油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。     

建筑安全管理的系统定义与评价

在系统论与控制论的背景下，定义建筑安全管理作为社会时效系统的控制模型、应用评价方程式，既可以定量地评价各种条件下建筑安全管理的绩效，又可以指导社会与企业建筑安全管理工作，实现建筑安全管理工作科学化与规范化。     

Potentially preventable prehospital deaths from motor vehicle collisions

Background: In 2011, about 30,000 people died in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) in the United States. We sought to evaluate the causes of prehospital deaths related to MVCs and to assess whether these deaths were potentially preventable.

Methods: Miami–Dade Medical Examiner records for 2011 were reviewed for all prehospital deaths of occupants of 4-wheeled motor vehicle collisions. Injuries were categorized by affected organ and anatomic location of the body. Cases were reviewed by a panel of 2 trauma surgeons to determine cause of death and whether the death was potentially preventable. Time to death and hospital arrival times were determined using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data from 2002 to 2012, which allowed comparison of our local data to national prevalence estimates.

Results: Local data revealed that 39% of the 98 deaths reviewed were potentially preventable (PPD). Significantly more patients with PPD had neurotrauma as a cause of death compared to those with a nonpreventable death (NPD) (44.7% vs. 25.0%, P =.049). NPDs were significantly more likely to have combined neurotrauma and hemorrhage as cause of death compared to PPDs (45.0% vs. 10.5%, P <.001). NPDs were significantly more likely to have injuries to the chest, pelvis, or spine. NPDs also had significantly more injuries to the following organ systems: lung, cardiac, and vascular chest (all P <.05). In the nationally representative FARS data from 2002 to 2012, 30% of deaths occurred on scene and another 32% occurred within 1 h of injury. When comparing the 2011 FARS data for Miami–Dade to the remainder of the United States in that year, percentage of deaths when reported on scene (25 vs. 23%, respectively) and within 1 h of injury (35 vs. 32%, respectively) were similar.

Conclusions: Nationally, FARS data demonstrated that two thirds of all MVC deaths occurred within 1 h of injury. Over a third of prehospital MVC deaths were potentially preventable in our local sample. By examining injury patterns in PPDs, targeted intervention may be initiated.     

空气气氛下木材表观热解动力学

研究了空气气氛下马尾松和楠木的树叶、树皮和树干试样的热解过程,发现每种试样的热解均包含两步主要的失重过程,在600℃时总失重均达90%以上.利用积分方法建立了适用于所有试样的两阶段一级动力学模型,实验失重曲线较好地符合模型计算出的失重曲线.     

胶粘剂对芳纶无纬布防弹性能的影响

通过物理共混的方法,将固化剂及消泡剂加入到丙烯酸酯胶粘剂中,从而改善丙烯酸酯胶粘剂织造的无纬布表面粘手及不平整的问题,并利用电子拉力实验机对无纬布进行力学性能测试。研究表明：固化剂的添加可明显提高布样的粘结强度,并且布样的表面不粘手;消泡剂的添加能够明显改善布样的表观质量,布样表面平整、无气泡;添加固化剂可提高布样的力学性能,同时还可提高了材料的防弹性能,子弹穿透层数减少,布样的平均凹陷明显降低,减少了对人体的二次钝伤。     

地铁事故应急疏散模拟及优化研究

为探究如何提高地铁车站应急疏散的效率,以我国近十年来地铁常见事故类型统计为基础,在事故风险分析的前提下,利用风险矩阵和元胞自动机设定应急疏散等级,分析不同事故水平下相应疏散措施。以北京地铁西直门站为实例,使用疏散仿真软件Pathfinder构建模拟环境,对高峰时期下站内最短逃生路径进行疏散模拟;按照事故与疏散的响应过程,从预防次生事故角度出发,针对西直门站疏散过程中可能发生的踩踏事故的诱发因素进行优化;研究拥堵对疏散进度的具体影响,选取使用率较低的M通道设施,进行不同使用率下的多次模拟,得到最优的疏散方案,研究结果可为进一步提高疏散设施利用率、改善应急疏散效果提供技术支持。     

不同通风条件下密闭空间CO2泄漏及排散过程模拟研究

为了探究密闭空间内通风对气体泄漏扩散过程的影响,基于FLACS模拟软件,对密闭空间内CO2泄漏及排散过程进行模拟,探讨入风口、出风口相对位置对泄漏及排散过程的影响。研究结果表明:入风口高度与出风口高度越高,越有利于CO2气体排散,应急排散时间更短;入风口位于屋顶时,CO2排散效果最好。     

基于DEMATEL/ISM的深水井喷风险影响因素研究*

为提高深水井喷事故风险管理水平,提出研究深水井喷风险影响因素的分析方法。从技术、人员、环境和管理4个方面,识别深水井喷事故风险致因因素,建立深水井喷事故风险评价指标体系;运用矩阵决策实验室分析法（DEMATEL）,研究风险因素之间的相互影响关系,计算不同风险因素的中心度和原因度,确定关键风险因素;进一步基于解释结构模型（ISM）划分不同影响因素的层次结构,分析风险因素之间的综合影响关系,建立深水井喷事故风险影响因素模型。结果表明:层级1为近邻致因,可直接导致井喷事故的发生;层级2~7为过渡致因,在风险传递过程中起到桥梁作用,对井喷事故的直接影响较小;而层级8则为本质致因,重视本质致因的改善有利于从根源上降低井喷事故的风险。研究结果可为深水井喷事故风险的预防和控制提供理论依据。     

化工企业DVR风险分析模型的构建及应用——基于公共安全三角形模型*

为对化工企业风险进行评价,根据公共安全三角形理论,从危险源破坏性、目标脆弱性和应急处置可恢复性3个方面建立风险分析模型。在危险源破坏性上,从事故发生可能性和事故后果危险性2个方面进行讨论并得出可能性和危险性系数。在目标脆弱性上,建立人和物的脆弱性计算模型得出目标脆弱性的系数。设立应急管理指标,结合专家评分得出应急处置可恢复性系数。将各系数归一化相乘得到化工安全风险分析整合系数,建立基于危险源破坏性（Destructiveness）、目标脆弱性（Vulnerability）、应急处置可恢复性（Recoverability）的DVR风险分析模型,并进行应用实例分析。结果表明:该模型在化工企业的风险评价中具有一定的实用性。     

微波作用下煤层渗透性变化规律实验研究

为了深入研究微波辐射条件下功率、辐射时间、渗透率、有效应力之间的关系,采用自行设计的微波辐射含瓦斯煤渗流实验系统,进行了不同微波功率、不同辐射时间条件下的煤样渗透率测量实验。研究结果表明:微波辐射条件下,渗透率与有效应力之间遵循负指数函数关系,拟合结果R2均大于0.98;渗透率随微波功率和辐射时间的增加单调递增,并且在低有效应力区数据增长的线性拟合斜率大于高有效应力区;煤样在微波作用下,相同的能量输入,微波功率越高,煤样渗透率越大;研究结果为微波辐射技术在煤层气开采领域的应用提供理论参考。     

地铁突发事件下乘客疏散行为调查研究

地铁作为现代化的城市轨道交通工具,一旦发生突发事故,其社会影响力十分巨大。了解和掌握乘客在地铁突发事件下的疏散行为特征,是地铁运营企业制定有效的应急疏散方案,合理快速的组织乘客疏散至安全区域的前提条件。本文将利用调查问卷和统计分析方法,对南方某城市地铁两个车站的乘客在突发事件下的疏散安全行为进行调查和统计分析。