垦区土壤重金属的生物可利用系数(BF)的平均值大小为MnPbCuZnCrNi.各重金属的生态风险程度大小为PbCuNiMnCrZn.徐州煤矿复垦区土壤重金属的潜在生态风险指数范围是16.71—25.94,平均值为21.56,属于轻微生态危害.不同复垦年限下土壤重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数大小为1997年复垦2006年复垦1987年复垦2010年复垦塌陷未复垦未塌陷,各复垦年限下土壤重金属均属于轻微生态风险.     

矿区复垦土壤的微生物活性变化

在由煤矸石、粉煤灰和污泥构成的矿区复合基质上种植黑麦草进行矿区复垦试验,分析了不同复垦阶段土壤微生物功能多样性和酶活性的差异,以揭示矿区复垦过程中免施肥的可行性.结果表明,矿区复垦土壤微生物功能多样性和酶活性随复垦时间的延长而显著提高.复垦23个月后,矿区复垦土壤的全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别比复垦种植前降低72.05％、67.86％和60.19％,蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性增加1.30～7.56倍.Biolog微平板培养测试结果显示,矿区复垦16和23个月的土壤微生物群落AWCD( average well colour development)值,微生物Shannon多样性指数、Simpson指数、Mclntosh指数均显著高于复垦种植前(P＜0.05).微生物多样性相关参数与土壤酶活性及土壤有机质含量之间呈显著正相关(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),与土壤全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量之间呈显著负相关(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).在矿区复垦过程中污泥作为有机添加物有助于促进植物生长和提高微生物活性.     

露天煤矿复垦生态系统碳库研究进展

露天煤矿开采作为世界范围内的主要采煤方式,在满足人类能源需求和促进社会经济发展的同时,也造成矿区生态环境破坏和生态系统固碳能力退化。研究露天煤矿土地复垦过程中生态系统碳库动态变化不仅对认识区域碳平衡具有重要意义,该变化过程还可以作为露天煤矿土地复垦效果的重要判断指标。综述了国内外露天煤矿复垦林地、复垦草地以及复垦耕地生态系统碳库动态变化的研究。已有的研究成果表明,(1)露天煤矿复垦林地、复垦草地和复垦耕地生态系统土壤碳库均较自然恢复地要高,有的矿区甚至比原地貌要高。干旱区煤矿土地复垦初期以草地固碳效果较好,而半干旱和湿润区煤矿复垦以林地效果较好。同一生态系统,碳储量随植物物种及植物配置方式而异。(2)矿区土壤碳库呈现"U"型动态恢复过程。林地土壤有机碳年均增长量为0.20~6.27 Mg·hm-2;草地为0.30~3.37 Mg·hm-2;林草混合复垦模式为0.31~2.80 Mg·hm-2。(3)复垦林地生态系统碳库主要存储在植被中,而复垦草地则主要存储在土壤中。(4)土壤碳库主要受土壤理化性质、地上植被、复垦年限、立地条件以及复垦工艺等因素影响。因此,矿区土地复垦中应注重排土场微地形优化,筛选适宜物种,优化植被配置模式和改进复垦措施,以加快矿区复垦生态系统碳库恢复。针对露天煤矿生态系统碳库研究现状,提出未来我国露天煤矿复垦生态系统碳库的研究重点,包括加强植被碳库、土壤无机碳库及总碳库全生命周期研究,加强荒漠区露天煤矿碳库研究,以期为全面认识我国露天煤矿复垦生态系统碳库研究提供科学依据。     

阳泉矿区煤矸石山复垦地不同植被下草本植物群落生态关系

为揭示煤矸石山复垦地不同植被下草本植物群落与环境因子的关系,采用TWINSPAN分类、DCA排序和物种多样性分析方法,对阳泉矿区五矿2座不同复垦年限(2003年、2013年)煤矸石山复垦地不同植被下草本植物群落60个植物样方的数据进行分类、排序与物种多样性研究.结果显示:(1)TWINSPAN分类将该复垦地不同植被下草本植物群落分为12个群丛类型,群丛Ⅰ-Ⅴ位于复垦年限(2013)较短的矸石山,群丛Ⅵ-Ⅻ位于复垦年限(2003)较长的矸石山;(2)样方的DCA排序第一轴反映了复垦年限变化,沿DCA排序第一轴从左往右煤矸石山复垦年限逐渐缩短;DCA第二轴反映了复垦地地形的变化,沿DCA排序第二轴从上到下煤矸石山复垦地由平台→边坡;(3)不同植被下草本植物群丛的物种多样性表现为平台边坡(即群丛Ⅴ群丛Ⅱ、群丛Ⅻ群丛Ⅶ),乔木林下灌草丛下(群丛Ⅻ群丛Ⅵ),复垦年限较长的群丛Ⅻ复垦年限较短的群丛Ⅴ.本研究表明植被类型、复垦年限、地形对煤矸石山复垦地不同植被下草本植物群丛物种多样性影响明显;随着复垦年限的增长,群丛向更加稳定、多样的方向更替.     

县域工矿废弃地复垦空间集中连片度评价方法研究

工矿废弃地不仅占用了大量的土地资源,而且易造成矿区土壤污染、土壤盐渍化、滑坡和泥石流等其他负面生态环境效应。为了消除不利环境影响,应优先复垦集中连片度较高的工矿废弃地区域。为确定县域工矿废弃地复垦后与周围地类的空间集中连片度定量化评价指标体系,采用景观生态学方法,借助Fragstats模型,选取斑块数量(Number of Patches,NP)、最大斑块面积指数(Largest Patch Index,LPI)、形状指数(Shape Index,SHAPE)、邻近度指数(Proximity Index,PROX)和Shannon’s多样性指数(Shannon's Diversity Index,SHDI)等5个景观指数,通过专家打分法确定各指标权重,从而构建县域工矿废弃地复垦空间集中连片度测算评价指标体系。最后以四川省泸州市叙永县工矿废弃地复垦利用试点进行实例分析,分别设置工矿废弃地复垦为耕地情景(情景1)、复垦为林地情景(情景2)和复垦为草地情景(情景3)3个情景,计算不同复垦情景下的空间集中连片度大小。研究结果表明,情景1、情景2和情景3的评价总分F分别为4 702.00、4 440.36和4 693.57,情景1复垦地类与周围地类的空间集中连片度最高,情景3次之,情景2最低,因而复垦为耕地情景为较优情景。基于上述指标构建的评价指标体系可用于评估工矿废弃地复垦空间集中连片度,可为县域工矿废弃地空间集中连片度分析和评价提供科学方法,进而为工矿废弃地复垦方向的确定、复垦空间结构的优化和不良环境影响的消除提供决策支持。     

滇池周边磷矿复垦区土壤重金属污染特征研究

长期开采磷矿所产生的重金属残留将给矿区复垦后的农业或林业生产带来环境风险。选取云南省滇池周边某磷矿区的复垦区作为研究区域,分析了复垦区内不同土地利用类型在不同复垦年限下土壤中铜(Cu)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、钛(Ti)、锰(Mn)、钒(V)、镍(Ni)、钴(Co)等10种重金属的含量,并利用综合污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属污染程度与生态风险进行了评价。综合指数法和潜在生态风险指数法分析结果均表明,Cd为各复垦区的首要污染物;而地累积指数法分析结果显示,大多数复垦区域的首要污染物为Pb。综合而言,各复垦区的首要污染物为Cd和Pb。其中,停采恢复区土壤中重金属含量最高,生态风险也最高。随复垦年限增加,农田和林地土壤中的重金属含量均有所下降,这表明矿区复垦降低了土壤重金属含量与生态风险,改善了环境质量,但在较短的复垦年限下种植农作物或林木仍存在一定的环境风险。各重元素的相关性分析结果显示:复垦区土壤中Cd、Pb和Cr的污染特征具有较高的相似性,且在复垦区中常会出现其中2~3种元素的复合污染。因此,在对复垦区中土壤重金属污染进行防控时,除需对首要污染物进行污染防控外,应根据复合污染特征考虑多污染物协同防控的效果和效益,降低污染防控的边际成本。     

江西省永平铜矿排土场植被复垦

介绍江西省就平铜矿十多年来植被复垦试验与推广的实践经验和取得的效果，提出今后复垦应解决和注意的问题。     

工矿开发对土地生态环境的破坏与恢复

生态环境和土地资源是人类生存的重要物质基础,由于工矿开发引起严重破坏,大量固体废物占用许多良田沃野,引起地面塌陷,造成水土流失、污染,破坏了生态环境,已引起许多国家重视复垦工矿开发破坏的土地,建立良好的生态环境。我国土地资源短缺,矿区的土地复垦工作目前尚处于初始阶段,因此应大力开展此项工作。首先全面调查我国矿区占用土地,破坏生态环境的现况及复垦情况和经验。在此基础上,分类制定矿区复垦和恢复生态环境的规划。其次研究适合我国各矿区特点的复垦技术和恢复生态环境的方法。为充分利用矿区土地资源,塑造良好的生态环境提供科学依据。     

黄土高原矿区土壤细菌群落对地表塌陷和土地复垦的响应

中国一半的煤炭生产能力集中于生态脆弱的黄土高原,采矿活动进一步加剧了当地生态环境恶化,尤其是土壤退化.微生物是土壤物质转化的动力,对外界干扰十分敏感,厘清其变化对生态恢复和治理尤为重要.为此,本研究以黄土高原大柳塔煤矿及黑岱沟煤矿为对象,利用高通量测序技术和分子生态网络分析方法,揭示土壤细菌群落多样性及不同活动影响下土壤细菌群落之间的联系与差异.结果表明,不同活动对土壤理化性状影响显著,塌陷区有机质、速效磷、速效钾呈显著性下降(P0.05),复垦区土壤有机质、水分、pH和电导率则显著增加(P0.05),塌陷对土壤理化性状产生了抑制作用,复垦呈现促进作用.不同活动对土壤细菌群落产生不同的影响,塌陷区多样性指数降低了约20%,复垦则多样性指数增加了63%,但塌陷区、复垦区优势菌门保持一致.不同活动对土壤细菌分子生态网络的影响迥异:塌陷后分子生态网络趋于复杂,网络连接数及互作关系明显增强;复垦后则生态网络模块增加,模块内部趋于简单.为应对地表塌陷和土地复垦,土壤细菌往往改变菌种间关系作适应性变化.塌陷更多地促进相互合作以适应养分的贫瘠,复垦则促进模块数增加并趋于合作以获取更多的资源.     

磷细菌肥对采煤塌陷区复垦土壤放线菌群落的影响

为了解磷细菌肥对采煤塌陷区复垦土壤放线菌群落的影响,采用Illumina高通量测序的方法,对土壤复垦5年后的放线菌群落结构及多样性进行分析,并结合冗余分析(RDA)研究放线菌群落与土壤化学性质的相关关系.结果表明:有机肥+磷细菌肥处理可以提高复垦土壤放线菌的数量.采煤塌陷复垦土壤中放线菌的优势菌群是链霉菌属(Streptomyces)和假诺卡氏菌属(Pseudonocardia),其丰度范围分别为12.28%-15.21%、8.93%-11.49%.配施磷细菌肥处理可以降低链霉菌属的相对丰度,提高假诺卡氏菌属的相对丰度.有机肥+磷细菌肥处理能够提高放线菌的Shannon-Wiener和Simpson多样性指数,对Pielou均匀度指数影响较小.RDA结果显示,土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾、碱解氮是造成复垦土壤放线菌群落丰度和多样性差异的主要原因.综上认为,有机肥+磷细菌肥处理对复垦土壤放线菌群落的提高作用明显,可以在一定程度上加快土壤的熟化进程.     

Microbial relationships in surface-mine revegetation

The establishment and interrelationships of microorganisms with soil and plant processes during reclamation are greatly influenced by the composition of the planting medium and vegetation practices. While in some instances the parent material may be used as the vegetation medium, the practice of topsoiling, particularly the direct haul method, may be beneficial in introducing microorganisms and improving the quality of the plant growth medium of spoils that are chemically or physically less desirable than the native soils. The influence of different vegetation types on soil development on surface mines may be a reflection of physioiogical differences that affect microbial development in the rhizosphere. Such differences include levels of carbohydrate translocated to the root system and/or released into the surrounding soil; the plant's effectiveness as a mycorrhizal host; and the rate of degradation of plant residues. It has become apparent that microbial interactions are an important part of plant and soil processes in reclamation. While some of the microorganisms important in plant growth and soil development can be introduced readily by management practices, the majority usually are disseminated by natural means and only gradually become a part of the microbial population. More research is needed on developing new methods or refining current procedures for early introduction of these microorganisms in reclamation practices.     

Microbial relationships in surface-mine revegetation

The establishment and interrelationships of microorganisms with soil and plant processes during reclamation are greatly influenced by the composition of the planting medium and vegetation practices. While in some instances the parent material may be used as the vegetation medium, the practice of topsoiling, particularly the direct haul method, may be beneficial in introducing microorganisms and improving the quality of the plant growth medium of spoils that are chemically or physically less desirable than the native soils. The influence of different vegetation types on soil development on surface mines may be a reflection of physioiogical differences that affect microbial development in the rhizosphere. Such differences include levels of carbohydrate translocated to the root system and/or released into the surrounding soil; the plant's effectiveness as a mycorrhizal host; and the rate of degradation of plant residues. It has become apparent that microbial interactions are an important part of plant and soil processes in reclamation. While some of the microorganisms important in plant growth and soil development can be introduced readily by management practices, the majority usually are disseminated by natural means and only gradually become a part of the microbial population. More research is needed on developing new methods or refining current procedures for early introduction of these microorganisms in reclamation practices.     

Wildlife and coal development: An overview

This paper briefly reviews the changes which have occurred in the past three hundred years in the public's attitudes toward our Nation's natural resources, particularly the wildlife resources. It discusses how these changing attitudes have contributed to today's surface coal mine reclamation laws which require that the disturbed land be restored to a level of productivity equal to or greater than that which occurred before mining. This paper stresses the need to manage each reclamation site on an ecosystem basis, recognizing the interrelationships of all the resource components. This paper emphasizes both the fundamental importance of the holistic approach to mine site reclamation and the responsibility that the wildlife biologist has to see to it that wildlife habitat considerations are incorporated into each phase of the reclamation plan. Brief management considerations are given to three unique reclamation habitat types; riparian, agriculture and forest.     

The German Wadden Sea coast: reclamation and environmental protection

Why did the reclamation of tidal marshes along the German Wadden Sea coast continue until the 1990s while the country is known for its awareness of the need for environmental protection? A study of the recently adopted reclamation policy in Schleswig-Holstein indicates that since the 1960s, the primary objective of embankments along the coast has been for coastal defence. While focusing their attention on this policy from the late 1970s, environmentalists have been objecting against any reclamation projects. Their main argument has been the ecological richness of the tidal marshes and the negative effects of embankments on the Wadden Sea. During the 1990s, objections from environmentalists, together with the fruition of the Coastal Defence Plan, recent economic factors, new legislation and sea level rise have led to a gradual decline of reclamation projects along the German Wadden Sea coast.     

洞庭湖区湿地综合资源管理与复合生态系统建设

通过对洞庭湖区湿地衰退原因与特征的分析,提出合理开发湿地资源必须强化湿地整体管理,控制湿地开发规模,适度退田还湖还蓄（洪区）,调整农业布局与种植制度,走集约持续发展之路,建设复合高效湿地生态系统;进行适应洪涝灾害发生规律的避洪、耐渍型生态设计,建立适应浅水水体、湖洲和低湖渍害田的复合高效生态工程模式。     

围填海的海洋环境影响国内外研究进展

围填海是通过人工修筑堤坝、填埋土石方等工程措施将天然海域空间改变成陆地以拓展社会经济发展空间的人类活动,它是当前我国海岸开发利用的主要形式。大规模围填海在产生巨大的社会经济效益的同时,也给海洋生态环境造成了深远的影响,受到了国内外学者的广泛关注。文章在系统收集了国内外围填海的海洋环境影响研究报道成果的基础上,分别从：①围填海对滨海地形地貌、湿地景观的影响研究;②围填海对近岸海域水动力环境的影响研究;③围填海对滨海湿地退化与生态功能的影响研究;④围填海对近岸海洋生态系统结构与功能的影响;⑤围填海对海洋渔业资源衰退的影响等5个方面深入分析了围填海的海洋环境影响国内外研究进展及其存在的主要问题。并剖析了加强围填海的海洋环境监测与评估,实施围填海的海洋生态环境修复与生态补偿等国际围填海研究新趋势。针对围填海的海洋环境影响国内外研究现状和发展趋势,提出加强对集中连片围填海区域的长期累积效应研究、加强围填海对海洋生态环境结构功能影响过程及机理研究、加强多学科交叉在围填海海洋环境影响方面的综合研究等相关建议。     

Regional assessment of plant growth problems for colliery spoil reclamation

The data on plant growth conditions collected for 34 sites in the Barnsley and South Yorkshire Areas of the National Coal Board are analysed using methods of ordination and numerical classification in order to display the regional variations of plant growth characteristics. The potential value of such regional analyses and the manner in which such information could be used by reclamation agencies is discussed and a detailed example is presented for one site. The complete methodology and its limitations are reviewed and the implications for planning of reclamation projects discussed.     

关于有序填海的思路与方法

填海造陆在扩展土地和发展经济的同时也对海岸带环境造成了不利影响。将有序人类活动贯穿于整个填海造陆过程,通过科学合理的规划、组织和实施而进行有序填海,从而增加填海造陆的积极效应,限制其破坏性影响,是实现海岸带可持续发展的必由之路。整体性、矛盾论、动态平衡和因地制宜是有序填海的基本观点。要实现有序填海,首先必须在对填海造陆的效益和损失进行科学评价的基础上进行可行性论证,然后制定不同尺度的填海规划并确定填海造陆的适宜规模,最后利用一系列有效方法加以实施,包括：维护海岸带自然系统功能、完善监督管理制度、实行生态补偿与生态系统重建、加速改良填海区环境等。     

Reclamation of bentonite mined lands in the northern great plains

Ninety percent of the nation's supply of bentonite is mined in Montana, South Dakota and Wyoming. These lands are difficult to reclaim because of the chemical and physical properties of the soil/spoil material and the arid/semiarid climate of the area. Replacement of the limited topsoil available has shown some benefit but supplies are generally inadequate. The use of inorganic amendments, such as sulfuric acid, gypsum, calcium chloride, vermiculite and perlite, have not shown consistent benefits in plant establishment and growth. Organic amendments; sawmill wood residues, straw and manure, have provided the greatest benefits in the reclamation of bentonite mined lands. Cultural and management practices are important in determining the long-term success of these reclaimed lands. Reclamation technology development for bentonite mined lands is recent and limited and the refinement and application of such technology will depend on increased activity and cooperation among researchers, regulators and the mining industry.     

Reclamation of bentonite mined lands in the northern great plains

Ninety percent of the nation's supply of bentonite is mined in Montana, South Dakota and Wyoming. These lands are difficult to reclaim because of the chemical and physical properties of the soil/spoil material and the arid/semiarid climate of the area. Replacement of the limited topsoil available has shown some benefit but supplies are generally inadequate. The use of inorganic amendments, such as sulfuric acid, gypsum, calcium chloride, vermiculite and perlite, have not shown consistent benefits in plant establishment and growth. Organic amendments; sawmill wood residues, straw and manure, have provided the greatest benefits in the reclamation of bentonite mined lands. Cultural and management practices are important in determining the long-term success of these reclaimed lands. Reclamation technology development for bentonite mined lands is recent and limited and the refinement and application of such technology will depend on increased activity and cooperation among researchers, regulators and the mining industry.