饮水除氟剂的应用

本文对国内饮水除氟剂的研究和应用现状进行了综述，对常用絮凝剂和滤料的除氟性能、适宜条件及应用情况进行了简要比较，同时对近期研制和生产的新除氟剂，如ＣＦ－１，ＰＣ８５－３，６２１０，以及新型除氟滤料，如ＧＴ，ＳＢＣ，ＣＦ型微型过滤管、蛇纹石、ＵＲ－３７００螯合树脂等的除氟效果进行了讨论。     

新型饮用水除氟材料Bio-F除氟机制研究

采用了SEM、BET、FT-IR、XRD等现代分析测试方法,研究了Bio-F的表面微观结构及吸附氟离子机制.结果表明,Bio-F吸附氟离子后比表面积由12.411m2·g-1减少为10.692m2·g-1,平均孔容减少了0.004 cm3·g-1,最可几孔径分布在1.88nm左右.Bio-F吸附氟离子的过程包括离子交换和吸附作用,吸附方式包括物理吸附和化学吸附,离子交换时材料与氟离子结合可能形成Ca10(PO4)5CO3(OH)F.     

用于降氟的亚粘土改性方法与吸附作用机理研究

研究了改性方法和改性条件对用于降氟的亚粘土除氟性能的影响,得出了每 种改性方法的最佳改性条件,探讨了改性亚粘土的吸附机理,研究表明,改性亚粘土除氟率高、工业产换容量大,除氟率最高达１００％,最大工作交换容量达２４３．３０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１,改性亚粘土降氟功能归因子于所含针铁矿和伊利石对于Ｆ＾－的专性吸附。     

粘土改性条件的研究Ⅱ.沸石的改性

考察了改性沸石的CTMAB加入量、CTMAB溶液浓度和吸附时间对CTMAB吸附量的影响 .测得沸石对CTMAB的饱和吸附容量为 6 5 0 0± 1 0 0mg·1 0 0g- 1沸石 ,明显高于改性膨润土的饱和吸附量 ,吸附符合Langmuir吸附特征 . 2 5℃时 ,当CTMAB的加入量为沸石饱和吸附容量的 1 1— 1 2倍 ,CTMAB溶液浓度≥ 1 6mg·ml- 1,吸附时间超过 6h时 ,沸石基本达到饱和吸附 .考察了有机沸石对于水中BTEX的去除效果 .并对沸石和膨润土的性质进行了比较 .     

改性斜发沸石在水处理中的应用

斜发沸石钠改性后能明显提高对Cu2 ,Pb2 ,Cd2 等重金属离子的交换能力,交换顺序为Cu2 ＞Pb2 ＞Cd2 ,对Cu2 -Pb2 和Cd2 -Pb2 混合体系有较好的分离效果.斜发沸石经铁活化后吸附水中F-的能力明显改善,吸附容量从57.0mg·kg-1提高到420.5mg·kg-1,吸附行为能满足Frendlich等温方程,是吸热过程,属异种电荷吸附方式和阴离子交换方式共存的化学吸附.斜发沸石经微波磷改性后,沸石骨架上的P原子能部分取代Si和Al原子形成Si-O-P 结构,具有阴离子交换能力,对水中As(Ⅲ)的吸附能力明显提高,吸附为放热过程,吸附机理为沸石骨架配位阴离子与水中As(Ⅲ)阴离子交换过程.     

微波法磷改性斜发沸石的结构及水中除砷的研究

采用固固相、固液相同晶取代对斜发沸石进行微波法磷改性，并对改性前后的矿样采用化学分析，XRD，^31P MAS NMR等手段表征。结果表明，虽然微波磷改性不能改变沸石单斜晶系的主体骨架结构，但由于脱Al，脱Si和P同晶取代，使晶胞体积收缩，结晶度下降，比表面积、孔体积明显减小，骨架中Si和Al的键合方式发生变化，有四配位硅的Si—O—P结构出现，该结构是沸石阴离子交换的结构基础。沸石去除水中砷的结果表明，改性前，沸石去除水中砷的能力很小，属表面物理吸附，改性后，沸石去除水中砷的能力明显增强，属阴离子交换。而且水介质的酸度和同晶取代方法对沸石除砷都有明显影响。     

改性活性氧化铝除磷性能的试验

为提高活性氧化铝对废水中磷的去除效果,以硫酸铝为改性剂,采用浸渍法对其进行改性;测定了改性前后活性氧化铝的比表面积及孔容孔径;考察了吸附时间、pH、废水初始浓度、改性剂投加量等因素对去除废水中磷的影响;探讨了改性活性氧化铝对磷的吸附机理.结果表明,改性后活性氧化铝的比表面积为398.364 m2/g,提高了14.22%...     

改性斜发沸石吸附水中氨氮的研究

研究了改性斜发沸石对水中氨氮的吸附行为，考察了pH值，氨氮初始浓度以及竞争阳离子等对钠型沸石吸附氨氮的影响，同时进行了钠型沸石的吸附动力学研究。结果表明，采用饱和氯化钠改性制备得到的钠型沸石具有较大的饱和吸附容量，受氨氮初始浓度和溶液pH值的影响，钠型沸石吸附氨氮的行为在YNH4^ =0.5时发生偏离，竞争阳离子的存在在不同程度上抑制了钠型沸石对氨氮的吸附。钠型沸石吸附氨氮的行为在YNH4^ ＝0．5时发生偏离。竞争阳离子的存在在不同程度上抑制了钠型沸石对氨氮的吸附。钠型沸石吸附氨氮速度的控制步骤是内扩散步骤，可采用Vermeulen吸附模型加以描述。     

天然沸石对溶液中氨氮吸附特性的研究

为了探讨天然沸石对NH4 的吸附规律,以浙江缙云出产的粒径为2~3.2mm的天然斜发沸石为实验材料,进行吸附等温线实验和吸附动力学实验。结果表明,实验沸石对NH4 的吸附等温线符合Langmuir公式,且对氨氮吸附量的极限值为1.624mol·kg-1;实验沸石对NH4 的吸附反应符合一级动力学方程,反应速率常数为0.1882h-1。通过监测溶液中各阳离子浓度的变化,可确定沸石晶体内与NH4 进行交换的主要离子为Ca2 和Na ,二者占交换总量的96%以上;在交换反应初期,出现了由于沸石晶体中的离子在固液两相中的再分配所造成的离子交换的不等量现象。     

NaCl改性人造沸石去除废水中氨氮的性能及其影响因素

采用NaCl溶液对人造沸石进行改性处理,考察NaCl溶液浓度对改性效果的影响.通过表面特征分析、静态吸附试验及吸附等温分析,进一步比较了人造沸石和改性人造沸石对氨氮的吸附去除性能.由X射线衍射(XRD)分析可知,沸石经改性后表面变粗糙,同时出现NaCl晶体特征衍射峰.试验结果表明,1.0 mol·L-1NaCl溶液对人造沸石的改性效果最佳;在沸石用量为1.0 g(50 mL废水)、氨氮浓度为10 mol·L-1、反应时间为40 min、反应温度为25℃和pH值为6.52条件下,改性人造沸石对氨氮的吸附效果最佳,去除率为96.02％.Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程均可较好地拟合2种沸石对氨氮的吸附过程.改性人造沸石对氨氮的吸附饱和容量(21.46 mg·g-1)远大于人造沸石(9.03 mg·g-1).     

Enhanced nitrogen removal reliability and efficiency in integrated constructed wetland microcosms using zeolite

The purpose of this study is to reduce the seasonal fluctuation and enhance the efficiency of nitrogen removal in vertical flow-horizontal subsurface flow (VF-HSF) constructed wetlands. Two sets of VF-HSF constructed wetlands were built, VF1-HSF1 and VF2-HSF2, and a zeolite section was placed in VF2. The results showed that VF2-HSF2 compared to VF1-HSF1 was not only a more reliable nitrogen removal method, but also enhanced the nitrogen removal efficiency by 50%. The average apparent rate of nitrogen removal in VF2-HSF2 reached to 2.52 gN·m^-3·d^-1, which doubled the rate in VF1-HSF1. Plant uptake and organic nitrogen sediment accounted for 12% and 6% of the total nitrogen removal in VF1-HSF1, respectively, and 10% and 4% in VF2-HSF2, respectively. Biologic nitrogen removal was the dominant mechanism, which accounted for 79% and 87% of the total nitrogen removal in VF1-HSF1 and VF2-HSF2, respectively. Ammonia adsorbed by zeolite during the cold seasons was desorbed, and then nitrified in warm seasons, which resulted in a bioregeneration efficiency of 91%. Zeolite in VF was capable of transferring ammonia from cold seasons to warm seasons as well as enhancing nitrification, which was accompanied by high potential denitrification in HSF that reinforced the efficiency and relieved seasonal fluctuation of nitrogen removal in VF-HSF.     

The removal of arsenic from water with natural and modified clinoptilolite

The presence of increased arsenic concentrations in Eastern Croatia is a consequence of the geological composition of the soil. Because of its known harmful effects, arsenic removal is of high importance and adsorption represents an attractive and economically efficient approach to arsenic removal. The use of zeolites obtained from the Donje Jesenje deposit, Croatia (CZ) and the Zlatokop deposit in Vranjska Banja, Serbia (SZ) in Na- and Fe–Na-modified forms was investigated in order to effectively remove arsenate and arsenite from aqueous solutions. The adsorption kinetics of arsenic was studied as a function of the initial arsenate and arsenite concentrations (30–300 μg · L^?1), equilibration time (3–48 h), pH (5–10) and in the presence of sulfate and phosphate at initial concentrations of 0.2–0.5 mg · L^?1. In order to estimate sorption constants designating the sorption capacity and affinity of the zeolites samples, the experimental results were fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich sorption isotherms. Desorption tests conducted with 1–3 mol · L^?1 HCl indicated that arsenate sorption was irreversible. The results obtained indicated that use of the Serbian zeolite in the Fe–Na-modified form (Fe–Na-SZ) was favourable for arsenate removal from water containing up to 30 μg As · L^?1.     

Pollutant removal by an integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland treating simulated river water by reoxygenation

The effects and mechanism of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen, and phosphorus concentration removal by an integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland were studied in the wetland system during one inlet–outlet operating period, in two typical stages (each stage is connective 24 h, sampled once every 4 h). The concentration of ammonia decreased along the flow direction in the system, while levels of nitrate (NO₃^?-N) increased. In one operating period, total nitrogen (TN) concentration fell with rising operation time due to evacuative reoxygenation. The TN and NH₃-N removal rates in the system were 26.6% and 97.5%, respectively. COD decreased rapidly in the early stages and more gradually in the direction of water flow of the wetland system. Average total phosphorus (TP) removal rate was 20.71%. TN and NO₃^?-N levels in water of the wetland had a tendency to decline gradually with increasing operation time. Ammonia concentrations displayed only a small variation with operation time. The results also indicated that the wetland was able to maintain its temperature. The oxygen content differed during the various operating stages and exerted a marked influence on COD, TP, and TN removal.     

Amelioration of fluoride toxicity by vitamins and calcium on reproductive organs of female rat

Normal female rats of Wistar strain (Rattus norvegicus) weighing between 150–200 g were treated with fluoride (Fl) contaminated drinking water (FW, 5.8 ppm), vitamin C (6 mg) and vitamin C (6 mg) + D (6 mg once a week) + calcium (6 mg) for 30 days. Fl water treatment to rats produced reduction in weights of ovaries, uterus, vagina, kidneys, and adrenal glands, circulating levels of estrogen, number of litters, fertility rate, and altered tissue and serum biochemistry compared to control rats. However, cholesterol concentrations of ovaries and adrenals increased significantly. The above altered parameters were restored partially/completely after exogenous feeding with vitamin C and vitamins (C + D) and calcium. The data suggest that Fl-induced adverse effects on reproductive and other organs in female rats, whereas vitamin C, vitamin D and calcium treatment ameliorated Fl toxicity. Therefore, vitamins (C and D) and calcium play an important role in prophylactic treatment of fluorosis.     

两种盐复合改性活性氧化铝对水中氟的吸附特性

采用Fe2(SO4)3和Al2(SO4)3两种盐对活性氧化铝进行改性,通过静态吸附实验,研究了改性活性氧化铝对水中氟离子的吸附特性及影响因素.改性后的活性氧化铝吸附容量显著提高,25℃下吸附容量达到6.25 mg·g-1.改性活性氧化铝对氟的吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学模型,吸附等温线更符合Langmuir等温吸附规律.吸附过程ΔG0<0、ΔH0>0、ΔS0>0,表明改性吸附剂对氟的吸附是自发的,是吸热、熵增加的反应.吸附最佳p H值为6,吸附过程中,共存PO3-4对吸附效果影响最大.     

Single and multiple daily dose toxicokinetics of fluoride after oral administration of sodium fluoride along with aluminum sulfate in goats

Our previous study suggested that toxicokinetic parameters of fluoride were significantly changed on the 30th day as compared with 1st day, after repeated oral administration of sodium fluoride alone for 30 days in goats. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether aluminum sulfate has ameliorative effect on the toxicokinetics of fluoride. For this, sodium fluoride (20 mg kg^?1 b. wt.) along with aluminum sulfate (150 mg kg^?1 b. wt.) was administered in goats for 30 days to investigate its effect on toxicokinetics of fluoride on days 1 and 30. The fluoride levels against time were adequately described by one compartment open model. The peak plasma level of fluoride was observed at 2 h. The toxicokinetics data revealed a nonsignificant decrease in β (elimination rate constant) and C _max (the maximum plasma concentration) and increase in t _1/2 K _a (absorption half-lives), t _1/2 β (elimination half-lives), area under the plasma (AUC) concentration versus time curve and mean residence time (MRT) was observed for the last dose from their respective first dose values. On the basis of changes in the toxicokinetic parameters, it was concluded that repeated oral administration has cumulative effect on plasma fluoride level and concurrent oral administration of aluminum sulfate has ameliorative action on the toxicokinetics of fluoride in goats.     

溶藻菌对受污染水源水除藻及脱氮特性研究

针对我国水源地藻类污染日趋严重等问题,利用前期分离获得的溶藻菌Streptomyces sp.HJC-D1研究固定化微生物技术强化污染水源水除藻以及脱氮性能。结果表明,对照组和试验组的水体叶绿素a平均去除率分别为（71.66±5.35）%和（80.94±4.36）%,NH4＋—N的平均去除率为（77.76±2.83）%和（72.36±3.18）%,而高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）平均去除率为（24.99±1.52）%和（18.74±1.38）%;不同曝气条件的影响研究发现,曝气/停曝时间比2：4、曝气量60 L.h-1工况下,系统CODMn和NH4＋—N去除率均有所提高,相比对照组NO3-—N积累更为明显;水力停留时间（HRT）变化对系统NH4＋—N、CODMn等的去除影响不大,但缩短HRT时叶绿素a去除率有所降低;分析反应器内填料表面微生物相发现,试验组填料表面有溶藻菌富集,推测对照组除藻主要通过填料对藻类的吸附去除,而试验组则是藻类吸附在填料表面后通过溶藻微生物实现藻类去除。     

改性硅藻土的制备、表征及其在富营养化水体除磷中的应用

利用吉林原土和FeCl3作为主要原料,制备应用于抑制湖泊富营养化的除磷材料—改性硅藻土,并利用物理吸附仪、扫描电镜、射线粉末衍射仪（XRD）等对改性硅藻土进行表征,此外,探讨了吸附时间、pH以及温度等对改性硅藻土除磷性能的影响。结果显示：（1）经改性后,硅藻土中Fe元素的含量有所增加,杂质含量则有所降低;微孔明显增多,孔径增大,表面负载一定量的颗粒物,粗糙度增大,比表面积较原硅藻土增大6倍。（2）在水体除磷应用中,当吸附时间达到20min时,吸附趋向平衡;在酸性条件下改性硅藻土的除磷效果好于碱性条件下的除磷效果;在25℃下改性硅藻土对磷的吸附能力较其他温度下强;（3）Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程都能较好地描述硅藻土对磷的等温吸附特征,用Freundlich吸附等温方程来描述改性硅藻土对水中磷的吸附更为准确。     

天然沸石对农田退水中氨氮的去除

利用静态吸附实验研究了沸石颗粒大小、氨氮初始浓度、接触时间及Na+离子浓度等因素对天然白银沸石去除模拟黄灌区农田退水中氨氮(NH4+-N)效果的影响,同时研究了吸附等温线特征,并考察了其吸附机理.研究结果表明,沸石颗粒大小、接触时间及NH4+和Na+初始浓度对NH4+-N交换容量都会产生一定影响;根据复相关系数(R2),NH4+-N的吸附等温线更符合三参数等温线模型;而对于两参数等温线模型,Langmuir模型比Freundlich模型能更好地描述NH4+-N在天然沸石上的离子交换过程;NH4+-N吸附实验数据与Elovich模型拟合最好(R2≥0.9766).研究结果表明了天然白银沸石是一种适合NH4+-N去除的离子交换剂,可用于黄灌区农田退水中NH4+-N的去除.     

巯基硅烷改性氧化石墨对砷的吸附性能

为提高氧化石墨(GO)对砷的吸附能力,以3-巯基丙基三甲氧基硅烷为改性剂,制备了巯基改性的氧化石墨(GO-SH),考察其对水中砷的吸附性能.采用单因素实验法考察了初始pH值、吸附剂投加量、温度等对吸附效果的影响,拟合了吸附等温线,并研究了吸附动力学和吸附热力学规律.实验结果表明,在最优条件下,GO-SH对初始浓度为4 mg.L-1的砷去除率达到97.7%;吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型,45℃时由Langmuir模型得到的饱和吸附量(Qm)为24.45 mg.g-1;吸附动力学符合准二级模型,内扩散模型符合高浓度砷的吸附动力学;热力学研究表明,吸附过程是自发吸热的反应,以化学吸附为主.