硝酸钙添加和锆改性膨润土覆盖联用控制底泥中磷释放的效果及机制

通过底泥培养实验,研究了硝酸钙添加和锆改性膨润土覆盖联用控制底泥中磷释放的效果及机制.结果发现,在缺氧条件下,底泥中磷会先释放出来进入间隙水中,而后穿越底泥-水界面扩散进入上覆水中,导致上覆水中溶解态活性磷（SRP）和薄膜扩散梯度（DGT）有效态磷浓度较高.但是,联合使用硝酸钙添加和锆改性膨润土覆盖可有效控制底泥中磷释放出来进入上覆水中,导致上覆水中SRP和DGT有效态磷浓度处于很低的水平.此外,该组合技术还可有效降低底泥中间隙水SRP和DGT有效态磷浓度以及最上层底泥中氧化还原敏感态磷（BD-P）含量,这对于其控制水体内源磷释放会起到至关重要的作用.与单一的硝酸钙添加技术相比,组合技术对上覆水中SRP的去除效果较优,对底泥间隙水中SRP及底泥-水界面SRP扩散速率的削减效果较佳,对最上层底泥中BD-P的削减率也较高.与单一的锆改性膨润土覆盖相比,组合技术在底泥修复后期对上覆水中SRP的削减效果较佳.另外,组合技术对底泥中间隙水SRP和DGT有效态磷的削减率要高于单一的锆改性膨润土覆盖技术,前者对底泥-水界面SRP扩散速率以及表观磷扩散速率的削减效果也好于后者.硝酸钙添加/锆改性膨润土覆盖组合是一种很有希望的水体内源磷释放控制技术.     

静止和水动力扰动状态下锆改性沸石添加对河道底泥磷迁移转化的影响

通过底泥培养实验,并采用磷形态分级提取方法对底泥进行分析,研究了静止和水动力扰动这2种状态下锆改性沸石添加对不同深度处底泥中磷迁移和形态转化的影响。结果表明,无论是在静止还是在水动力扰动状态下,锆改性沸石添加均不仅降低了上覆水中溶解态活性磷(SRP)质量浓度,而且降低了不同深度处间隙水中SRP的质量浓度,并且还降低了底泥-上覆水界面SRP扩散通量。此外,当不存在和存在水动力扰动作用时,向表层底泥(0~10mm)中添加锆改性沸石,不仅促使添加层中氧化还原敏感态磷(BD-P)和盐酸提取态磷(HCl-P)向金属氧化物结合态磷(NaOH-rP)和残渣态磷(Res-P)极大转变,降低了添加层中潜在可移动态磷(Mobile-P)含量,而且还降低了添加层下方底泥(10~20mm)中Mobile-P含量。与静止状态相比,水动力扰动状态下锆改性沸石添加对河道底泥磷迁移转化的影响规律存在一定的差异。水动力扰动虽然可以增强锆改性沸石添加对表层底泥间隙水中SRP的钝化效果,以及对底泥-上覆水界面SRP扩散通量的削减效应,但是却会略微降低锆改性沸石添加控制底泥中磷向上覆水体中释放的效率。表层底泥中潜在可移动态磷含量、不同深度处间隙水中SRP的质量浓度以及底泥-水界面SRP扩散通量的下降,对于锆改性沸石改良技术控制底泥磷向上覆水体释放,起到至关重要的作用。以上结果说明,无论是在静止还是在水动力扰动状态下,锆改性沸石添加均可以有效地控制河道底泥中磷向上覆水体的释放。     

静止和水动力扰动状态下锆改性沸石添加对河道底泥磷迁移转化的影响

通过底泥培养实验,并采用磷形态分级提取方法对底泥进行分析,研究了静止和水动力扰动这2种状态下锆改性沸石添加对不同深度处底泥中磷迁移和形态转化的影响.结果表明,无论是在静止还是在水动力扰动状态下,锆改性沸石添加均不仅降低了上覆水中溶解态活性磷(SRP)质量浓度,而且降低了不同深度处间隙水中SRP的质量浓度,并且还降低了底泥-上覆水界面SRP扩散通量.此外,当不存在和存在水动力扰动作用时,向表层底泥(0～10 mm)中添加锆改性沸石,不仅促使添加层中氧化还原敏感态磷(BD-P)和盐酸提取态磷(HCl~-P)向金属氧化物结合态磷(Na OH-rP)和残渣态磷(Res-P)极大转变,降低了添加层中潜在可移动态磷(Mobile-P)含量,而且还降低了添加层下方底泥(10～20 mm)中Mobile-P含量.与静止状态相比,水动力扰动状态下锆改性沸石添加对河道底泥磷迁移转化的影响规律存在一定的差异.水动力扰动虽然可以增强锆改性沸石添加对表层底泥间隙水中SRP的钝化效果,以及对底泥-上覆水界面SRP扩散通量的削减效应,但是却会略微降低锆改性沸石添加控制底泥中磷向上覆水体中释放的效率.表层底泥中潜在可移动态磷含量、不同深度处间隙水中SRP的质量浓度以及底泥-水界面SRP扩散通量的下降,对于锆改性沸石改良技术控制底泥磷向上覆水体释放至关重要.以上结果说明,无论是在静止还是在水动力扰动状态下,锆改性沸石添加均可以有效地控制河道底泥中磷向上覆水体的释放.     

反硝化细菌、硝酸钙和锆改性沸石联用对底泥中氮磷迁移转化的影响及硝态氮释放风险评估

本文考察了基于反硝化细菌、硝酸钙和锆改性沸石的组合技术（CN+DB+ZZ）对底泥中氮磷迁移转化的影响,并探讨了该技术的硝态氮释放风险.结果发现,单一的硝酸钙处理（CN）虽然可以有效地抑制底泥中磷的释放,但是会造成上覆水体的氨氮和硝态氮污染.硝酸钙和反硝化细菌联合处理（CN+DB）尽管可以有效地抑制底泥中磷的释放,并降低上覆水体的硝态氮二次污染风险,可是却无法有效地控制底泥中氨氮的释放.硝酸钙和锆改性沸石联合处理（CN+ZZ）虽然可以有效地抑制底泥中磷和氨氮向上覆水体的释放,但却会造成上覆水体硝态氮的二次污染.CN+DB+ZZ组合处理技术不仅可以有效地控制底泥中磷的释放,而且可有效降低底泥中氨氮的释放速率,并且与CN和CN+ZZ技术相比还可降低上覆水的硝态氮二次污染风险.CN+DB+ZZ组合技术对底泥中磷与铁同步释放的抑制、对底泥中氧化还原敏感态磷的削减、以及对底泥吸附磷酸盐和氨氮能力的增强,对于其控制底泥中磷和氨氮的释放是至关重要的.以上结果说明,CN+DB+ZZ组合技术是一种非常有希望的用于控制水体底泥中磷和氨氮释放的方法.     

氧化试剂(硝酸钙)控制黑臭底泥营养盐释放的效果研究

通过人工模拟的方法,进行了氧化试剂（硝酸钙）控制黑臭底泥营养盐释放的研究。结果表明,黑臭河道底泥注入氧化剂（硝酸钙）大约30d内,表层黑臭底泥颜色就呈现深黑色-暗灰色-灰黄色的渐变矿化过程;对上覆水体中营养物质的测定表明,氧化试剂（硝酸钙）注入底泥中,有效抑制上覆水体中TN、氨氨、TP和磷酸盐浓度高峰值出现,但对COD浓度没有明显的作用。通过河道污水与黑臭底泥组合中注入氧化试剂（硝酸钙）和清水（自来水）与黑臭底泥组合中注入氧化试剂（硝酸钙）的效果比较,前者对黑臭底泥营养盐释放的抑制效果更好;实验结果显示,硝酸钙作为底泥中污染物释放的抑制剂,可成为底泥就地处理和控制内源污染向水体营养盐释放的一种技术方法和发展方向。     

三角帆蚌对白洋淀底泥氮磷释放及微生物的影响探究

为了解三角帆蚌对白洋淀底泥的影响,以白洋淀淀区水和底泥为试验材料,通过室内模拟试验并结合16S rRNA高通量测序技术,考察了三角帆蚌的活动对底泥氮、磷释放以及微生物丰度和多样性的影响.结果表明:①三角帆蚌的生物扰动作用显著提高了底泥氮、磷的释放,上覆水中TN、NH₃-N和TP浓度分别提高了0.18、1.1和1.2倍,颗粒态NH₃-N和可溶性磷浓度的增加是上覆水中NH₃-N、TP浓度增加的主要来源.②三角帆蚌的生物扰动作用轻微提高了上覆水中COD_Cr的浓度（P < 0.05）,并降低了底泥中全氮、全磷的含量,将底泥中全氮、全磷的削减率分别提高了26.0%和10.9%,底泥氮、磷释放规律的不同是导致全氮削减率高于全磷的主要原因.③三角帆蚌的活动可显著降低水中蓝细菌的数量,为其他微生物提供了更多生态位,从而提高了脱氮除磷功能菌丰度和微生物多样性,但是三角帆蚌对底泥中微生物丰度和多样性影响较小.研究显示,三角帆蚌能极大地促进白洋淀底泥氮、磷释放,同时降低内源污染风险,并提高上覆水脱氮除磷功能菌丰度和微生物多样性,可依据实际情况用于白洋淀湿地修复中.      

几种不同稳定剂抑制河流底泥释磷效果的初步研究

以上海苏州河支流——蒲汇塘的富磷底泥为试验对象,研究高锰酸钾、双氧水、过氧化钙和硝酸钙4种稳定剂对底泥中磷元素释放的抑制效果。结果表明:高锰酸钾和双氧水对磷的抑制作用持续时间较短,过氧化钙能够快速将底泥的NaOH-P转化为永久性HCI-P,而硝酸钙对磷的转化速度相对较为缓慢;投加过氧化钙可以将孔隙水中正磷酸根的浓度从2.815 mg/L降低至0.003mg/L.硝酸钙也可将其值从2.813 mg/L降至0.094mg/L;经过氧化钙和硝酸钙处理后,上覆水总磷含量分别可达到0.029mg/L和0.028mg/L,能够满足国家地表Ⅱ类水质要求。因此,过氧化钙和硝酸钙可以作为抑制底泥磷释放的稳定剂使用。     

氢氧化镁对水体内源磷释放的控制作用

本研究首先通过批量实验考察了氢氧化镁对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能,再通过底泥模拟释放实验考察了氢氧化镁覆盖和添加控制底泥中磷向上覆水体释放的效果及机制.结果表明,氢氧化镁对水中磷酸盐具有良好的吸附能力,其投加量的增加有利于水中磷酸盐被其所吸附去除,与Langmuir模型相比,其对水中磷酸盐的等温吸附行为更适合采用Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevitch （D-R）模型加以描述.氢氧化镁覆盖可以有效地控制底泥中磷向上覆水体的释放,使得上覆水中SRP浓度处于较低的水平,即使覆盖层的结构完整性受到扰动破坏而导致覆盖材料与表层底泥的混合,氢氧化镁仍然可以有效地控制底泥中磷向上覆水体的释放.氢氧化镁覆盖和添加均可以有效地降低最上层（0~10 mm）底泥间隙水中SRP的浓度,这对于其覆盖和添加有效控制底泥中磷向上覆水体的释放是至关重要的.人工合成的氢氧化镁对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能优于商业购买的氢氧化镁,前者控制水体内源磷向上覆水体释放的效果也优于后者.以上结果显示,氢氧化镁是一种有希望用于控制水体底泥内源磷释放的活性覆盖和改良材料.     

CaO2不同投加方式对黑臭河道底泥内源磷释放抑制作用

以S市某黑臭河道底泥和上覆水为研究材料,研究了CaO_2在3种不同投加方式下对内源磷释放的抑制效果.结果表明CaO_2在3种投加方式下,均导致上覆水中pH和DO有所增加.注射条件下,上覆水DO浓度明显低于覆盖,说明注射确实延缓了CaO_2的氧化速度,有利于创造底泥微氧化环境.CaO_2覆盖和注射条件下,上覆水中TP和DIP浓度以及变化趋势基本一致,均明显低于混匀条件.但是,覆盖条件下,间隙水中DIP浓度最高,达到注射条件下的120.33~142.18倍.相反,注射条件下,间隙水中DIP浓度最低,并且上覆水中DIP浓度也较低,说明注射条件下CaO_2对内源磷的释放确有抑制作用,这与其创造的微氧化环境密切相关.底泥中不同形态磷数量分布也证实了这一点.投加CaO_2加快了有机磷的矿化速度,铁铝结合态磷和钙结合态磷也明显增加,使得内源磷持留能力增强.     

大型浅水湖泊内源营养盐释放的概念性模式探讨

通过在太湖开展的风浪与底泥悬浮的野外观测,结合分层采取水样并分析水体中溶解性营养盐的浓度随深度的变化结果,发现在水土界面的上覆水中营养盐浓度有突然增加的现象,指示着沉积物对上覆水营养盐浓度有影响.对沉积物中孔隙水营养盐浓度随深度的变化分析,表明了沉积物孔隙水中营养盐浓度变化与氧化还原环境的关系.结合水动力作用,提出了大型浅水湖泊水动力作用导致底泥悬浮,从而使得底泥中的可溶性营养物质释放这一内源释放的概念性模式.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.