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1.
可渗透反应墙是一种地下水修复的新兴高效技术.总结了国内外可渗透反应墙修复受污染地下水的研究成果和动态,介绍了渗透性反应墙技术的基本概念、结构类型、组成、主要材料选取,论述了其设计程序,并参考若干个国外工程实践,结合岩土工程设计理念,分析了其设计过程中存在的问题,总结了一些经验公式.可渗透反应墙的反应墙的厚度主要由地下水流速和水力停留时间来确定,高度主要由不透水层或弱透水层的埋深和厚度决定,宽度主要由污染物羽流的尺寸决定.反应介质的渗透系数与含水层渗透系数的具体倍数关系应针对现场实际情况加以试验模拟分析确定.一般来说,渗透系数是含水层渗透系数的2倍以上.  相似文献   

2.
地下水位升降和抽水对海水楔影响的实验研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为掌握滨海地带无压含水层中的海水楔因地下水位升降及抽水引起的移动规律,采用室内实验的方法,考察了海水楔在不同的水面坡度和抽水位置下的移动特性.通过改变水面坡度的方法探讨了海水楔侵入和后退的规律.在入侵时,海水楔在形成明确的咸淡水界面的同时向着内陆移动.水面坡度越小海水楔内陆入侵的范围越大,达到平衡状态所需要的时间越长.海水楔后退时的速度比侵入时快,且海水楔后退后其入侵过的区域能完全恢复到入侵前的状态.在海水楔外部抽水初期,海水楔的长度略有减小.在此之后其长度急剧增加,但随着平衡状态的接近,这种增长率逐渐变小.抽水引起的咸淡水界面的隆起位置位于抽水位置和咸淡水界面的最短距离处.抽取的地下水中海水的比例随着抽水位置与海水楔的接近会急剧增大.在海水楔内部抽水时,海水楔的长度随着时间呈指数函数的关系减小,且较外部抽水时到达平衡状态时所需要的时间短.此外,还给出了能预测因地下水位的升降引起的海水楔前进和后退的数学模型.  相似文献   

3.
通过建立Fluent/Matlab协同仿真模型,可以动态模拟地下水源热泵运行特性,为拟建工程提供理论参考。通过模拟计算得知,地下水横流为逆流有助于抑制地下含水层的热贯通,随着逆流流速的不断增大,抽灌井群发生热贯通的时间不断延长。逆流流速越大,抽水温度波动幅度越小,机组的COP(EER)值及系统能效越趋于稳定。当地下水逆流流速处于较大流速时,回灌水对抽水井不产生任何影响,抽水温度维持地下水初始温度不变,机组的COP(EER)值及系统能效比均不发生变化。  相似文献   

4.
进入新世纪以来,我国人力资源市场供求变动的特征是:波动方向具有高度的趋同性,变动周期相对经济波动要短,并且不与经济波动相同步。相比于GDP波动幅度,人力资源供求变动更为剧烈。根据这·特征,政府在制定就业政策时就应注意,在经济繁荣时期,人力资源市场的供求天然地与经济波动同步,政府不应给予过多的干预措施。在经济萧条时期,政府的就业政策重点应在于增加稳定性的就业,而且各种就业政策应该在经济进入下行通道的初期就开始实施,以缩短和减缓人力资源市场的波动周期和幅度,保证人力资源市场的相对稳定。  相似文献   

5.
广西平果铝赤泥堆场对岩溶含水层污染风险评价   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了评估赤泥堆场建设对地下含水层的污染,对堆场周边进行水文地质勘察.采用地球物理探测、钻探、示踪试验等多种技术手段查明堆场周边岩溶管道的分布规律及管道水的流向,并采用压水试验和注水试验测得含水层的渗透系数,在此基础上通过数值模拟计算出各月流经堆场下方的岩溶水流量.采用达西定理计算得到赤泥淋沥液穿透防渗层的时间约为42 a,远超堆场的服务年限(25 a),表明堆场防渗层的设计是合格和可靠的.在赤泥堆场建设20 a后再次对堆场下游及其周边的溶潭水进行地下水水质监测,结果也证实堆场下游及其周边地下水未因赤泥渗漏而污染.  相似文献   

6.
围绕非均质条件下河流包气带水分运移,选择渭河河漫滩开展原位试验。在渭河原位试验点开挖7 m×1 m×2.8 m的探坑,以一侧剖面为研究面,刨光成垂直平面并对剖面做保护工作,方便观测。在不同层位按不同深度、在不同岩性的层位上打孔,分别安装MP-917时域反射仪与水银压力计,监测含水率及地下水压力势,并采用自制Bauwer渗水仪做持续5 d的有压入渗试验,研究非均质条件下河流包气带水分运移规律及入渗速度与水头高度的关系。结果表明,包气带介质含水率分布与包气带结构有关,受岩性渗透系数制约,其中弱透水层的存在阻滞了水分的运移,包气带很难达到饱和,在弱透水层以上形成上层滞水并以非饱和流形式入渗。入渗速度随水层的厚度增大而增大,且入渗速度与水头高度呈对数关系。  相似文献   

7.
矿区浅层地下水污染机理探讨   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过对煤矿建设项目和发展规划项目做的环境影响评价和对重点煤矿的现场调查,揭示了矿区浅层地下水污染的内在形成机理:开采引起地表沉陷是主导因素;地下水位埋深浅,潜水含水层下伏的隔水层稳定,只变形而不破裂是客观条件;地下水变成地表水,从而改变水的存在形式,致使水体极易遭受强烈的污染则是根本原因。针对地下水的保护问题,提出具体的对策和办法:加强矿区的环境管理、及时回填采煤沉陷坑,加强对浅层地下水的利用和人工降低地下水位等措施。上述措施如与煤矿建设项目同时实施,则煤矿区的地下水安全、环境保护都会实现。  相似文献   

8.
煤矿软岩巷道支护问题是制约煤矿安全高效生产的技术难题之一,在不同形式的地下水影响下,巷道支护难度急剧增加。为了研究水岩耦合作用对软岩巷道变形的影响规律,基于FLAC3D数值模拟方法对变孔隙水压力作用下软岩巷道围岩位移场和应力场演化规律进行了仿真研究。结果表明,孔隙水压力对软岩巷道的稳定性具有显著影响,且孔隙水压力的演化趋势与应力场演化特征具有同步性。在巷道围岩均布孔隙水压力的条件下,孔隙水压力对两帮的影响范围大于顶底板,圆拱形巷道弧顶正上方1.435~4.21 m范围内应力集中程度可达到原孔隙水压力的3.09~4.03倍,逐渐向外围扩展为扇形面的孔隙压力等值区域,在巷道的下方孔隙水压力呈"W"形分界面。  相似文献   

9.
三峡库区滑坡稳定性评价研究   总被引:4,自引:3,他引:4  
三峡水库蓄水后 ,库水位将在 14 5~ 175m范围内波动 ,动水压力和水的软化作用是滑坡失稳的主要因素。库区滑坡稳定性评价规范要求采用不平衡推力法 ,但在考虑库水位下降产生的渗透力时 ,对渗流浸润线的确定缺乏理论依据 ,更没有实测数据的支持。为此 ,笔者运用一维的布辛内斯克方程 ,研究三峡水库蓄水后库水位下降和暴雨作用下滑坡渗流浸润线的变化规律 ;建立了渗流作用下滑坡稳定性评价模型 ;分析降速、渗透系数、暴雨等对滑坡稳定性的影响。  相似文献   

10.
以流固耦合的极限平衡法为基础,运用了泰勒级数法,对一铺膜防渗锰渣库在不同堆积高度的可靠度和失稳概率进行了计算分析,并参照美国陆军工程兵团对于岩土边坡的失稳概率评价标准,对锰渣库在运行过程中的边坡失稳风险进行了评估。分析表明:铺膜防渗的电解锰渣坝,当沿用常规不防渗尾矿坝设计时,边坡失稳概率过高,应通过增加导渗体数量、降低边坡坡度、放缓渣库上升速度等设计优化措施,降低锰渣库边坡失稳风险;对于影响渣库边坡稳定的重要参数,如抗剪强度、渗透系数、界面抗剪强度等,有必要通过高质量的取样和审慎的试验获得可靠的试验数据,以降低参数的不确定性,进而增加预期安全水平。  相似文献   

11.
在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.  相似文献   

12.
为克服传统危险与可操作性(HAZOP)定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if(故障假设)方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。  相似文献   

13.
为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。  相似文献   

14.
Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.  相似文献   

15.
Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).  相似文献   

16.
为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。  相似文献   

17.
Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

18.
Occupational Safety and Health in Finland   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.  相似文献   

19.
森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5  
杜飞  候遵泽  刘家琦 《火灾科学》2001,10(4):204-208
进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素(气象因子、气候、地形等),进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。  相似文献   

20.
公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。  相似文献   

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