Occurrence and behaviour of 4-nonylphenol in river water of Germany

An analytical method composed of solid-phase-extraction (SPE) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been developed to investigate the occurrence and the behaviour of the endocrine disruptor 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in river water of Germany. 16 Para-isomers of the complex mixture of 4-NP isomers have been resolved in the SPE-extracts of river water samples. The mass spectra indicate the presence of four distinct groups of isomers. The different groups are characterised by different base peaks of the mass spectra dependent on the substitution of the alpha-carbon on the alkyl chain. The different isomers show (i) alpha-methyl, alpha-ethyl (base peak 149), (ii) alpha-dimethyl (base peak 135), (iii) alpha-methyl, alpha-propyl, alpha-butyl (base peak 121) and (iv) alpha-methyl, alpha-propyl, alpha-butyl (base peak 107) configuration of the alkyl chain. The recovery of the unbranched compound 4-n-NP was > or = 90%. Detection limit and determination limit of the whole analytical procedure were 6 ng L(-1) and 25 ng L(-1), respectively with a relative standard deviation of 11.7%. The concentration of the sum of the 4-NP isomers in all samples of river water ranged from 28 ng L(-1) (Elbe River) to 1220 ng L(-1)(Oder River). In a period of a higher river water level, a higher amount of 4-NP was detected in the Oder River than in a period of a lower water level. Therefore dilution was not the determinant factor of the 4-NP concentration in river water. The diurnal dynamics of the sewage treatment works (STWs) have to be considered as an influencing factor for the presence of 4-NP in river water.     

Modulations in the levels of respiration and ions in carp Cyprinus carpio (L.) exposed to cypermethrin

This paper reports an investigation of the sublethal toxicity of cypermethrin (20 µg/l) on the levels of respiration and selected ions in tissues of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). A significant decrease in O ₂ consumption and ions was observed in gill, brain, liver and muscle tissues of cypermethrinexposed fish. The decreased rate of O ₂ consumption may be due to inhibition of oxidative enzymes during cypermethrin stress.     

Study of seasonal variations and health risk assessment of heavy metals in Cyprinus carpio from Rawal Lake,Pakistan

This study was carried out to find out the comparative distribution of heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co, Cr, Cd and Pb) in various tissues (muscles, gills, liver, stomach and intestine) of Cyprinus carpio from Rawal Lake, Pakistan, during summer and winter. Relatively higher concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe and Zn were found in the stomach samples, while the highest Pb and Zn levels were noted in muscle and intestine samples, respectively. Correlation study exhibited diverse relationships among the metals in various tissues. Generally, the metal concentrations found during the summer were comparatively higher than the winter. Potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks related to the metals in C. carpio were evaluated using the US Environmental Protection Agency approved cancer risk assessment guidelines. The calculated daily and weekly intakes of Pb, Cd, Cr and Co through the fish consumption were significantly higher than the permissible limits. In relation to the non-carcinogenic risks to human, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co and Zn levels were higher than the safe limits; however, carcinogenic risks related to Cr (3.9?×?10^?3 during summer and 1.1?×?10^?3 during winter) and Pb (2.6?×?10^?4 during summer and 1.5?×?10^-4 during winter) clearly exceeded the safe limit (1?×?10^?6). Consequently, the consumption of C. carpio from Rawal Lake on regular basis was considered unsafe.     

Alterations in the Levels of Ions in Blood and Liver of Freshwater Fish, Cyprinus carpio var. communis Exposed to Dimethoate

The fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio var. communis were exposed to sublethal concentration of dimethoate for 7, 14 days to evaluate the impact of the pesticide dimethoate on different ions namely sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium. The blood potassium, calcium, magnesium and liver chloride and magnesium levels were elevated under sublethal condition. The blood sodium, chloride and liver sodium, potassium, and calcium levels were found to be significantly decreased.     

Seasonal and spatial distribution of 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A in the Huangpu River and its tributaries, Shanghai, China

The seasonal variations and spatial distributions of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), 4-nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) in surface waters, suspended solids and surface sediments in the Huangpu River and its tributaries (Suzhou River and Yunzao Brook) were firstly investigated. The mean concentrations of OP, NP and BPA in the three rivers were 10.59, 120.96 and 22.93 ng L^?1 in surface waters, 199.87, 2,300.87 and 84.11 ng g^?1 in suspended solids and 9.49, 119.44 and 7.13 ng g^?1 dry weight in surface sediments, respectively. The concentrations of NP and OP were higher in summer than in winter in the suspended solids and surface sediments, while the reverse was true in surface waters. Similarly, the levels of BPA were lower in summer than in winter in surface sediments, while the opposite was true in surface waters and suspended solids. These seasonal variations might be attributed to temperature and stream flows. High levels of OP, NP and BPA were found in surrounding river intersections, residential and industrial areas. Their concentrations decreased gradually with increasing distance from those areas, while the lowest levels were measured in near less urbanized and agricultural areas. These phenomena might indicate that the stream current and pollutant source were the major factors that affect the spatial distributions of OP, NP and BPA in the three rivers. Ecological risk assessment indicated that NP was the only one of the three pollutants with the potential to influence local aquatic organisms. The results of this study provide scientific support for control of these pollutants.     

HPLC-FLD determination of 4-nonylphenol and 4-<Emphasis Type="Italic">tert</Emphasis>-octylphenol in surface water samples

A simple, sensitive and reliable HPLC-FLD method for the routine determination of 4-nonylphenol, 4-NP and 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-t-OP content in water samples was developed. The method consists in a liquid–liquid extraction of the target analytes with dichloromethane at pH  3.0–3.5 followed by the HPLC-FLD analysis of the organic extract using a Zorbax Eclipse XDB C8 column, isocratic elution with a mixed solvent acetonitrile/water 65:35, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and applying a column temperature of 40°C. The method was validated and then applied with good results for the determination of 4-NP and 4-t-OP in Ialomi?a River water samples collected each month during 2006. The concentration levels of 4-NP and 4-t-OP vary between 0.08–0.17 μg/L with higher values of 0.24–0.37 μg/L in the summer months for 4-NP, and frequently <0.05 μg/L but also between 0.06–0.09 μg/L with higher values of 0.12–0.16 μg/L in July and August for 4-t-OP and were strongly influenced by sesonial and anthropic factors. The method was also applied on samples collected over 2 years 2007 and 2008 from urban wastewaters discharged into sewage or directly into the rivers by economic agents located in 30 Romanian towns. Good results were obtained when the method was used for analysis of effluents discharged into surface waters by 16 municipal wastewater treatment plants, during the year 2008.     

The use of bioaccumulation, biomarkers and histopathology diseases in shape Procambarus clarkii to establish bioavailability of Cd and Zn after a mining spill

Individuals of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii (males and females) were exposed simultaneously to cadmium and zinc during 21 days. Exposure concentrations were those determined at the Guadiamar river after the Aznalcóllar mining spill (SW, Spain): 10 and 30 μg L⁻¹ of cadmium and 1000 and 3000 μg L⁻¹ of zinc. Three biomarkers (MT: metallothioneins like proteins, VTG: vitellogenin/vitellin like proteins and histopathology) together with heavy metal bioaccumulation were determined in soft tissues of male and female P. clarkii. At the concentrations tested, increasing cadmium exposure resulted in increasing cadmium bioaccumulation and increasing subletal effects (induction of MT, VTG and histopathological damage in tissues). Nevertheless, although increasing zinc exposure showed increasing VTG induction and histopathological damages, not a positive relationship was determined with MT induction. Concerning to responses determined in male and female crayfishes only differences were found between sexes at the highest cadmium exposure concentration related to bioaccumulation in hepatopancreas tissues. Biomarkers responses to heavy metal contamination in this crayfish, even VTG induction not before tested in heavy metal contamination assessment in crustaceans resulted potential tools for the monitoring of heavy metal environmental contamination.     

Concentration of four heavy metals (cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic) in organs of two cyprinid fish (Cyprinus carpio and Capoeta sp.) from the Kor River (Iran)

Concentration of heavy metals in aquatic animals mainly occurs due to industrial contamination. In this study, the concentrations of four heavy metals (cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic) in organs of two cyprinid fish and in water collected from three sections of the Kor River, Iran were determined using the inductively coupled plasma method. Pathological and hormonal changes due to metal contamination were also measured. The concentrations of heavy metals in tissue of fish from the middle sampling zone were significantly higher (p?<?0.05) than those from the other two sampling zones, whereas no significant differences (p?>?0.05) were detected between the two sexes and species. High levels of metals were found in the ovaries and testes; estradiol in females and progesterone and testosterone in males from the middle study site were significantly (p?<?0.05) lower than values from the other two sites. Pathological changes in blood cells, liver, and kidneys of fishes were significantly higher in highly polluted areas (middle sampling zone). These results show that industrial activities have polluted the river and that the maximum concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Hg were higher than the permissible levels for human consumption.     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and two organochlorine pesticides (DDT and BHC) in crops irrigated with secondary treated waste water

Four crop plants Oryza sativa (rice), Solanum melongena (brinjal), Spinacea oleracea (spinach) and Raphanus sativus (radish) were grown to study the impact of secondary treated municipal waste water irrigation. These plants were grown in three plots each of 0.5 ha, and irrigated with secondary treated waste water from a sewage treatment plant. Sludge from the same sewage treatment plant was applied as manure. Cultivated plants were analyzed for accumulation of heavy metals and pesticides. Results revealed the accumulation of six heavy metals cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) as well as two pesticides [1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane; DDT] and benzene hexa chloride (BHC). Order of the plants for the extent of bioaccumulation was S. oleracea > R. sativus > S. melongena > O. sativa. The study has shown the secondary treated waste water can be a source of contamination to the soil and plants.     

硼氢化钾吹气—分光光度法测定污水中硫化物

污水样品用硼氢化钾片剂酸性氢化反应,使硫化物同酸作用转化为Ｈ２Ｓ,并被氢气吹出,以ＮａＯＨ溶液吸收,再用对氨基二甲基苯胺光度法测定。为了应急监测,研制了ＬＳ－１型硫化物快速测试预装置,配用ＤＲ／２０００型便携式分光光度计,可在现场进行了水中硫化物的快速监测。．     

空气—乙炔原子吸收分光光度法测定大气污染源中的镉含量

本文研究了硝酸高氯酸体系消解火焰原子吸收法测定烟尘颗粒物中镉的方法。方法的检测限为３×１０－６ｍｇ／ｍ３（采样体积１０ｍ３）。实际样品测定的相对偏差小于１０％,加标回收率大于８８％     

废弃矿山生态复绿常用17种植物叶绿素含量及SOD和POD活力测定

选用废弃矿山绿化常用的禾本科、豆科、葡萄科和紫葳科共17种为实验材料,测定了其叶绿素各组分含量及超氧岐化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活力,结果表明:叶绿素a、b类胡萝卜素和叶片色素总质量比最高的植物分别是胡枝子、狗牙根、牧草型狗牙根和狗牙根,其质量比分别为2.46 mg/g.FW、1.10 mg/g.FW、0.32 mg/g.FW和3.63 mg/g.FW;4者质量比最低的是紫穗槐、三出叶爬山虎、芒和紫穗槐,为1.10 mg/g.FW、0.48 mg/g.FW、0.08 mg/g.FW和1.70 mg/g.FW。ωa(叶绿素a)/ωb(叶绿素b)最高的是牧草型狗牙根,为3.03 mg/g.FW,最低的是芒,仅为1.65 mg/g.FW。POD和SOD活力最高的是网络崖豆藤和芒,达477.00 U和217.20 U,最低的是牧草型狗牙根和紫穗槐,仅为24 U和39.43 U。     

Bioaccumulation of metals in common carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinus carpio</Emphasis> L.) from water bodies of Anatolia (Turkey): a review with implications for fisheries and human food consumption

Although fish is widely consumed by humans for its nutritional properties, accumulation of heavy metals can pose serious health hazards. Widespread common carp Cyprinus carpio is cultured worldwide and represents an economically important species for fisheries in several countries. These include Turkey, where C. carpio often makes for a large part of the sales of the locally marketed fish and also for a traditional dish. This study provides a review of bioaccumulation of metals in tissues of C. carpio from water bodies of Anatolia and also includes reference to worldwide studies. From 42 water bodies across the region, 27 metals in total were studied, of which Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were the most widely analysed, mainly in the muscle, liver and gill tissues. Amongst the potentially toxic metals, Cd, Cr and Pb occurred in several water bodies at concentrations not only above maximum allowed limits but also higher relative to other water bodies worldwide, even though As, Hg and Ni were also sometimes present at potentially hazardous concentrations. The essential metals Cu, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn were detected at various concentrations, with the latter two occasionally above limit. All water bodies flagged as having especially critical (i.e. above limit) concentrations of toxic metals supported C. carpio fisheries from highly populated regions, raising concern about food safety and calling for preventative measures. Given the significantly lower bioaccumulation levels in the muscle relative to the liver and gill tissues, it is suggested that consumption of C. carpio as fillets may be safer than after processing into e.g. meat balls and sausages. The limits of 1.0 μg/g for Cr and 1.15 μg/g for Se, currently lacking from the Turkish food safety legislation, are proposed, and it is suggested that a similar meta-analytical approach as adopted in this study may benefit other countries where C. carpio represents an important fisheries resource.     

Reduction of dissolved organic matter in terms of DOC, UV-254, SUVA and THMFP in industrial estate wastewater treated by stabilization ponds

The aim of this research was to monitor the influent and effluent water quality of the aeration, facultative and oxidation water treatment ponds of an industrial estate. This industrial estate, the largest in northern Thailand, has proposed to utilization of reclaimed treated wastewater in their raw water supply so as to cope with the yearly water shortage during the dry season. Water samples were collected four times from four sampling points and evaluated for their dissolved organic matter (DOM) content in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultraviolet light absorbance at 254 nm (UV-254), specific ultraviolet absorption (SUVA), trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) and trihalomethane (THM) species. Average values of DOC, UV-254, SUVA and THMFP in the influent wastewater of 12.9 mg L⁻¹, 0.165 cm⁻¹, 1.29 L mg⁻¹m⁻¹ and 1.24 mg L⁻¹, respectively, were observed. The aeration ponds produced the best results: a 54% reduction of DOC, a 33% reduction of UV-254, and a 57% reduction of THMFP. However, SUVA in the aeration pond effluent showed a moderate increase. The facultative ponds and oxidation ponds did not take part in the reduction of DOC, UV-254, SUVA and THMFP. Average DOC, UV-254, SUVA and THMFP value of the treated wastewater were 5.8 mg L⁻¹, 0.107 cm⁻¹, 1.85 L mg⁻¹m⁻¹ and 468 μg L⁻¹, respectively. Chloroform, at 72.6% of total THMFP, was found to be the predominant THM species.     

2,4-二硝基苯肼衍生高效液相色谱法测定水中乙醛、丙烯醛

采用2,4-二硝基苯肼高效液相色谱法测定水中乙醛、丙烯醛,方法干扰少,精密度高,检出限达到1μg/L。     

5—(4—磺酸基苯偶氮)8—(2,4—二硝基苯氨基)喹啉测定食品中铜的研究应用

在弱碱性介质中 ,5— (4—磺酸基苯偶氮 ) 8— (2 ,4—二硝基苯氨基 )喹啉 (SPDNPAQ)与铜反应生成 2∶ 1紫红色络合物 ,体系 λmax=56 0 nm,ε=1.2 3× 10 5L· mol-1· cm-1。铜含量在 0～ 0 .4 mg/ L内符合比耳定律 ,方法用于一些生物样品和水样中铜的测定。     

The use of silica gel modified with allyl 6-methyl-4-phenyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate for selective separation and preconcentration of lead in environmental samples

The aim of the present work is the assessment of a new sorbent, prepared using silica gel coated with a pyrimidine derivative (allyl 6-methyl-4-phenyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate), for extraction and preconcentration trace amount of lead from different samples prior to determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Common coexisting ions did not interfere with the separation and determination of lead at pH?6, so that lead ion completely adsorbed on the column. The limit of detection based on three times the standard deviation of the blank was found to be 0.53 ng?mL^?1 in original solution. Obtained sorption capacity for 1 g sorbent was 5.0 mg Pb. The linearity was maintained in the concentration range of 0.1–30.0 ng?mL^?1 for the concentrated solution. Eight replicate determinations of 2.0 μg?mL^?1 of lead in the final solution gave relative standard deviation of ±2.6 %. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination trace amounts of lead in the environmental samples such as carrot, rice, zardchoobe, and real water samples.     

Assessment of a General Finite Line Source Model and CALINE4 for Vehicular Pollution Prediction in Ireland

A comparative evaluation of two Gaussian-based line source models namely, California line source dispersion model version 4 and the general finite line source model, is presented. The concentrations predicted by these models are compared with background-corrected ambient concentrations measured at three different distances from a motorway and performance of both models assessed in the context of integrated transport–environment modelling for regulatory purposes.     

NH4NO3-Pd(NO3)2联合基体改进剂石墨炉法测海水中痕量镉

用NH4NO3-Pd(NO3)联合基体改进剂,石墨炉法直接测海水中痕量镉.通过不同条件的实验,确定了最佳的分析条件;并通过对实际样品平行性和加标回收率的测定,验证了方法的精密度和准确度.建立了空白实验,在0.19～5.0μg/L线性范围内,镉的最低检出限为0.19μg/L.实验结果表明,该方法快速方便,提高了分析效率,准确度高,精密度好.