人体硼暴露及其代谢的研究进展

硼是自然界中普遍存在的元素.一般人群主要通过饮水和食品暴露硼,硼作业工人也通过空气暴露硼.硼经人体吸收之后会很快分布于全身体液中,骨骼中的硼含量要高于血液.尿液硼浓度能够很好的反映硼的外暴露水平,可作为硼暴露的生物标志物.本文对近年来有关人体通过不同途径硼暴露及其代谢以及生物标志物的研究进展进行了总结,并对今后的研究重点给出了建议.     

危险的PM2．5颗粒

可吸入颗粒物是对人体健康危害最大的颗粒物质。PM2．5是空气动力学中直径小于2．5微米的颗粒物质,又称为细颗粒物。大部分有害元素和化合物都富集在细颗粒物上,而随着其粒径的减小,细颗粒物在大气中的存留时间和在呼吸系统的吸收率也随之增加,因此对人体健康的影响也越大。     

矿山高温和高湿的危害及预防

矿井作业场所空气的温度、湿度和气流是矿井环境的气候条件。这种条件,主要产生于各种热源放出的热辐射。它可使周围物体温度增高,并直接或间接以辐射、对流、散热的方式作用于人体。当人体因新陈代谢产生的热量与人体散发到周围环境中的热量相等时,人体处于热平衡状态,人体温度正常,自我感觉舒适。若气温超过37℃,人体就要从空气中吸收热量,使人感到烦闷,严重的可引起中毒。针对矿井的特殊环境,《矿山安全条例》对温度作出了规定:“井下工人作业地点的空气温度,不得超过28℃。超过时,应当采取降温或其他防护措施。” 矿井产生高温裔汇的主…     

工作场所超细颗粒物暴露评估与风险评估研究进展

纳米技术产业的快速发展促使纳米材料需求量不断增长,纳米材料的规模化生产及使用,增加了暴露于超细颗粒物的职业人群数量,且工种复杂多样,尤其在自动化程度低、工人职业卫生防护意识薄弱的作业场所,对接触者有潜在的职业暴露风险.从现场暴露评估策略、检测方法、接触限值以及风险评估手段,综述针对超细颗粒物这一新型职业危害因素的研究进...     

粉尘检测技术(六) 第五章 粉尘粒度检测技术

为了研究粉尘的可吸入部分对人体的危害,必须了解不同作业场所空气含颗粒物的组成分布。颗粒的组成分布有两种表示方法:一种是计数组成百分数,即某一粒级的颗粒数占所统计粒级范围的颗粒总数的百分数;另一种是计重组成百分数,即某一粒级的颗粒物的质量占所统计粒级范围的颗粒物总质量的百分数。两种表示方法的检测技术各不相同。我国目前公布的粉尘测定方法(GB-5748-85)规定粉尘分散度检测采用计数法,而国外由于采用呼吸性粉尘浓度,其分散度测定用的是计重法。     

污染场地人体健康风险评估研究

以甘肃省某玻璃仪器厂为例,采用污染场地风险评估技术导则(征求意见稿)中评价模型,选取苯为关注污染物,对污染场地5种暴露途径下人体健康风险进行了估算.计算结果表明,污染物各暴露途径的致癌风险贡献从大到小依次为:吸入室外空气中污染物蒸气>吸入室内空气中污染物蒸气>经口摄人>皮肤接触>呼吸吸人土壤颗粒物,联合致癌风险值为7....     

邯钢石灰石矿破碎筛分车间的除尘设计

1 概述 邯钢石灰石矿担负着为邯钢炼钢工段提供石灰石粒料的任务。生产石灰石碎料需经过石灰石破碎和筛分两个工序。在破碎和筛分过程中,为了保证筛分的质量,不能采用湿式作业。因此在作业过程中产生大量粉尘,浓度见附表。粉尘不但对工人的身体健康威胁极大,排放到大气中也严重污染环境,而且还存在着粉尘爆炸的危险性。因此,建立石灰石矿的除尘系统,是保障车间安全生产和保持环境质量的迫切问题。2 除尘方案的选定 邯钢石灰石矿破碎筛分车间依山布置,     

自吸过滤式防颗粒物呼吸器质量检测系统

防尘面罩作为一线工人预防职业病危害的最后一道、也是最关键的防线,事关劳动者的健康,对其性能进行检测评价非常重要。但由于国内现有的颗粒物发生和检测技术不能满足标准要求,成套购买国外检测设备价格太高,且维护成本也很高,国家劳动保护用品质量监督检验中心（武汉）在充分消化、吸收国外先进测试技术的基础上,     

攀枝花地区土壤及矿物中3种重金属形态及健康风险

采集了攀枝花地区未污染农田土、污染农田土、钒钛磁铁矿尾矿和钒钛磁铁矿矿石,分析其Cr、Ni和Zn的全量、水溶态质量比及其形态,并用体外仿生消化的方法对Ni、Cr的生物可给性进行测定。结果表明:污染农田土壤中的Ni和Cr分别超标4.12和4.46倍;各金属在4种样品中都以残渣态为主导,非专性吸附和专性吸附态质量比较低,无定形铁铝水化氧化物结合态和结晶铁铝水化氧化物结合态质量比变化范围较大。应用美国环保局的重金属对人体健康风险评价的方法对4种样品中Cr的致癌性进行评价。结果表明,钒钛磁铁矿尾矿对儿童存在致癌风险,应避免该尾矿对儿童的暴露。对Cr和Ni的非致癌健康风险进行评价,4种样品对儿童和成人的风险均在可接受范围内,但是对儿童的潜在风险不容忽视。     

多聚甲醛和四聚乙醛的太赫兹光谱吸收特征测量

利用太赫兹时域光谱技术在24℃、湿度小于10%RH的干燥空气条件下,对不同质量浓度的多聚甲醛和四聚乙醛与高纯聚乙烯混合物的压片样品进行测量,得到其在太赫兹频段的特征吸收光谱。在0.1~2.5 THz范围内,多聚甲醛出现了2个微弱的吸收峰,分别位于1.20 THz和1.66 THz处;四聚乙醛只出现了1个比较明显的吸收峰,位于1.83 THz处。两者的吸收系数变化特征存在显著差异,可将其作为太赫兹指纹谱进行物质成分鉴别的依据。另外,通过进一步试验得到了多聚甲醛和四聚乙醛样品的平均吸收系数与质量浓度的关系式。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。