滇池沉积物氮内源负荷特征及影响因素

研究了滇池沉积物间隙水氮浓度垂向分布特征,根据Fick扩散定律定量估算了沉积物-水界面氮扩散通量,并探讨了其影响因素.结果表明:滇池沉积物间隙水溶解性总氮(DTN)主要以氨态氮(NH4+-N)形式存在,占其总量的72.30%,其浓度随深度增加而升高;其次为溶解性有机氮(DON),占其总量的24.59%,其浓度随深度的增加先升高后降低,最后趋于稳定;硝态氮(NO3--N)所占比例较低,浓度随深度的增加而降低.滇池沉积物-水界面NH4+-N扩散通量分布范围为12.73~59.74mg/(m2·d)[均值30.18mg/(m2·d)],全湖年均氨氮释放量为3305.04t,其中草海、外海北部、东北部及南部湖区扩散通量较大,达35mg/(m2·d),全湖呈由北向南逐渐降低的空间分布特征;全湖年均DON释放量为1147.55t,其全湖分布特征与氨氮一致;NO3--N扩散通量分布范围为-2.70~0.27mg/(m2·d)[均值-0.50mg/(m2·d)],总体表现为由上覆水向沉积物扩散.与我国其他湖泊相比,滇池具有较大沉积物氮内负荷,其沉积物-水界面NH4+-N扩散通量较高,对湖泊水体氨氮浓度贡献较大,且其与沉积物总氮、有机质、可交换态氮和可交换态氨氮含量呈显著正相关,即滇池沉积物NH4+-N释放主要受其可交换态氮,特别是可交换态中氨氮含量影响;同时,滇池沉积物DON潜在释放风险也较大,且与沉积物C/N有关.     

重庆园博园龙景湖新建初期内源氮磷分布特征及扩散通量估算

采集重庆园博园龙景湖不同区域沉积物样柱,分析沉积物上覆水和孔隙水中氮磷垂直分布特征,并利用一维孔隙水扩散模型(Fick定律)来估算氨氮和正磷酸盐的扩散通量和年负荷贡献量.结果表明,龙景湖沉积物-水界面氨氮从上覆水到孔隙水在垂直剖面上总体都呈现出增大趋势;表层(0~5 cm)沉积物孔隙水中氨氮平均浓度为6.13 mg·L-1±3.07 mg·L-1,是上覆水氨氮平均含量10倍.正磷酸盐垂直分布特征总体表现为先增大再减小,在表层孔隙水出现极大值;沉积物孔隙水中正磷酸盐平均浓度为2.01 mg·L-1±1.05 mg·L-1.所有区域氨氮均表现为由沉积物向上覆水释放,新增淹没区库湾区域氨氮扩散通量低于6.0 mg·(m2·d)-1,龙景沟水库、龙景湖主湖原有湖区氨氮扩散通量分别高达47.19 mg·(m2·d)-1、40.29mg·(m2·d)-1.原有湖区正磷酸盐表现为由沉积物向上覆水释放,扩散通量仍以龙景湖主湖及龙景沟水库最大,为7.89mg·(m2·d)-1、6.13 mg·(m2·d)-1.新增淹没区的河道、库湾及赵家溪部分区域正磷酸盐却表现为由上覆水向沉积物中扩散,扩散通量为-1.93~-2.78 mg·(m2·d)-1.整个湖区氨氮年负荷贡献量为3.95 t·a-1,新增淹没区贡献率为85%;正磷酸盐年负荷贡献量为0.357 t·a-1,新增淹没区贡献率为72%.     

太湖内源营养盐负荷状况及其对上覆水水质的影响

以太湖沉积物-上覆水界面为研究对象,于2013年夏季采集46个样点的沉积物柱状样,分析表层沉积物孔隙水中营养盐(正磷酸盐、氨氮、硝氮)的浓度空间分布,估算表层沉积物中磷、氮的扩散通量,明确营养盐在沉积物-水界面的分布规律,以探明内源营养盐负荷对太湖上覆水的污染贡献,并为沉积物-水界面氮磷的转移过程理论补充证据.结果表明:太湖西北部区域的表层沉积物孔隙水中正磷酸盐和硝氮浓度较高,分别达到1.11 mg·L~(-1)和1.25 mg·L~(-1)以上;大部分湖区的氨氮浓度超过2 mg·L~(-1).全湖区范围内,从表层沉积物的上覆水到孔隙水,氨氮含量呈现升高趋势而硝氮含量呈现降低趋势.北部3个湖湾区的沉积物营养盐扩散通量最高,正磷酸盐为2.69~4.60 mg·m~(-2)·d~~(-1),氨氮为17.8~45.7 mg·m-2·d~(-1),而湖岸河口区是沉积物硝氮内源释放显著的区域.沉积物向上覆水释放正磷酸盐和氨氮的年内源污染负荷分别为64.6 t·a~(-1)和1756 t·a~(-1);而上覆水向沉积物汇入硝氮的年负荷为1102 t·a~(-1).氨氮的内源污染负荷与外源污染负荷之比高达18.7%,氨氮、总磷和总氮内源污染为上覆水贡献的浓度分别为0.361、0.013和0.134 mg·L~(-1),表明自由扩散带来的内源负荷会使太湖水中营养盐污染恶化,需引起重视.     

巢湖西部河口区沉积物氮磷分布特征与原位扩散通量估算

选取巢湖西部重污染入湖河口区,研究表层沉积物氮磷污染特征,并运用Fick定律估算沉积物-水界面氮磷原位扩散通量.结果表明:南淝河、派河、十五里河河口表层沉积物总氮平均含量达到2208.17 mg·kg~(-1),氮形态以有机氮为主,占比达到90%以上.表层沉积物总磷平均含量为704.59 mg·kg~(-1),其中铁铝结合磷、活性有机磷和钙镁结合磷分别占比27%、28%和18%.河口区水体氨氮浓度从上覆水到孔隙水中总体呈上升趋势,沉积物表层(0~5 cm)孔隙水中氨氮平均浓度为25.42 mg·L~(-1),是上覆水中的7倍.沉积物孔隙水中硝氮与正磷酸盐浓度在垂向上随深度的增加呈先上升后降低的趋势,在沉积物-水界面附近达到浓度最高值.3个河口沉积物孔隙水中氮磷营养盐均向上覆水扩散,其中氨氮扩散通量分别为25.87、74.85与18.08 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1).硝氮与正磷酸盐扩散通量较低,范围分别在1.38~2.78和0.011~0.024 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1)之间.总体上看,巢湖西部河流入湖河口区表层沉积物氮污染严重,且存在较高的氮磷营养盐释放风险,应是巢湖富营养化控制过程中重点关注的区域.     

滏阳河表层沉积物氮分布特征和界面无机氮扩散通量估算

为了揭示非常规水源补给河流沉积物-水界面氮交换过程及其特点,为非常规水源补给河流富营养化机制提供基础数据.选择典型非常规水源补给河流(滏阳河)为研究对象,分析河流沉积物中氮素空间分布及上覆水-孔隙水氮营养盐垂直分布特征,并估算滏阳河不同区段沉积物-水界面无机氮扩散通量.结果表明,滏阳河整体表层沉积物总氮含量范围在770~10590 mg·kg~(-1)之间,其中有机态氮为氮素的主要存在形式,占总氮比例达84.9%~99.3%.NH3-N为无机氮的主要形态,含量范围为3.23~1135.00 mg·kg~(-1).溶氧量作为影响沉积物-水界面无机氮分布的主要因素.邯郸段硝氮浓度在孔隙水中随深度逐渐升高,孔隙水平均硝态氮浓度达3.54 mg·L~(-1),为上覆水8倍之多.邢台、衡水、沧州段硝氮浓度随深度而逐渐降低;滏阳河下游衡水段和沧州段进入沉积物-水界面后氨氮浓度呈下降趋势.滏阳河上游邯郸段与邢台段沉积物-水界面NH3-N由沉积物向上覆水扩散,扩散通量为48.9~1471.0μmol·m~(-2)·d-1.下游河段部分点位NH3-N表现为上覆水向沉积物中扩散,扩散通量在-932~-456μmol·m~(-2)·d-1之间.非常规水源补给河流在氮营养盐外源得到控制后,仍存在内源释放风险,将会加大河流治理与修复的难度.     

于桥水库沉积物-水界面氮磷剖面特征及交换通量

于桥水库是天津市重要的饮用水源地,但近年来呈现富营养化加重趋势,而其内源负荷及污染分布特征尚不清楚.本研究利用Peeper(pore water equilibrium)技术获取沉积物-水界面氮磷剖面特征,分析于桥水库间隙水氮磷分布的空间差异;采集沉积物无扰动柱样分析沉积物中易释放态氮及磷的赋存特征,并利用原柱样静态培养法对其水土界面氮磷交换速率进行估算.结果表明:(1)沉积物中活性磷、氨氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮的含量分别为0.5~6.5、0.5~10.9、2.2~16.2和0.05~0.6 mg·kg~(-1),在垂直方向随深度增加营养盐含量降低,而在空间分布上差异显著.(2)上覆水中PO_4~(3-)-P和NH_4~+-N质量浓度较低,间隙水中PO_4~(3-)-P和NH_4~+-N质量浓度远大于上覆水,表明于桥水库间隙水具有向上覆水体扩散营养盐的潜力.在垂直方向上间隙水中PO_4~(3-)-P和NH_4~+-N具有在0~5 cm快速增加,之后表现出逐渐降低的趋势.(3)静态释放结果表明,PO_4~(3-)-P和NH_4~+-N从沉积物间隙水扩散至上覆水中,其释放通量分别为1.1~13.3 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)和20.6~250.5 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1);NO-3-N交换通量在-20.4~33.4 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)之间,NO_2~--N交换通量在-7.4~0.4 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)之间.PO_4~(3-)-P和NH_4~+-N为于桥水库主要的沉积物内源向上覆水释放营养盐,总体释放速率在空间上呈现南高北低、淋河口和水坝前较高的释放特征.与类似研究比较可知,于桥水库沉积物-水界面通量相对较高,表明沉积物是于桥水库上覆水营养盐的重要来源.     

象山港河纯养殖区沉积物-海水界面N、P营养盐的扩散通量

2008年1月、5月和7月3次对象山港河纯网箱养殖区海底沉积物进行了底质表层间隙水和上覆水营养盐(NH4-N,NO2-N,NO3-N,P04-P)的分析,并使用Fick第一定律对该港湾沉积物--海水界面N、P营养盐的扩散通量进行了估算.研究结果表明,养殖区沉积物间隙水中N、P营养盐含量显著高于非养殖区,上覆水和沉积物间隙水中的N从1月份NH4-N为主逐渐转变到7月份以NO3-N为主.养殖区上覆水中NH4-N最高浓度为234.66μmoL/L,NO3-N最高浓度为79.25μmol/L.养殖区上覆水中N、P营养盐的含量均严重超标.N、P营养盐的扩散通量估算结果显示:随着养殖高峰期的到来,沉积物-海水界面N、P营养盐的扩散方向由从沉积物向上覆水扩散逐渐转向从上覆水向沉积物扩散;养殖区扩散通量值相对于非养殖区显著扩大化;NH4-N通量变化最大,从1月份最高700.41μmoL/(m2·d)降低到7月份27.87 μmoL/(m2·d).海水养殖对沉积物中N、P营养盐扩散通量影响显著.     

象山港河鲀养殖区沉积物—海水界面N、P营养盐的扩散通量

2008年1月、5月和7月3次对象山港河鲀网箱养殖区海底沉积物进行了底质表层间隙水和上覆水营养盐(NH4-N,NO2-N,NO3-N,PO4-P)的分析,并使用Fick第一定律对该港湾沉积物——海水界面N、P营养盐的扩散通量进行了估算。研究结果表明,养殖区沉积物间隙水中N、P营养盐含量显著高于非养殖区,上覆水和沉积物间隙水中的N从1月份NH4-N为主逐渐转变到7月份以NO3-N为主。养殖区上覆水中NH4-N最高浓度为234.66μmol/L,NO3-N最高浓度为79.25μmol/L。养殖区上覆水中N、P营养盐的含量均严重超标。N、P营养盐的扩散通量估算结果显示:随着养殖高峰期的到来,沉积物—海水界面N、P营养盐的扩散方向由从沉积物向上覆水扩散逐渐转向从上覆水向沉积物扩散;养殖区扩散通量值相对于非养殖区显著扩大化;NH4-N通量变化最大,从1月份最高700.41μmol/(m2.d)降低到7月份27.87μmol/(m2.d)。海水养殖对沉积物中N、P营养盐扩散通量影响显著。     

巢湖水华暴发期水-沉积物界面溶解性氮形态的变化

2008年4~10月,连续对巢湖8个样点进行采样,分析了上覆水和表层沉积物间隙水中溶解性氮形态在水华暴发过程中的变化,估算了水-沉积物界面无机氮的扩散通量.结果表明,上覆水中NH4+-N含量随水华暴发强度的增加而减小,溶解性总氮(DTN)含量在水华暴发后明显升高,而NO3--N含量只在水华暴发严重时才明显减少.在大规模水华暴发前(4~5月)上覆水中DTN的主要组成部分是NO3--N和NH4+-N,在水华暴发后则是溶解性有机氮(DON).间隙水中PDTN以NH4+-N为主,其浓度随温度的增加而升高; DON在水华暴发过程中呈先下降后上升的趋势.通量计算结果表明,沉积物作为NH4+-N的“源”一直由间隙水向上覆水释放,西半湖扩散通量在13.06~32.94mg/(m2·d)之间,东半湖扩散通量在4.54~17.41mg/(m2·d)之间.沉积物-水界面交换是湖泊营养盐重要的补充途径,为水华持续暴发提供营养来源.     

汉江襄阳段主要入江支流沉积物营养盐和重金属风险特征研究

采集汉江襄阳段主要入江支流沉积物柱状样,分析沉积物常规理化指标、上覆水和孔隙水中营养盐含量、以及表层沉积物重金属含量,采用一维孔隙水扩散模型(Fick定律)计算营养盐扩散通量,评估沉积物营养盐释放风险,并评价表层沉积物重金属生态风险.结果表明:所有采样点氨氮及磷酸盐均从沉积物向上覆水释放,表明水质存在内源营养盐(氨氮和磷酸盐)释放风险.氨氮、磷酸盐扩散通量范围分别为42.431~81.369 mg·m-2·d-1、0.745~1.437 mg·m-2·d-1,均以航空路样点最大.表层沉积物重金属污染指数SPI值为6.1,总体表现为中度风险;其中小清河样点SPI值为11.8,达到高风险.小清河Cu、Pb和Zn平均含量分别为131.17 mg·kg-1、57.97 mg·kg-1和398.59 mg·kg-1,均超过相应的SEL值(最高效应阈值).富集系数研究表明汉江支流表层沉积物中Cd富集现象严重,平均富集系数高达4.57.汉江襄阳段入江支流沉积物存在内源营养盐释放风险,中度重金属生态风险,且Cd累积风险突出.因水文调控减少汉江干流流量进而导致河流稀释自净能力减弱,从而对汉江水质安全构成较大威胁.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.