湖滨带的功能及其管理

湖滨带是水陆生态交错带的一种类型，具有重要的生态、社会和经济价值。湖滨带功能主要包括：缓冲带功能、生物多样性及生境保护功能、护岸功能和经济美学价值。湖滨带退化的原因主要是人为因素引起的生物群落结构的逆向演替及生态功能的下降，退化湖滨带生态恢复与重建的理论基础是恢复生态学。湖滨带管理的核心是湖滨带植被的正确管理，管理的目标是保护与湖滨带密切相关的各种资源和水生态系统，其管理措施主要包括：(1)建立植被缓冲带；(2)加强湖滨带规划和管理的政策研究；(3)加强湖滨带生态监测系统及生态评价指标体系的建设；(4)促进湖滨带管理的公众参与。     

河岸带生态学研究进展与展望

河岸带是河流—陆地生态系统之间进行物质、能量、信息交换的重要生态过渡区,具有独特的生态系统结构和服务功能,近年来成为国内外生态学和环境科学的研究热点之一。在阐述河岸带结构与功能基础上,分析了河岸带的影响因素与其退化机制,退化河岸带的生态恢复理论、基本原则、生态重建技术和发展方向。认为影响河岸带结构与功能的主要因素可归纳为水文与地貌过程、植被与人为干扰4个方面;识别影响河岸带生态系统的生物和物理作用过程及其退化成因是关键,指出了生态恢复应遵循的原则与宜采用的生态重建技术。在此基础上,提出河岸带生态恢复应在景观或流域尺度上借助“3S”技术和多学科协作从微观、中观和宏观不同层次开展研究,甄别生态退化的主导因素,采用植被重建与水文调控技术尽可能恢复与重建原有自然景观。从系统生态学与景观生态学的角度,提出河岸带生态学未来研究方向。建议今后应加强对河岸带生态系统结构、生态过程与功能及生态重建技术的研究成果进行系统整合,建立能够预测河岸带结构与功能动态的数量模型和评价体系,为实现河岸带重建与高效管理提供科学指导。     

恢复生态学相关概念

在综述国内外恢复生态学有关概念的基础上,作者提出,恢复生态学有关生态恢复的科学,旨在研究生态退化和生态恢复的机理和过程。生态恢复包括狭义的恢复和广义的恢复,狭义的恢复指严格意义上的整个生态系统的恢复,广义的恢复指人类社会需求意义上的恢复,也就是依据生态学原理,利用生物技术和工程技术,通过恢复、修复、改良、更新、重建受损或退化的生态系统和土地,恢复生态系统的功能,提高土地生产力的过程。     

黑河流域土地退化分类研究

黑河流域位于我国的西北内陆干旱区。人类不合理利用水资源造成的土地退化，已成为黑河流域一个非常严重的生态问题。土地荒漠化是该流域最典型和最严重的土地退化形式。对该流域土地退化的空间分布、特点、退化面积等方面还没有较为详细的研究，因此探讨这个问题就显得非常重要。文章通过最新的遥感影像资料(2000年)，在分析已有的研究成果的基础上，结合野外调查，利用遥感和地理信息系统(GIS)技术，初步分析了黑河流域土地退化的情况。研究结果表明，黑河流域土地退化主要有5种类型，即：水土流失、干旱化、植被退化、盐渍化和沙漠化。土地退化面积达29971．91km^2，占整个流域面积的23．06％；其中，水土流失主要分布在祁连山的南部山区，面积为5747．68km^2，占整个流域土地退化面积的19．18％，主要是由于过度开垦和放牧造成的；由于人类活动的影响，造成水资源在时空上的重新分配而导致的干旱化土地主要分布在山前部分冲、洪积平原的河流沿岸附近，其面积为1369.96km^2，占整个流域土地退化面积的4．57％；盐渍化土地是该流域土地退化的主要类型之一，面积为10591．82km^2，占整个流域土地退化面积的35．34％，分布在流域的低地、冲积扇的边缘等位置，主要是由于干旱的气候条件造成的；沙化土地，包括流动沙丘(地)，是研究区土地退化面积最大的类型，为10771．97km^2，占整个流域土地退化面积的35.94％，这其中也包括历史时期形成的沙漠和现代形成的大部分沙地；植被退化土地面积为1490．48km^2，只占整个流域土地退化面积的4．97％。通过分析可知，黑河流域土地退化严重，特别是在下游地区。人类不合理的经济活动，尤其是对该流域内有限水资源的不合理利用，是导致该地区土地生态系统脆弱的主要因素。     

环境保护部南京环境科学研究所土地退化防治和矿山生态保护学科简介

正环境保护部南京环境科学研究所土地退化防治和矿山生态保护学科主要开展受损生态系统恢复与重建、土地退化/荒漠化防治以及矿山生态环境保护与恢复治理等方面的基础理论与应用技术研究。多年来,先后承担了国家科技基础性工作专项"西部重点矿区土地退化因素调查",国家自然科学基金项目"西藏高寒河谷沙地植被演替的高光谱遥感识别及恢复潜力评估研究"和"基于高光谱遥感的雅鲁藏布江源区草地退化及其对全球变化响应敏感性研究",国家环保公益性行业科研专项     

酸性硫酸盐土研究现状与发展趋向

对国内外酸性硫酸盐土的研究现状进行了综述，并提出了有关今后酸性硫酸盐土研究的几个重要发展方向：（1）酸性硫酸盐土的酸释放机制；（2）酸性硫酸盐土的生态环境效应及其全球变化贡献与生态风险评价；（3）退化酸性硫酸盐土的恢复与重建的接口技术体系；（4）酸性硫酸盐土的可持续利用模式与管理。     

中国土地盐碱化及其防治对策研究

中国盐碱地面积为３６３０万ｈｍ２，土地盐碱化是农业生态环境退化的重大问题之一。土地盐碱化治理和预防对中国干旱、半干旱和半湿润地区农业生态系统退化防治、农业生态环境保护和未来食物安全性具有非常重要的实践意义。本文简要评述了我国土地盐碱化的历史及发展趋势以及土地盐碱化可能造成的土地面积、生产力和经济损失；在对土地盐碱化发生和发展的技术和社会经济原因，以及现有技术、管理、政策和法律法规进行系统评述的基础上，提出了我国土地盐碱化防治的区域战略、技术政策、管理政策、法律法规及经济激励手段。     

西北地区的生态退化

分析了引起西北地区生态退化的自然因子和人为因子,对主要自然因子的作用及过程进行了分析。在此基础上探讨了西北地区生态退化的过程与结果,认为生态退化是生态系统的功能退化、生态系统结构退化、生态因子退化、土地退化逐渐演进的一个过程,生态退化的最终结果是土地生产力下降或丧失。     

坡地赤红壤退化与生态环境重建

广东坡地赤红壤是广东农业生产的重要土壤资源，但是，坡地赤红壤长期以来存在着利用不当和退化问题，严重制约着其生产潜力的发挥。文章总结了坡地赤红壤的基本特性及退化状况，探讨了其生态环境重建的途径。认为坡地赤红壤之退化主要是生态退化、水土流失、物理退化和养分退化。指出坡地赤红壤之生态环境重建主要有如下几种途径：因地制宜，合理利用，恢复与重建土壤．植被生态系统；综合治理水土流失；增加有机质，改善土壤结构，提高土壤肥力；发挥地域优势，大力发展绿色农业，走农业产业化道路。     

中国矿区土地退化因素调查:概念、类型与方法

矿区是受人类活动高强度干扰和加速侵蚀的区域,其生态破坏与环境污染导致严重的土地退化,造成土壤质量下降、生物多样性丧失,给我国矿山环境管理与恢复治理带来新的问题与挑战,亟待辨识与查明导致矿区土地退化的主要驱动因素.笔者通过综合分析土地退化概念、类型和成因,进一步界定了矿区范围,阐明了矿区土地退化的内涵,分析了导致矿区土地退化的生态破坏、环境污染与自然侵蚀等驱动因素的研究进展.基于此,将矿区土地退化划分为生态破坏导致的土地退化、环境污染导致的土地退化和自然侵蚀导致的土地退化3大类型,提出了一套矿区土地退化因素调查的指标体系与方法建议.     

退化滨水景观带植物群落生态修复技术研究进展

滨水带是重要的生态交错带,物质、养分和能量流动速率高,具有较高的生态、经济和美学价值。近年来,由于缺乏科学合理的生态规划意识,我国滨水带多被建成近直立人工护岸,加之自然、人为干扰力度的加强,滨水岸线生境破坏,生物群落丧失,滨水带退化,水岸生态环境日趋恶化。通过对滨水带生态景观功能分析,研究滨水带退化原因与机理,系统归纳了国内外退化滨水景观带植物群落生态修复相关技术的研究现状,深入探讨了生境恢复、生物廊道恢复、景观格局美化和水岸生态系统结构与功能优化等方面的研究内容,并提出今后滨水带生态修复技术研究方向,以及基于生态学、景观学、水力学、土力学、生物学、经济学等多学科背景的滨水景观带植物群落定量分析、配置方法。最后指出,滨水景观带植物群落生态修复技术研究需进一步分析我国水岸生态系统退化机理、细化滨水深槽-浅滩序列、量化滨水植被配置宽度与生物多样性关系、深化稳定化长效管理技术等,为我国退化滨水生态景观带植物群落生态修复集成技术的研究与实践提供参考,以全面有效的提高生态环境质量。     

矿山废弃地生态退化程度评价

矿山废弃地是受采矿影响极度退化的生态系统,生态退化程度评价是对矿山废弃地生态质量现状、环境影响和治理难度的评估过程,可用于指导矿山废弃地生态环境影响评价和生态恢复规划编制等。本文分别尾矿库、露采迹地、排岩场和压占区4种矿山废弃地类型,采用兼顾自然因子和人为干扰强度因子的评价方法,通过对主要生态、环境问题的分析,选择导致生态系统退化的主要因子或易于反映生态系统质量的自然因子和人为干扰强度因子作为生态退化评价指标,评价指标来自于工程设计条件、土壤、植被和地质安全性4个方面;首先采用层次分析法确定各评价指标权重,其中占用面积和地表破坏程度是最最要的指标;在生态退化等级划分基础上确定了各评价指标的域值,并将各指标量化和标准化,计算各生态退化等级的综合得分值变化范围,建立了矿山废弃地生态退化程度综合评价方法体系,将生态退化程度划分为可自然恢复、可治理、难于治理和不能治理4个等级。最后,针对遵化市典型民营铁矿进行了案例适用性分析,并对不同退化等级的废弃地进行了生态防护措施分析。     

Source-Sink Models and the Problem of Habitat Degradation: General Models and Applications to the Yellowstone Grizzly

I used source-sink population models to explore the consequences of habitat degradation for populations living on good and degraded habitats linked by movement. In particular, I modeled the conversion of land from good habitat quality supporting positive population growth to a degraded condition in which there was population decline. I found that with high rates of movement between good and bad quality areas populations require relatively large amounts of good habitat to remain stable. However, low movement rates resulted in greater sensitivity of population growth to habitat loss. Even small amounts of habitat degradation could result in rapid changes in overall population growth rates depending upon the rates of population increase and decline in the two habitat types. I also developed and simulated an age-structured model for grizzly bears ( Ursus arctos horribilis ) existing in good and degraded habitats and fit this model to data from the Yellowstone grizzly population. I used this model to predict the ability to detect crucial amounts of habitat degradation from census data and found that when degradation is slow (e.g., 1% conversion of good to poor habitat per year), more than a decade may pass between crucial amounts of degradation—beyond which populations begin long-term decline—and its detection, even if census data were unrealistically good. Thus these simple models indicate that, at least in some circumstances, habitat degradation can have rapid and severe impacts on population dynamics and traditional monitoring programs may not be adequate to detect the consequences of degradation.     

荒漠河岸生态系统退化机理的定量分析

通过野外监测资料,采用聚类分析与主成分分析法,分析了荒漠河岸生态系统退化的内外因素与驱动力、植被退化的环境主导因子与生态退化程度,结果表明:(1)地质、地貌与气候条件等因素的影响,塔里木河下游生态系统存在脆弱和不稳定性是其退化的内因,外界干扰则是其退化的外在因素。人为干扰则是其退化发生的驱动力,起因于人口的增加、需求的增长。(2)在此过程中导致植被受损的环境主导因子是水,植被退化是人类干扰作用于植被赖以生存的环境主导因子所致。(3)其不同河段的生态退化可以归为三类:潜在沙漠化类(轻度退化),轻度沙漠化类(中度退化),中度或重度沙漠化类(重度退化),其中第三类型,土壤条件与其它两类差异较大,表现出土壤退化的滞后现象。     

塔里木内陆河流域生态环境脆弱性分析

塔里木内陆河流域的气候条件,尤其是水热条件和地貌特征是植被生态、土壤环境及水环境形成与分异最主要的控制性因素。几大环境要素之间相互联系、相互制约形成塔河流域生态环境时空分布的差异性,并表现出不同程度的脆弱性特征。总体表现为以荒漠化为主体的生态环境问题日益加剧,而具体表现为土地沙漠化、土壤盐渍化、草场退化、生物多样性丧失等。从恢复生态学的观点出发,应运用RS及GIS等新技术手段,监测生态环境变化,探索维持生态系统稳定性的机制。     

Assessment of land degradation and its impact on crop production in the Dry Zone of Myanmar

Land degradation in terms of soil degradation is a major environmental issue posing threat to sustainable livelihood in the semi-arid region of Central Myanmar. However, the studies on soil degradation status and its impacts in this region are very scanty. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of land degradation on crop production both in terms of area and yield in the Dry Zone of Myanmar. Remote sensing and geographic information system-based modelling was utilized to assess and map soil erosion rates. Household survey was conducted to understand the causes of land degradation and its impacts on crop productivity and livelihoods. It has been found out that the current rate of soil erosion ranged from 0 to 114 t ha^–1 yr^–1, and that the average rate of soil erosion increased from 14.2 to 54.6 t ha^–1 yr^–1 over a period from 2000 to 2012. The major types of land degradation were physical and chemical soil degradation. Farmers identified topographic condition, soil types, improper crop management practices and climatic factors as the main causes of soil erosion. The observed crop yields of monsoon rice, groundnut, sesame and cotton in the highly degraded area were 3–12 times lower compared with the yields of these crops grown in less degraded area. Livelihoods of the farmers in the high-degraded area were affected by crop yield reduction, increased cultivation cost and increased uncultivable land area. The impact of land degradation on crop production was dependent on the severity of degradation. This suggests that advanced conservation measures are immediately required and the supportive policy strategies need to be implemented to educate farmers and to strengthen extension services for sustainable land management in the Dry Zone of Myanmar.     

An early warning method of landscape ecological security in rapid urbanizing coastal areas and its application in Xiamen, China

Based on the Pressure-State-Response (P-S-R) approach, an index system for landscape ecological security (LES) was suggested using three dimensions, six factors, and three weights. The indicators in the system were divided into two groups: spatial interpolation (acquired by the remote sensing data) and non-spatial interpolation (acquired by consultation with experts). According to data of 2003 and 2006, coupled with current tendencies, the early warning method was classified into four categories: security and degradation, sub-security and slow degradation, sub-security and rapid degradation, and insecurity. Our research with early warning method finds three interesting phenomena: (1) mean value of LES in 2003 was 0.586, indicating medium security; while in 2006 it was 0.650, an upper medium security. The LES level within each districts of Xiamen in 2006 was better than the level in 2003. In terms of LES, the comprehensive condition within each district of Xiamen in 2006 was enhanced compared with 2003. Overall, there was improvement in 80.5% of areas from 2003 to 2006, showing promising signs of positive development. (2) The LES of Xiang’an District and Jimei District were in stages of high early warning given that the percentage of land in these districts that showed symptoms of insecurity and degradation was 41.03 and 34.89%, respectively. (3) On the whole, the areas that showed notable signs of insecurity and rapid landscape, and which can already be identified as early warning areas requiring immediate attention, correspond closely with the distribution of coastal industrial parks in these regions. In conclusion, the consequences of rapid industrialization and urbanization are far reaching and affect local and regional ecological security.     

Volunteers in Marine Conservation Monitoring: a Study of the Distribution of Seahorses Carried Out in Collaboration with Recreational Scuba Divers

Abstract:  Seahorses (  Hippocampus ) live in tropical and temperate waters. Habitat degradation and fishery overexploitation have led to drastic population declines on a global scale. Population monitoring is therefore essential to determine current status and manage conservation. In this first study in Italian waters on the geographic and ecological distribution of the two Mediterranean species, Hippocampus hippocampus and Hippocampus ramulosus , recreational scuba divers were recruited and trained to report sightings. A specially formulated questionnaire was produced and distributed to scuba diving schools and centers. In the 3-year study, 2536 divers spent 6077 diving hours gathering data and completed 8827 questionnaires. Eight percent of the questionnaires showed seahorse sightings, for a total of 3061 sighted specimens, 68% of which referred to Hippocampus ramulosus . The two species had overlapping geographic distributions. Seahorse abundance varied, with the northern Adriatic Sea showing greatest abundance, followed by the central-southern Tyrrhenian Sea. Seahorses were rare in the Ligurian and northern Tyrrhenian seas. Preferred habitats were shallow areas with either sandy bottoms or Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile meadows. Seahorse distribution may be correlated with the degree of degradation of P. oceanica meadows. Resource users (the divers) were willing to take part in biological monitoring and contributed in scientific terms by collecting considerable amounts of data over short time periods and in economic terms by decreasing costs. The greatest limitation with volunteers was the difficulty in obtaining a uniformly distributed sample across time and space. We conclude that recreational divers and other resource users can play an active part in monitoring the marine environment and that the Mediterranean Hippocampus Mission may be used as a model for biodiversity monitoring.     

广东土地退化及治理对策

本文概述土地退化的原因和状况。通过对广东山区土壤和东江流域低产耕地的大批土壤剖面分析数据的统计和推算,结果表明,广东的林地退化面积约占全省陆地面积的35％;旱地土地退化面积占全省旱地总面积的95％;水田土地退化面积约占全省水田总面积的25％。根据广东的省情,提出土地退化治理的对策:提高认识,增加投入,组织力量,开展调查摸底;制订整体治理规划,分步实施;明确治理的中心任务,推进面上治理利用,加强研究工作。