电焊烟尘防护口罩过滤模式研究

为了研发过滤效果好、呼吸阻力低的电焊烟尘防护口罩烟尘过滤模式,以电焊烟尘为研究对象,利用扫描电镜分析了电焊烟尘的微观结构和元素构成,利用激光粒子计数器检测并统计分析了电焊烟尘的粒径分布,发现电焊烟尘中的颗粒物99%以上均为对人体危害严重的呼尘;直径0. 1～0. 3μm颗粒物粒子占粒子总数的68%以上,直径2μm以上颗粒物虽然粒子数所占比例仅为1%,但体积分数高达20%。在设计防护口罩时,上述二者均应充分考虑。利用CAD建立了a(3层过滤孔径分别为2μm、1μm、0. 1μm)、b(3层过滤孔径分别为1μm、0. 2μm、0. 1μm)、c(3层过滤孔径分别为0. 3μm、0. 2μm、0. 1μm) 3种由滤料最外层至最内层不同孔径的过滤模式,利用Fluent对3种过滤模式下速度场、压力差和电焊烟尘浓度分布等进行了数值模拟与对比分析,结果发现a模式吸气阻力最小,但粉尘过滤效果最差;c模式吸气阻力最大,但粉尘过滤效果最好,b模式居于a和c模式之间,并得出不同孔径滤料组合方案对于吸气阻力和过滤效率具有较大影响的结论。     

不同织物构造PPS滤料对PM2.5的过滤特性影响分析

针对纤维细度、纤维横截面形状、面层后处理工艺对PM2.5的过滤效率及阻力的影响问题,分别选用1#面层含100％ 2.22 dtex PPS纤维经PTFE浸渍、2#面层含50％ PPS细纤维不经PTFE浸渍、3#面层含50％ PPS细纤维经PTFE浸渍、4#面层含50％ PPS三叶形纤维不经PTFE浸渍、5#面层含50％ PPS三叶形纤维经PTFE浸渍、6#面层PTFE覆膜、7#面层含50％ PPS细纤维和50％ PTFE超细纤维的7种PPS滤料进行过滤性能试验.在环境气溶胶中,采用清洁滤料进行过滤试验研究.结果表明,1 m/min风速下对PM2.5的过滤效率从大到小为6#(81％)、7#(80％)、3#(76％)、5#(72％)、1#(63％)、2#(47％)、4#(41％),各因素中PTFE乳液浸渍后处理工艺的影响最为显著,面层纤维采用细纤维截面设计和三叶形截面设计都能有效增加滤料对PM2.5的过滤效率.过滤阻力方面,6#覆膜滤料随过滤风速增大阻力迅速上升;其他6种滤料的阻力较接近,上升缓慢.过滤品质因数Q值方面,相对于常规滤料,面层中混入细纤维或三叶形纤维滤料的Q增大;提高面层中细纤维比例,也能使Q增大;覆膜滤料效率虽高,但阻力较大,Q最小.     

养猪废水的吸附-过滤法初级处理试验研究

以实际养猪废水为对象,采用吸附-过滤法进行预处理,研究稻草滤料和稻草-沸石双层滤料在不同滤速下对养猪废水中CODCr、氨氮和磷的去除效果.结果表明,稻草-沸石双层滤料对CODCr、氨氮和磷的去除效果明显优于稻草滤料.以稻草-沸石双层滤料为过滤介质时,5 m/h的滤速下,CODCr、氨氮和磷的最大去除率分别达47 9%、72 9%和50 1%.研究表明,吸附-过滤预处理不仅能去除养猪废水中的CODCr、氨氮和磷,还能去除一定量的小分子有机物和臭味,同时附着大量固体有机物的稻草和吸附有氨氮、磷的沸石经过处理后可作为土壤改良剂或肥料,从而实现了农业固体废物的资源化利用.     

含引流通道的气-液聚结过滤材料的性能试验

针对空气中油雾的净化问题,对聚结纤维滤料的织物构造提出了一种优化设计。将纤维细度为2μm和6.5μm的不锈钢(SS)纤维滤料及相对应纤维细度的玻璃(G)纤维滤料分别构成内含4个垂直引流通道的多层复合滤料,用气-液聚结过滤性能试验台进行对比测试,计算分析引流通道的构建对滤料捕集效率、阻力特性及品质因数产生的影响。结果表明,在滤层内加插金属网隔片建立若干垂直引流通道对滤料阻力特性有着显著影响,其过滤性能有所改善。在相同条件下,含引流通道的滤料到达阻力稳态阶段需时更长,而且上升过程中瞬时阻力最多可降低30%~50%,品质因数可提高50%~70%。     

中国安科院尘毒危害预防与控制技术实验室

<正>中国安全生产科学研究院尘毒危害预防与控制技术实验室是国家安监总局授权的安全生产重点实验室,也是北京市授权的"职业安全健康北京市重点实验室",并获得了国家实验室认证认可委认证、计量认证以及3M实验室国际互认等资格,拥有职业病危害检测与评价甲级资质、全国特种劳动防护用品安全标志检验和进口劳动防护用品安全标志检验的甲级检资质。该重点实验室以"中日合作防尘防毒通风技术实验室"和"中日合作呼吸防护用品实验室"为依托,按照尘毒危害工程防护和个体防护的重大需求,以防尘防毒通风机理与环境控制特性研究、尘毒危害呼吸防护用品防护理论与技术研究为重点研究方向,为尘毒防治的理论研究、模拟实验、检测测试、技术与设备研发、科技成果转化、高层次人才培养等提供实验研究平台,为政府安全监管和事故调查处理提供技术支撑,为企业提供职业病危害及其防护设施的检测、评价以及尘毒危害工程治理等技术咨询与服务。     

过滤材料声学性能的实验研究*

为探讨纤维过滤材料的吸声效果,扩展吸声材料的选择范围,并为噪声粉尘一体化控制提供指导,通过实验分析不同等级一般通风用纤维层滤料的过滤性能和吸声性能,研究叠加方式及空腔设置等对滤料吸声性能的影响。研究结果表明:一定条件下,滤料的过滤效率越高吸声性能越好;单层滤料吸声效果较差,通过多层叠加,可显著提升吸声效果,达到吸声材料水平;不同等级滤料组合叠加,按过滤效率降序排列整体吸声性能更好。滤料作为吸声材料应用时,在其后侧设置空腔可明显增强吸声效果;兼顾过滤和降噪时,考虑粗效对中效滤料的保护作用,可在粗效加中效滤料后再附加粗效滤料,达到在不显著增加阻力的同时改善吸声性能的目标。     

除毒滤料—纤维活性炭毡的滤毒性能

纤维活性炭是国外七十年代以来开始生产的一种新型吸附材料。由于它具有优异的性能,用途日益广泛。在国内,东北工学院和抚顺第三毛纺织厂共同研制成功纤维活性炭毡新型滤料,在活性炭产品中填补了一项空白。经红透山铜矿、弓长岭铁矿和铁道部隧道科学研究所等单位在井下和施工隧道里试用,证明用纤维活性炭毡做呼吸具的滤料     

生物慢滤技术用于农村饮水处理的研究

研究了适用于我国农村的小型分散式饮水处理技术--生物慢滤技术.用玉渊潭引水渠的微污染河水模拟研究了滤料粒径、滤料高度等因素对生物慢滤处理效果的影响,以及生物慢滤池对农村水环境中常见的污染物如重金属、有机物、氨氮、浊度、细菌等的去除.实验结果表明:1)在滤料表面形成稳定成熟的生物粘膜所需的时间与滤料粒径有关;2)滤料表面一旦形成稳定成熟的生物粘膜,氨氮、有机物、浊度等的去除率与滤料粒径关系不大;但细菌的去除效果与滤料粒径有很大的关系,滤料粒径越小,对细菌的去除效果越好.3)滤料高度对有机物、氨氮的处理效果有一定的影响,但慢滤池对这些污染物的去除主要发生在50 cm高度内;4)生物慢滤对TOC的去除率为20%～30%,对氨氮的去除率为90%以上,对Cu2 、Cd2 、Fe2 、Zn 2 、Mn2 和Pb2 的去除率分别在97%、95%、95%、88%、70%和60%以上;5)Ⅲ至Ⅴ类微污染水经生物慢滤处理后,不经消毒即可达到生活饮用水的卫生标准.     

染料在干污泥上的吸附平衡和动力学

本文研究了染料活性嫩黄 KD- 3G、直接深棕 M和酸性媒介棕 RH在干活性污泥上的吸附平衡和吸附动力学。结果表明 :所试染料的吸附等温线数据都可用 Freundlich方程描述 ;对于 Langmuir方程 ,只有酸性媒介深棕 RH的等温线数据能与之拟合。染料的吸附过程遵循二级吸附动力学模型 ,也能用 Lagergren一级速率方程描述。在吸附温度为 1 5℃、2 0℃、2 5℃、35℃和 45℃时 ,活性嫩黄 KD-3G、直接深棕 M和酸性媒介棕 RH的一级吸附速率常数分别为 0 .0 0 2 8～ 0 .0 0 3 2 min- 1、0 .0 1 5～ 0 .0 4 0 min- 1、0 .0 0 7～ 0 .0 1 2 min- 1 ,二级吸附速率常数分别为 0 .0 0 0 2 7～ 0 .0 0 0 4 7g/ (mg· min)、0 .0 0 6 5～ 0 .0 2 90 g/ (mg· min)、0 .0 0 3 0～ 0 .0 1 3 2 g/ (mg· min)。由二级吸附速率方程计算得到的平衡吸附量与实验值的相对误差在 1 0 %以内 ,这表明两者的符合程度较高。上述温度范围内 ,当染料质量浓度为50 mg/ L时 ,活性嫩黄 KD- 3G、直接深棕 M和酸性媒介棕 RH的平衡吸附量分别为 1 6.5～ 1 9.2 mg/ g、1 4 .3～ 1 6.0 mg/ g、7.2～ 9.6 mg/g。试验溶液的温度对吸附速率常数有影响     

中国安全生产科学研究院职业危害研究所职业病危害评价与检测能力介绍

中国安全生产科学研究院具有建设项目职业病危害评价甲级资质和作业场所职业病危害因素检测甲级资质,同时也是国家安全生产检测检验甲级机构。拥有先进的仪器设备和以硕士、博士为业务骨干的专业技术队伍,在全国范围内可提供的技术服务项目包括：（1）建设项目职业病危害预评价;（2）建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价;（3）职业病危害现状评价;（4）职业病危害因素检测;（5）作业场所尘毒危害工程治理技术咨询;（6）职业病危害防护设施防护效果的检测与评估。     

Reducing the risk level for pipelines transporting carbon dioxide and hydrogen by means of optimal safety valves spacing

In many countries where electricity generation is based on their natural resources of fossil fuels a need arises to implement new power engineering technologies that allow carbon dioxide capture. Simultaneously, efforts are made to find new energy carriers which, if fired, do not involve carbon dioxide emissions. Hydrogen is one of such fuels with this future potential which is now becoming increasingly popular. Obviously, this means that the two gases mentioned above – carbon dioxide and hydrogen – will be produced in large quantities in future, which in many cases will necessitate their transport over considerable distances. If a pipeline failure occurs, the transport of the gases may pose a serious hazard to people in the immediate vicinity of the leakage site. This paper presents an analysis of the possibility of reducing the level of risk related to pipelines transporting CO₂ and H₂ by means of safety valves. It is shown that for a 50 km long and a 0.4 m diameter pipeline transporting gas with the pressure of 15 MPa the individual risk level can be reduced from 1·10⁻⁴ to 6.5·10⁻⁷ for CO₂ and from 1·10⁻⁶ to 6·10⁻¹⁰ for H₂. The social risk can be diminished in similar proportions.     

基于分段拟合的煤自燃指标气体优选研究*

为更加精确地得出煤自燃的临界温度并找出煤自燃各个阶段最优的指标气体,以此提高煤层自燃预测预报的准确性,选取西北某矿2号煤和3号煤典型煤样开展程序升温-气相色谱实验,采用分段直线拟合的方法,得出煤自燃过程中的耗氧速率突变点温度和氧化产物生成量激增点温度,在此基础上采用灰色关联度分析法对煤干裂温度之后的指标气体进行优选。结果表明:2号煤和3号煤的自燃临界温度分别为73.0 ℃和72.1 ℃,干裂温度分别为112.6 ℃和109.8 ℃;CO适用于2种煤样全温度下的预测预报;φ(C2H4)/φ(C2H6)和C2H4是2号煤干裂温度之后较优的预测预报指标气体;φ(C2H4)/φ(C2H6),C2H4和C2H6是3号煤干裂温度之后较优的预测预报指标气体。     

贫氧环境对煤低温氧化特性影响研究

浅埋藏煤层开采过程中,由于地表裂隙导致的漏风,使其经常处于变化的氧浓度场中。针对这一实际情况,利用煤氧化动力学测定系统,对煤样在21%,18%,14%,10.5%,5%,3%氧浓度下,进行程序升温试验。测得了不同温度下指标气CO,C2H4,C2H6,C3H8浓度,并分析了其随温度变化规律,测量并计算了不同氧浓度下交叉点温度以及升温速率;对氧浓度大小影响指标气产量和其随温度变化幅度原因,以及温度特征影响效果进行必要的机理分析。结果表明:不同氧浓度下指标气CO,C2H4,C2H6在70 ℃左右有明显产量变化,分别在120 ℃,125 ℃,120 ℃处开始大量释放,C3H8则在温度达到125 ℃左右开始大量释放;120 ℃前,各氧浓度下煤样温度按相同规律变化,120 ℃后,氧浓度越大则对应的升温速率越大,温度也越高;氧浓度不同影响了煤中脂肪烃侧链氧化产生-OH的过程,继而造成指标气产量与温度变化差异。     

Effect of self-inhibition at a flame propagation in rich gaseous mixtures of combustible–air–diluent

An analysis of published experimental data characterizing the influence of diluents of various chemical nature (both halogenated and chemically inert) on upper flammability limits of flammable gases in air (methane and hydrogen have been considered as examples) has been done. Dependences of critical oxygen concentration and critical fuel equivalence ratio _cr for mixtures combustible–air–diluent at upper flammability limits on diluent concentration were determined. The obtained data were interpreted on the basis of the concept of self-inhibition at combustion of rich mixtures of organic combustibles in air. A method for evaluation of relative effectiveness of various inhibitors and for determination of availability of self-inhibitive properties of a combustible gas has been proposed.     

石油储罐油气蒸发损耗的成因、危害及对策

油气蒸发威胁安全,蒸发的油蒸气易引发爆炸,从而导致油罐爆炸着火。油蒸气是气相烃类,属有毒物品,漂浮地面易致人窒息。油蒸气还易形成光化学烟雾的二次污染物。由于油蒸气的蒸发损耗,全世界每年散失于大气中的油气约为１×１０８吨,折合人民币２４００亿元。因其所蒸发的都是油料中的最轻组分且油气蒸发还严重影响成品油质量。笔者分析了油气蒸发损耗的危害、产生原因及各种影响因素,并提出了降低油气蒸发损耗的对策     

腐朽坑木与煤混合物升温氧化特性研究

为研究煤层及腐朽坑木着火特性,采集巷道内腐朽坑木与煤样并进行混合,对其混合物进行燃点测定和程序升温实验;通过对不同煤木混合物在升温过程中产生气体的规律性进行分析,优选出混合物产生的单一气体指标及复合指标.研究结果表明:随朽木在混合物中的比例上升,混合物燃点呈下降趋势,且CO,C2 H4等指标气体出现更早,CO产生量更大...     

空气湿度对自吸过滤式口罩过滤性能的影响研究

口罩是阻止颗粒物进入人体的有效防护用品,其性能优劣直接影响着佩戴人员的健康与安全。采用国标建议的呼吸阻力实验装置与自制的过滤效率实验装置,对自吸过滤式KN90,KN95系列口罩的呼吸阻力与不同相对湿度下的分级过滤效率进行实验研究。结果表明:所研究的6种口罩的呼气阻力与吸气阻力值不仅满足国标要求,而且满足佩戴舒适性的要求;在同一风速下,气流相对湿度的增加,使2种口罩对粒径为1 μm以下颗粒物的过滤效率降低,对1 μm以上颗粒物的过滤效率没有影响。     

Minimum ignition energy theoretical model for flammable gas based on flame propagation layer by layer

To achieve the rapid prediction of minimum ignition energy (MIE) for premixed gases with wide-span equivalence ratios, a theoretical model is developed based on the proposed idea of flame propagation layer by layer. The validity and high accuracy of this model in predicting MIE have been corroborated against experimental data (from literature) and traditional models. In comparison, this model is mainly applicable to uniform premixed flammable mixtures, and the ignition source needs to be regarded as a punctiform energy source. Nevertheless, this model can exhibit higher accuracy (up to 90%) than traditional models when applied to premixed gases with wide-span equivalence ratios, such as C₃H₈-air mixtures with 0.7–1.5 equivalence ratios, CH₄-air mixtures with 0.7–1.25 equivalence ratios, H₂-air mixtures with 0.6–3.15 equivalence ratios et al. Further, the model parameters have been pre-determined using a 20 L spherical closed explosion setup with a high-speed camera, and then the MIE of common flammable gases (CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈, C₄H₁₀, C₂H₄, C₃H₆, C₂H₂, C₃H₄, C₂H₆O, CO and H₂) under stoichiometric or wide-span equivalence ratios has been calculated. Eventually, the influences of model parameters on MIE have been discussed. Results show that MIE is the sum of the energy required for flame propagation during ignition. The increase in exothermic and heat transfer efficiency for fuel molecules can reduce MIE, whereas prolonging the flame induction period can increase MIE.     

Making hybrid mixture explosions a common case

Explosions of gas-dust hybrid mixtures have long been considered as particular cases encountered in specific industrial contexts. However, it should be reminded that during the explosion of an organic powder, the presence of a hybrid mixture composed of the dust itself and its pyrolysis gases is compulsory. On these premises, an experimental study to determine the role of cellulose pyrolysis products (gaseous, condensable and solid) on the global phenomenon is presented. Hybrid mixture explosion tests were exploited to carry out the investigation. The G-G furnace and the 20 L sphere were employed. Several experimental strategies were chosen to demonstrate the impact of pyrolysis reaction on the explosion of organic powders: i) the fuel equivalence ratio of the reactive mixture (case 1), or ii) the mass of reactants (case 2) were respectively kept constant, iii) the effects of water vapor, char and tar were tested. They were next compared to identify the most suitable one. The two first experimental approaches lead to significantly different results: only case 2 keeps the maximum explosion pressure almost constant, but maximum rate of pressure rises and deflagration index greatly decrease when the pyrolysis gases concentration decreases, which highlights the importance of the pyrolysis reaction on the explosion kinetics. It should also be stressed that the maximum explosion severity is not obtained for the pure gases but when a small dust content is added. The same evolution is observed when a small amount of char is introduced to pyrolysis gases, which underlines the influence of the radiative transfer. Adding small amounts of tar to cellulose tends to increase its explosion severity. However, this impact is less than that generated by the addition of pyrolysis gases.