从基层重建中国多元文化时空观

人们对时间和空间的理解,是文化认同的基础。随着五四以来西方时空观的进入,先进、落后的时间概念,内陆、海洋的空间概念,使得中国原本多样性的文化生态被单一性压倒。传统的、乡村的、西部的、民族的、百姓的文化被看成是愚昧的、低俗的、落后的,现代的、城市的、西方的、美国的文化被看成是高级的、优雅的、先进的。一个国家的文化认同能力,决定了这个国家的团结程度。根植基层、民间、百姓,重建自主的、中国式的时空观念,重建老百姓日常生活中的多元文化,是中华复兴、国人安康的重头。     

地球妈妈

我是一个幸福快乐的地球宝宝,依偎在和蔼可亲的地球妈妈的怀抱里,无忧无虑地生活着。这里有辽阔的土地和蔚蓝的天空,还有各种各样的花、鸟、虫、鱼……都在地球妈妈的怀抱里快乐地成长繁衍着。在远古时代,地球妈妈是一个非常漂亮的女子:绿荫如盖的大地是她美丽的肌肤,浩淼无垠的大海是她整洁的衣裳,交错分布在她周身的江河湖泊是她日夜奔腾不息的血管……然而,时光流逝,留下的只有对以前美好生活的回忆。而今,可怜的妈妈满面沧桑,默默地忍受着无知的人类肆意蹂躏的痛苦。当蜂拥的羊群涌进过度放牧的草原,留下的是一片片沙化的土地,变成了地…     

爱这土地

我生长在一个四面环山的小城镇里,我打心眼里热爱这片土地,我爱她的文化悠久、爱她的号色优美、爱她满山的绿荫、爱她干净的马路……在我的印象里,我的周围都是干净的、清新的。马路上尽是身着橘色的清洁天使,她们的笠帽下遮不住的是那被烈日常年照射下的“健康色”,在黝黑的健康色下遮不住的是因为满足而绽放的笑容,烈日的余辉遮不住那一抹抹橘色身影,他们是道路的清洁者,是城市的美容师,他们用爱着土地的心感染着周围的人们,所以,他们扫过的地方人们便不再忍心丢下手中的杂物,他们有个美丽的名字——环卫清洁工。     

资源是未来政治的关键

欧美国家的经济发展离不开资源的支撑,通过掠夺包括中国在内的南方国家的资源来保护本国的环境。中华民族的伟大复兴离不开经济的发展,而经济的发展则离不开资源的支撑。资源不足的矛盾必将日益成为南北矛盾的焦点。全球资源的有限性和世界经济发展的无限性之间的矛盾,决定了未来的世界如果不降低资源消耗,就必然会战争不断。     

环保进行曲

在浩瀚无垠的宇宙 有一个美丽的地方 那就是人类的母亲--地球 我们的母亲有: 蔚蓝的天空 广阔的原野 茂密的森林 清澈的河流     

银蓝色风光

正将自然的风,清洁的风,绿色的风;自然的能源,清洁的能源,绿色的能源;旋转成自然的力,清洁的力,绿色的力。然后呢,自然的电,清洁的电,绿色的电,就诞生了。向北,向北,走在晋北旷阔的土地上,我久久地仰望着这个世界。我看着刺破天空的铁塔银线,也欣然看见了远去归来的两片蓝天。一片是我头顶高悬着的山西北高原的自然的     

制度变迁视角下对河长制的实施动因分析——以江苏省为例

河长制作为一种综合管理制度,明确了河湖治理的权利和责任,实现了外部性的内化与交易费用的降低,河长制的起源是内生性变化的结果,其制度变迁的过程受制于路径依赖的惯性及其所处的社会环境变化,河湖水质的改善和水治理能力现代化的提升验证了河长制是制度创新的成功实践.中国河湖治理制度的演进符合制度变迁的进程,河长制的实施是历史的必...     

底线伦理是公民道德建设的可行之路

现代社会的道德建设优先地应该是公民道德建设。一种强调和解的、相当平民化乃至市民化的、放松的、日常的、多元的、底线的公民道德形态,既是对传统的继承,又是在多元社会背景下的一种创新。现时代我们面临这样一种处境:最小范围内的道德规范需要最大范围内的人们的同意和共识,最低限度的道德约束呼唤着最高精神的支持。     

生态文化与中国的环境教育

现代科学技术综合发展的一个显著趋势,就是生态科学的迅速崛起,因而为确立一个自觉地协调人与自然的关系的新文化形态——生态文化,提供了科学技术方面的基础.加强对生态文化与中国的环境教育的互动的认识,能更好的推进中国环境教育的发展,具有重要意义.近百年来,自然环境对人类的作用,促使人类积极的探索人与自然的关系,而生态意识的主体化使     

春风到西域塞上开奇葩——岑参边塞风光诗的艺术风格

岑参是盛唐边塞诗坛成就斐然的大家,他的许多名篇放射出经久不灭的绚丽异彩.从一定的意义上说,岑参的边塞诗充分的体现了唐代强大帝国的气象.本文以岑参的边塞风光诗为关照对象,从独一无二的题材,奇异的语言,神奇变幻的意境,诡异的气韵四方面探讨岑参边塞风光诗独特的艺术风格.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.