江汉平原东部浅层地下水氮的空间分布特征

江汉平原水体氮污染问题日趋严重,但相关研究仍较为薄弱。以江汉平原东部为研究区,对区内459组浅层地下水样品的水化学成分进行测试分析,旨在查明地下水氮污染的空间分布特征,并探讨地下水氮污染的成因机制。结果显示:硝态氮在孔隙潜水中明显富集,最高约300 mg/L,而高含量的氨氮则集中分布于中层孔隙承压水,平均值达2.58 mg/L;孔隙潜水中NO_3~-含量随着Cl~-含量的增高而表现出增高趋势,指示了浅层地下水中NO_3~-是人类工农业活动输入的结果;中层孔隙承压水处于富含有机质的强还原环境,NH_3-N含量随着DOC含量的增高而表现出增高趋势,且高含量的NH_3-N对应着低含量的Cl~-,表明该层地下水中NH_3-N主要为天然来源,而非人类活动输入。氧化还原环境控制着区域内浅层地下水中氮的赋存形态,在氧化环境下主要以硝态氮的形式存在,而在还原环境下主要以氨氮的形式存在。     

渭河流域关中段地下水硝态氮来源解析

为定性及定量识别地下水中氮的污染来源及迁移转化特征,本文在水化学分析的基础上结合氮氧稳定同位素技术及SIAR模型对渭河流域关中段地下水补给来源、地下水中氮污染特征进行了判断.结果表明,渭河流域关中段地下水的主要水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca+Mg型,地下水由降水快速入渗补给和地表水入渗补给.地下水氮污染以硝态氮形式为主,在所采集的34个地下水水样中,硝态氮含量的变化范围为0.154~36.717mg/L,平均含量为6.17mg/L,其中硝态氮含量超过Ⅲ类地下水标准的采样点共有2个,超标率为5.9%.氮循环的主导作用为硝化作用.地下水δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-含量的变化范围为+6.08‰~+16.42‰,δ¹⁵O-NO₃^-含量的变化范围为+9.38‰~+12.514‰,硝态氮污染主要受到人类活动的影响,土壤有机氮、粪便及污废水和大气沉降是地下水硝态氮的主要贡献者,平均贡献率分别为44.65%、40.03%和15.32%.     

填埋垃圾浸提液与地下水污染物组成差异及成因

为揭示垃圾渗滤液污染地下水特征,采用常规分析、三维荧光光谱和多元统计分析,研究了某简易填埋场垃圾浸提液与地下水中无机盐、有机物及重金属的分布特征及成因.结果表明,填埋场垃圾异质性强,浸提液中NH+4-N浓度高,而Cl-、SO2-4、溶解性有机物(DOM)、重金属含量低,强还原氛围导致硝化过程受阻,NO-3-N、NO-2-N含量低,浸提液中Cu主要结合在DOM上,而Ba、Cd、Cr、Fe、Mn、Ni、Zn及As主要结合在疏水性有机物上.除填埋场所在点地下水外,其余点地下水污染物来源相似,其中的DOM以微生物来源为主;与垃圾浸提液中污染物分布特征相反,地下水中NH+4-N含量低而Cl-、SO2-4、DOM、NO-3-N、NO-2-N含量高,Cu、Ba、Cd、Fe、Mn及Ni的分布与DOM有关,主要结合在荧光有机物上.研究结果显示,基于地下水中污染物组成差异,采用聚类分析方法可识别出地下水受渗滤液污染点.     

保定府河DOM的光谱特征及其来源解析

府河是白洋淀入淀河流中的主要河流,研究府河溶解性有机物分布特征及污染来源对入淀河流的环境管理及水质改善具有重要意义。文章2021年12月对府河干流及支流20个采样点进行采样,通过紫外光谱与三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析技术分析府河水体溶解性有机物,并对溶解性有机物组分来源进行解析。研究发现,府河水体溶解性有机物组分中类腐殖质组分含量高于水体中类蛋白组分含量,且黄花沟中有机组分对府河水体影响较大;大量城市污水处理厂出水汇入府河后类蛋白占比增大,这可能是河内生物活性提升导致,故F9以后自生源贡献升高;荧光光谱分解得到4个组分,C1、C2（类腐殖质）占71.88%,C3、C4（类蛋白）占28.12%,府河干流溶解性有机物主要来源于外源污水厂出水输入、自生源生物类蛋白和陆源农田土壤等;荧光组分与溶解性有机碳、总氮、硝态氮有显著的正相关性,PC1与荧光组分呈现显著正相关。综上,通过对府河水体溶解性有机物荧光特征及来源解析,府河受陆源类腐殖质与生物自生源双重影响,这为府河水体的进一步管理提供了理论参考。     

赣江上游典型流域水体三氮及重金属空间分布特征与风险评价

论文以赣江上游典型稀土、钨矿区流域-渥江流域为研究对象，沿程设置42个取样点，对水体的pH、氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮以及Cr、Co、Cd、Pb、Hg、Ni、Mn、Cu、Zn、As这10种重金属的含量进行调查分析，同时运用内梅罗综合污染指数法、健康风险评价模型对渥江流域水体污染状况进行评价，运用Pearson相关性分析、主成分分析方法对重金属污染来源进行探究。结果表明：（1）各采样点氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮含量在沿程分布上趋于一致，且与pH呈负相关；（2）渥江流域不同采样点重金属含量存在较大差异，干流重金属含量总体上高于支流，且干流部分河段和支流无重金属污染，而位于流域内稀土矿山和钨矿山附近的采样点目前已表现为轻度和重度重金属污染，主要健康风险来源于致癌重金属As和Cd。（3）各类水质指标、重金属含量具有显著相关性，研究区域水体重金属污染主要来自于周边稀土矿区和钨矿区。     

地下水中溶解性有机物的季节变化特征及成因

为阐明地下水中溶解性有机物(DOM)的分布特征与环境效应,联合三维荧光光谱、平行因子分析及主成分分析,研究了地下水中DOM的来源及随季节和空间变化特征,探究了地下水DOM组成对无机盐分布的影响.结果显示,地下水DOM主要来自微生物源,可鉴别出4种荧光组分,4种组分中,组分1和3为类蛋白组分,组分2和4属于类腐殖质组分.类蛋白组分来源差异较大,组成不稳定,其含量随季节变化明显,春冬季含量低而夏秋季含量高;类腐殖质组分来源相似,组成稳定,随季节变化小.两类荧光组分,尤其是类蛋白组分,是地下水氨氮的主要来源,可以影响地下水pH值.结果表明,三维荧光光谱结合平行因子和主成分分析,可以解析地下水中有机物的组成特征和季节变化规律.     

北京河流水污染现状分析研究

通过总结近年来北京河流中氮磷、有机质和重金属等方面的研究成果,结果表明北运河水系各河段水质均较差,劣Ⅴ类水质的河流长度超过80％,城市河流污染特征明显,主要污染指标为耗氧型有机污染物和氨氮,重金属污染较轻,悬浮物中的重金属占较大的比重;永定河水系枯水期氮污染较重,主要是硝态氮超标,以颗粒态磷为主要形式的磷污染较轻,重金属含量大都低于地表水Ⅲ类标准;潮白河水系水质较好,各水质指标除个别断面外大都满足中Ⅲ类水标准,重金属含量大都符合Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水标准。     

华北平原典型剖面地下水三氮污染时空分布特征

华北平原地下水氮元素污染的时空分布特征鲜有报道,本文结合华北平原水文地质条件,从山前平原至中部平原选取两个剖面,四次采集地下水样品并测定三氮含量,调查评价典型剖面上三氮污染状况并深入分析其时空分布特征。结果表明:华北平原典型剖面上地下水的三氮中超标最为严重的是氨氮;三氮总量整体上随时间呈上升趋势;硝态氮、氨氮、亚硝态氮含量的空间分布不尽相同,前两者在山前平原的含量高于中部平原;第三者则呈相反趋势;从垂直方向上看,三氮含量随地下水埋深增加而减小。在不同的水井类型中,灌溉井和监测井中三氮的含量普遍较高,而在饮用水井中氨氮污染相对严重,会对人类健康造成一定风险。     

北方典型设施蔬菜种植区地下水水质特征

为探究设施农业对地下水环境质量的影响,以我国华北平原典型设施蔬菜种植区为研究对象,采用常规理化分析、紫外-可见吸收光谱及荧光光谱技术,结合平行因子分析、主成分分析和二维相关光谱分析方法,对种植区地下水中无机盐、重金属及有机物的来源、组成、赋存分布及可能成因进行了研究.结果表明,设施蔬菜种植区地下水水化学特征为Cl-SO_4型水,硬度高,三氮含量严重超出国家地下水V类质量标准(GB/T 14848-93),重金属含量低于国家生活饮用水卫生标准(GB 5749-2006).氮素中NH_4~+-N的大量累积与较浅的地下水埋深度和强还原环境引起的硝化过程受阻有关,部分有毒亲硫重金属元素含量较高为农药和化肥的施用所致.地下水中溶解性有机物来源相似,由微生物代谢淋溶进入地下水的有机粪肥中组分新近产生为主,其主要成分为小分子易降解的类蛋白物质,同时含有部分与类蛋白物质结合的类富里酸物质.种植区地下水中类富里酸物质在地下水中含量稳定,而类蛋白物质含量受耕作过程有机粪肥的使用影响较大.设施蔬菜种植过程中应科学分配有机粪肥的施用,同时水质电导率、硬度及紫外区UVA波段应作为该种植区日后在线监管的主要指标.     

基于证据权重法地下水中氮浓度影响因素分析

针对地下水中氮素浓度主控因素难以确定的问题,本文以三江平原松花江-挠力河流域为例,采用证据权重法,选取降水量、土地利用类型、人口密度、土壤有机质含量、粘土层厚度、地下水埋深、含水层厚度和地下水类型为证据因子,分别建立地下水中氨氮和硝态氮的预测模型,并分析其对氮素浓度分布的影响程度,取得了较好的预测结果,其中氨氮和硝态氮的预测精度分别达到77.2%和89.1%.分析表明:三江平原地下水中氨氮和硝态氮浓度与降水量、人口密度呈正响应关系;氨氮浓度与含水层厚度呈正响应关系,而硝态氮与含水层厚度则呈负响应关系,说明氨氮受含水层氧化还原环境条件影响较大,硝态氮受含水层对流弥散作用影响较大;当土地利用类型为居住用地时,地下水中氨氮和硝态氮浓度通常较高.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.