若尔盖高原湿地生态旅游资源保护性开发研究

若尔盖湿地以其独特的自然和人文景观为湿地生态旅游提供了有利条件。本文从分析若尔盖湿地的旅游资源入手，提出了若尔盖湿地生态旅游资源保护性开发的几点建议。     

近50年来呼伦贝尔草原沙漠化主要影响因素的定量分析

选取气温、降水因子以及反映人类社会经济活动的人口、耕地、牲畜等影响因子的相对指标为分析因子,利用主成分分析与相关分析相结合的方法,定量分析近50年(1953-2004)来各影响因子与综合影响因素对内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原沙漠化的作用强度.结果表明:在当地近50年的沙漠化过程中,驱动因素、抑制因素与影响因素的综合作用力与沙漠化指数的相关系数分别为0.889 9,～0.403以及0.600 5;草原沙漠化程度呈现出随人类活动强度增加日益加剧的趋势,其中牲畜结构对草原沙漠化变化趋势的改变有着重要作用;影响因素的综合作用力与沙漠化指数的相关系数只有0.600 5,这是由于生态经济系统各因素之间存在非线性作用机制,相关分析的线性假设在一定程度上低估了其作用强度,同时人类活动和自然因子的波动对草地生态系统的影响存在一个滞后期.     

人为活动干扰对纳帕海湿地环境影响的研究

纳帕海是金沙江流域云南西北高原低纬度高海拔的季节性沼泽湿地,有着若尔盖高原湿地和我国北方湿地所不具备的特点,为我国湿地的独特类型。由于其发育于生态脆弱的横断山石灰岩地区,地处长江上游,承接和调节着高原山区的冰雪融水、地表径流和河流水量,控制着土壤侵蚀,对长江下游水位和水量均衡有着重要作用,但长期以来不合理开发利用,使该区生态环境退化问题十分严重。探讨了人为活动干扰对纳帕海湿地环境的影响,结果表明：排水垦殖造田、过牧超载等人类活动的强烈干预对纳帕海湿地发生发展产生显著影响, 40年间湖面积减少了9/10,高原特有水生植物消失或减少,草场资源与牲畜放牧关系严重失调,超载率132.5%,土壤养分衰减下降,湿地严重退化。     

全球沙漠面积正在逐渐扩大

联合国在《生态系统和人类幸福：沙漠化》报告中指出，气候变暖导致占全球41％的干旱地区土地不断退化，全球沙漠面积正在逐渐扩大，众多人口将面临生计问题。由于气候变化因素和人类活动，干旱土地的退化已经不可避免，这是世界面临的最大的环境挑战之一。干旱地区包括了从干性半湿润到极干旱之间所有的土地形态。干性半湿润土地的典型代表是地中海东部的农田，而撒哈拉沙漠就属于极干旱土地。研究结果表明，全球43％的耕地在干旱地带，世界上一半的贫困人口生活在干旱地区，这些地区的婴儿死亡率是发展中国家其他地区的2倍。目前养活着21亿人口的干旱地区中有10％到20％的土地已无法耕种。     

人类活动对安庆沿江湖泊湿地影响的初步研究

湖泊湿地不仅具有丰富的资源,还有着强大的环境功能和生态效益。人类大规模的开发利用湖泊湿地资源,在获取大量生产、生活资料的同时,也给湖泊湿地生态系统带来了负面影响,如湖面减少,水质下降,生态环境退化等。安庆沿江湖泊湿地为省级自然保护区,相对长江中下游大湖普遍退化而言,该湿地有着良好的自然性,正吸引着有关专家和研究组织的重视和关注。对安庆沿江湖泊湿地资源和功能展开分析,并从水利建设、围湖垦殖、森林砍伐和水土流失、农业污染、公路建设及渔业开发等方面探讨了人类活动对湿地的影响。提出了保护安庆沿江湖泊湿地资源和环境的建议和对策,以促进湿地资源与环境的可持续发展。     

人类活动对松嫩平原生态环境的影响

探讨人类活动对松嫩平原的影响 ,有助于了解生态环境退化的过程与机制 ,对于退化生态环境的改善意义重大。本文在分析松嫩平原生态环境的脆弱性、人类活动史、人类的活动方式及人类活动对生态环境影响的基础上 ,指出人类活动干扰并破坏了生态环境的缓冲因子 ,使退化因子的作用因失去缓冲因子的制衡而加强 ,引起土地沙化和盐渍化。文章还论述了生态环境的脆弱性、外部干扰和生态环境退化之间的关系以及松嫩平原生态环境的演化机制 ,从而引导人类遵从自然规律     

我国西北干旱半干旱区湿地出现退化趋势

西北干旱半干旱地区包括新疆全境、青海、甘肃、宁夏的大部分和陕西西北部。其中,新疆湿地面积分布占全国湿地总面积的2 0 .9% ,青海占4.3 1% ,主要以湖泊型、河流型、沼泽型和人工湿地为主。目前,西北干旱半干旱地区湿地退化主要有五方面的表现:河流断流,湖泊萎缩,湿地面积减小;湿地水质咸化;旱化的湿地向沙漠化发展。青海湖附近的沙漠面积以每年平均10 .12平方公里的速度增长,尤其是湖西岸沙丘是近十多年来才形成的风沙堆积,并成为该区域沙漠化最快的地区;湿地生态系统受到损害,生物多样性降低。湿地生态调节功能降低也是湿地退化的表现之…     

神农架大九湖亚高山湿地环境背景与生态恢复

针对神农架林区大九湖亚高山湿地退化问题,在联合科学考察基础上,分析区域环境背景状况及生态退化原因,提出湿地保护、利用和生态恢复相关建议。调查内容包括：区域地形地貌状况,地质构造、地层、岩溶发育规律和落水洞分布状况,河流水系的分布、流量变化和水质状况,沼生植被的分布和演替规律,湿地演变过程及人类活动对湿地影响等方面。〖JP2〗研究发现：神农架大九湖湿地演变和土地利用结构变化受水利工程直接影响,1986年以来大规模开挖人工沟渠、疏通落水孔、排干沼泽开垦种植等活动,是湿地生态环境退化的重要因素;湿地退化主要反映为湖泊水面消失、沼泽湿地退化、湿地生态系统向陆生生态系统演化,生物多样性减少,泥炭资源遭受破坏,水质下降。根据调查结果,从原则、措施方案、管理机构、产业、资金等方面对大九湖湿地的保护、利用和生态恢复提出建议。     

长江上游地区土地沙漠化现状及其驱动力的研究

利用最新的土地沙漠化普查数据 ,分析了长江上游地区土地沙漠化的现状及主要危害 ,阐述了该区土地沙漠化的主要影响因素及其驱动力 ,并提出了其土地沙漠化防治的具体对策与措施。结果表明 ,长江上游地区共有沙漠化土地 60 .98× 10 4hm2 ,集中分布于长江源区 ;土地沙漠化类型包括流动沙 (丘 )地、半固定沙 (丘 )地、固定沙 (丘 )地和裸露沙砾地四种 ,其中裸露沙砾地是其主体 ;区内重度、中度与轻度沙漠化土地所占比例分别为 11.5 3 %、5 8.94 %和 2 9.5 3 % ,中度居多 ,沙漠化程度总体偏重 ;土地沙漠化主要造成草地退化、导致冻土退化、影响人类社会经济活动 ,并危及全流域及周边地区的生态环境保护与建设 ;该区土地沙漠化的发生与发展是自然因素与过程、人为因素与过程共同作用的结果 ,其中自然因素是其首要影响因素 ,气候变化是其主要驱动力     

人类活动影响下的四湖地区湿地景观格局分析

湿地景观空间结构研究是湿地生态研究的核心之一，景观功能性的性质和发挥，影响着湿地的物质流、信息流和能量流的特征，进而影响湿地区域的资源开发利用与保护。运用景观的空间格局指数，在遥感和GIS技术的支持下，结合江汉平原四湖地区的湿地农业的区域特点，确定了 四湖地区湿地景观分类系统，为了更好地定量分析四湖地区湿地景观格局的特点，我们选取了三类景观格局指数来定量描述于景观空间格局，即基本空间格局指标（多样性、均匀度及优势度）、景观空间构型指标（聚集工、破碎化）及斑块特征指标（斑块分维数），比较系统地分析四湖地区湿地景观空间格局。在此基础上探讨了人类干扰对四湖地区湿地同的结构和空间演替的影响。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Quantifying the transfer of radionuclides to food products from domestic farm animals

Databases have been compiled to derive parameter values relevant to the transfer of radionuclides from feedstuffs to domestic animal products to provide a revision to the IAEA Handbook on transfer parameters TRS 364. Significant new data inputs have been incorporated into the databases from an extensive review of Russian language information and inclusion of data published since the early 1990s. Fractional gastrointestinal absorption in adult ruminants presented in the revised handbook are generally similar to those recommended for adult humans by the ICRP. Transfer coefficient values are presented in the handbook for a range of radionuclides to farm animal products. For most animal products, transfer coefficient values for elements additional to those in TRS 364 are provided although many data gaps remain. Transfer coefficients generally vary between species with larger species having lower values than smaller species. It has been suggested that the difference is partly due to the inclusion of dietary dry matter intake in the estimation of transfer coefficient and that whilst dietary intake increases with size nutrient concentrations do not. An alternative approach to quantifying transfer by using concentration ratios (CR), which do not consider dietary intake, has been evaluated. CR values compiled for the handbook vary considerably less between species than transfer coefficient values. The advantage of the CR approach is that values derived for one species could be applied to species for which there are no data. However, transfer coefficients will continue to be used as few studies currently report CR values or give data from which they can be estimated.     

A Dynamic model of Cs accumulation by fish of different age classes

A dynamic model of radionuclide accumulation in fish is developed. In the model, the fish population is represented by a set of discrete age classes. Each age class is characterized by a specific growth rate, diet and activity of metabolic processes. The model describes all known types of size effect in the contamination of fish with radiocaesium. The detailed dynamics of ¹³⁷Cs accumulation by fish are demonstrated using the results of the model's application to ichtiofauna in a water body which has a high level of contamination with radiocaesium — namely, the cooling pond of the Chernobyl NPP.     

Greenwashed sports and environmental activism: Formula 1 and FIFA†

ABSTRACT

Formula 1 motor sport and the Men's World Cup of association football, two major sporting events on our calendars, are indirectly and directly responsible for environmental despoliation. They serve as advertisements for heavy industry, are designed for elite as much as mass consumption, and provide sponsors with dubious social licenses to operate. This occurs through the very mechanisms of the events themselves (engines in Formula 1, tourism in the World Cup) as well as their promotional externalities. I look at greenwashing claims made about these two sporting events and examine counter-discourses, then investigate economic and ecological citizenship. I suggest that a progressive agenda can be forwarded if Greenpeace, which runs campaigns related to these sports, works with its fellow elites, in the case of Formula 1, and with fans in the case of football. Doing so may be more effective than business-as-usual direct action.     

江苏海洋开发的资源环境条件评述

江苏海洋的区位优越，海域广阔，环境条件总体有利，海洋资源种类多，数量大，具有综合开发功能，而且资源和环境的区域组合良好，有利于海洋产业的集约经营和协调发展，但也存在不少限制因素，如深水区离岸较远，海底矿产勘探程度低，自然灾害较多等。应根据实际情况确定本省海洋的开发战略。