酸溶液、冻融循环及其耦合作用下玄武岩-纤维筋耐久性试验

进行了3种不同直径玄武岩纤维(BFRP)筋在酸溶液、冻融循环及其耦合作用下耐久性试验,分析环境类型及作用时间对其弹性模量、抗拉强度的影响。结果表明:3种不同直径BFRP筋在酸溶液、冻融循环及其耦合作用下,直径6mm BFRP筋抗拉强度降低分别最多达33.9%、10.5%、31.1%,直径8mm BFRP筋抗拉强度降低分别最多达29.2%、6.9%、28.6%,直径10mm BFRP筋抗拉强度降低分别最多达10.2%、14%、10.2%;耦合作用下直径6、8mm BFRP筋与环氧树脂基体界面受破坏程度大于单因素环境,直径10mm BFRP筋受其影响不明显;3种不同直径BFRP筋在自然环境下其弹性模量变化范围为46.2±1GPa,在酸溶液、冻融环境及二者耦合作用下其弹性模量变化范围为46.5±1.5GPa,上述环境对3种不同直径BFRP筋弹性模量影响偏差在0.44%~1.67%之间;冻融循环作用下,3种不同直径BFRP筋在Lemaitre应变等价原理方面具有一定精度。     

Aberfan and the management of trauma

This paper is a case study of the management of post-disaster trauma in 1960s Britain. It explores the traumatic aftermath of the 1966 Aberfan disaster (where 116 children and 28 adults were killed when a colliery spoil heap collapsed on top of a school in a small Welsh mining community) which had a devastating impact on the village. The professional and voluntary services made available to help the bereaved, survivors and wider community are documented and assessed. The paper demonstrates how limited finance and the popular and professional contemporary understanding of trauma and disasters hindered those services, and how the actions of government and media had a negative impact on the community's recovery. This case study of disaster management in the 1960s illustrates many of the pitfalls that continue to haunt the response to man-made tragedies in the UK.     

南充市水土流失成因分析及防治对策

本文阐述了南充市主要土壤类型及水土流失的特点,分析了自然因素、人为因素对土壤侵蚀的影响,着重对降雨量、地形坡度与土壤侵蚀量之间的关系进行了回归分析,并在此基础上提出了防治水土流失的一些建议.     

Spatial and temporal patterns and the socioeconomic impacts of landslides in the tropical and mountainous Colombian Andes

Landslides are a natural hazard that presents a major threat to human life and infrastructure. Although they are a very common phenomenon in Colombia, there is a lack of analysis that entails national and comprehensive spatial, temporal, and socioeconomic evaluations of such events based on historical records. This study provides a detailed assessment of the spatial and temporal patterns and the socioeconomic impacts associated with landslides that occurred in the country between 1900 and 2018. Two national landslide databases were consulted and this information was complemented by local and regional landslide catalogues. A total of 30,730 landslides were recorded in the 118-year period. Rainfall is the most common trigger of landslides, responsible for 92 per cent of those registered, but most fatalities (68 per cent) are due to landslides caused by volcanic activity and earthquakes. An ‘fN curve’ revealed a very high frequency of small and moderate fatal landslides in the time frame.     

Cracking the code: the genesis, use and future of the Code of Conduct

This paper reflects on the genesis of the Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Disaster Relief, on the tenth anniversary of its adoption. The origins, usage and future of the code are examined with respect to three debates, current at the time of its inception, namely: the debate about the core content of humanitarianism; the debate about coherence and the consensual nature of the humanitarian community; and the debate about the need for, and the ability to demonstrate, accountability. The paper concludes that although the Code of Conduct was very much a product of its time, its content remains relevant today. However, its future application hinges on the capacity of those who purport to follow it to realise true accountability, and on proving that the code, written essentially for natural disasters, is relevant to contemporary complex emergencies.     

《灾害学》论文及作者的统计分析

通过对《灾害学》 1 986～ 1 999年所载论文量、作者群、核心作者、作者系统分布及引文进行统计分析 ,表明该刊不仅有学术水平很高的核心作者 ,也有一支连续 ,稳定、素质较高的作者群 ;该刊已形成了自己独特的风格和稳定的研究体系     

Media messages and the needs of infants and young children after Cyclone Nargis and the WenChuan Earthquake

Infants and young children are vulnerable in emergencies. The media plays an important role in aid delivery and has a positive impact when reports are accurate. However, the media has been implicated in encouraging harmful aid in the form of donations of infant formula and other milk products. Internet‐based media reports were collected after Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar and the WenChuan Earthquake in China (2008) and examined for content related to infant and young child feeding. Common messages identified included that: babies are vulnerable; stress prevents breastfeeding; and providing infant formula saves lives. Messages rarely reported included that: artificial feeding is dangerous; and breastfeeding protects infants. This analysis suggests that current patterns of media reporting may encourage harmful aid and increase child morbidity and mortality. Aid organisations should encourage the media to report accurately on the needs of infant and young children in emergencies so as to improve aid delivery.     

山东及邻近地区中小地震震源参数的测定

采用谱分析方法,利用山东数字地震台网的观测资料,计算了2004～2007年期间山东地区44次3级以上地震的波谱,估算了地震矩、拐角频率、应力降、震源破裂半径,讨论了各震源参数之间的相互关系以及拐角频率的时间分布特征。分析结果表明,地震矩与震级、地震矩与拐角频率、地震矩与震源破裂半径有明显的依赖关系。     

Community resilience and volcano hazard: the eruption of Tungurahua and evacuation of the faldas in Ecuador

Official response to explosive volcano hazards usually involves evacuation of local inhabitants to safe shelters. Enforcement is often difficult and problems can be exacerbated when major eruptions do not ensue. Families are deprived of livelihoods and pressure to return to hazardous areas builds. Concomitantly, prevailing socio-economic and political conditions limit activities and can influence vulnerability. This paper addresses these issues, examining an ongoing volcano hazard (Tungurahua) in Ecuador where contextual realities significantly constrain responses. Fieldwork involved interviewing government officials, selecting focus groups and conducting surveys of evacuees in four locations: a temporary shelter, a permanent resettlement, with returnees and with a control group. Differences in perceptions of risk and health conditions, and in the potential for economic recovery were found among groups with different evacuation experiences. The long-term goal is to develop a model of community resilience in long-term stress environments.     

Monitoring and reporting attacks on education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Somalia

The United Nations' Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism is charged with documenting six grave violations against children in a time of conflict, including attacks on schools. Many of these incidents, however, remain unreported across the globe. This study explores whether or not a local knowledge base of education and child protection actors in North and South Kivu Provinces, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and in Mogadishu, Somalia, could contribute to a more complete record of attacks on education in those areas. Hundreds of semi‐structured interviews were conducted with key informants across the three settings, and in total 432 attacks on education were documented. Purposive samples of these reports were verified and a large majority was confirmed. Local non‐governmental organisations and education institutions were most knowledgeable about these incidents, but most never reported them to a monitoring authority. The study concludes that attack surveillance and response were largely insufficient, and recommends investing in mechanisms that utilise local knowledge to address these shortcomings.     

Risk factors and the psychological impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak: perspectives and experiences of Iranian healthcare workers on the frontline

Frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) looking after COVID-19 patients are at high risk of developing mental health problems. Both preventive and interventional initiatives are essential, therefore, to maintain and improve the mental health of HCWs and ultimately to enhance the quality of care that they provide. This qualitative content analysis study, conducted in Iran between September 2020 and February 2021, involved the gathering of data on the issue through face-to-face interviews with 22 HCWs working directly with COVID-19 patients. Data analysis led to the generation of 163 codes, 45 categories (16 risk factors and 29 consequences), and 9 themes. Overall, the results suggest that caring for a patient with COVID-19 is associated with positive and negative psychological impacts. Measures such as increasing sensitivity to crisis situations, self-adjustment skills training, and identifying signs of job burnout owing to moral conflicts can reduce or eliminate the risk of negative psychological consequences among HCWs.     

Immediate and long-term assistance following the bombing of the US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania

On 7 August 1998 truck bombs destroyed the US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.(1) The response in both countries was characterised by an absence of incident command, limited pre-hospital care, a disorganised hospital response and a lack of transportation for those injured. In the next five years USD 50 million was provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to alleviate the resulting suffering, support reconstruction and strengthen disaster preparedness capacity in the two countries. These two programmes have enhanced awareness of disaster management issues, improved training capacity, built response structures and provided material resources. Their design and implementation provide lessons for future disasters in developing countries. The assistance programmes evolved very differently. In Kenya the programme largely excluded the public sector and the potential for government coordination, while the Tanzanian programme concentrated heavily on central government and regional hospital structures-largely omitting the non-governmental or civil society sector. Excluding key stakeholders raises concerns about programme sustainability and the ability to respond effectively to future emergencies.     

活动断裂错动位移模式对隧洞变形与内力的影响研究∗

在考虑多种断层错动位移模式的基础上,建立穿越活动断裂带的隧洞数值模型,进行跨活断裂隧洞断层错动的数值计算,开展不同断层错动位移模式对隧洞衬砌的变形与内力的影响研究.选择断层带中隧洞结构变形的最可能的模式——固支梁支座垂直位移时梁的结构变形作为断层带错动位移模式,即为"S"型错动位移模式.考虑"S"型与"直线型"两种位移模式对铰接设计隧洞结构变形与内力的影响.结果 表明:考虑断层带错动位移模式下,错动作用时衬砌受影响的范围主要集中在断层破碎带附近,衬砌内力峰值出现在断层带与上下盘交界处;断层错动位移模式不同,断层错动时衬砌变形以及所受内力的分布规律基本相同.但衬砌拱顶垂直位移曲线、衬砌所受内力在断层带剧变程度以及峰值大小相差较大;"S"型位移模式相对于"直线型"在对铰接衬砌的变形以及受力上有较大的差异.在进一步研究断层错动位移模式时,可对跨断层隧洞的影响研究上考虑"S"型位移模式.     

南京地震台的大地电场观测场地建设及对其初步观测资料的分析

南京基准地震台于 1998 0 6建立了大地电场观测系统 ,同年开始观测。本文介绍了场地建设概况 ,并根据其初步的观测资料分析了大地电场的一些机理特征 ,在大地电场的背景消除方面作了一些探究。     

华北与闽粤沿海及银川地震区(带)地震周期的划分与研究

按地震在空间上的相似活动过程排列的华北与闽粤沿海及银川地震区 (带 )地震活动周期表 ,以华北地震活动为主线 ,将公元前 2 80年咸阳 5 级地震至 1 988年 2月 2 5日彰武 4 8级地震间 2 2 6 7年的华北地震活动划分为 4个时间层次。其组合关系是 ,一个超长地震周期由初、前、主、余震期 4个地震期组成 ;除前震期只有一个地震周期外 ,初、主、余震期都包含前弱后强两个地震周期 ;每个地震周期多分为初、前、主、余震段 4个地震段。闽粤沿海地震区和银川地震带的主震段分别与华北初、余震段同期活动。地震周期是介于前人划分的地震幕与地震活动期之间一个新的更为重要的时间层次。华北 7个地震周期的起止时间是 :-2 80 .5 0～ 8.2 2～ 880 .1 2～ 1 337.6 9～ 1 5 6 8.37～ 1 730 .75～ 1 85 5 .95～ 1 988.1 5年。并从时空强 3方面阐述了华北地震周期性活动规律 ,分析了 3个地震区、带地震周期的相互关系。华北地震周期可作为标准地震周期与不同地区地震周期相对比 ,具有重要的预报意义     

防灾减灾工程分类及其对策

探讨了防灾减灾工程的分类。依据学科分类和专业研究分类等原则,将防灾减灾工程分为生命线系统工程、生态系统工程、公共管理系统工程、河海系统工程和生产线系统工程5个大类,并提出了减灾对策。     

长江新滩滑坡的历史分析，趋势预测与启示

从对新滩滑坡的历史回顾分析入手,得出新滩滑坡具有时空上的周期性和继承性规律。着重阐述了１９８５年６月１２日新滩滑坡的形成过程,分析了其机理和形成原因,并由此得出对三峡库区滑坡灾害在治理上的重要启示。