化学品环境无害化管理的国际发展趋势

概述了化学品环境无害化管理的内涵;从国际环境公约、危险化学品立法、清洁生产、产品绿色化、企业的责任关怀以及公众知情参与等方面概述了化学品环境无害化管理的国际发展趋势;对加强我国化学品环境无害化管理提出了对策建议.     

科学认识废电池的环境影响

编者按近日,国家环保总局污控司组织有关单位和专家召开了"废电池收集利用讨论会",就社会上比较关注的废电池问题听取有关部门、专家的意见.与会代表就废电池对环境的影响、发达国家政府和中介组织在这方面的政策和经验以及国内的现状做了论述,澄清了废电池回收利用中存在的一些问题.清华大学环境学教授聂永丰应邀在会后撰写了本文.     

国外持久性有机污染物废物的环境无害化管理

随着《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》的生效，各国将逐步加强对持久性有机污染物（POPs）问题的重视。POPs的环境无害化管理是履约的重要内容。介绍了相关国际公约和国际组织、部分国家有关POPs及其废物的环境无害化管理要求；分析了国外关于POPs废物的立法和管理状况、主要法律法规分类及其基本内容；总结了国外POPs废物管理的基本特点；指出了我国履行POPs公约需要不断完善POPs废物的环境无害化管理体系，并不断加强POPs废物的污染监督管理。     

关于建立全国铅资源循环利用与环境管理信息共享平台的探讨

铅产业链包括铅开采、铅冶炼、铅应用、铅销售、铅回收、铅再生等环节,将全产业链铅足迹信息整合,形成铅资源循环利用与环境管理信息共享平台。在铅蓄电池销售网络基础上,从源头控制,实行以旧换新,废电池逆向物流,建立废电池回收体系,规范铅和废铅蓄电池流向,建立铅产业上下游环保联盟,同时建立企业环境管理信息共享平台,促进铅产业结构调整和可持续发展。     

德国报废汽车拆解的环境无害化管理及对我国的启示

报废汽车的拆解是汽车生命周期管理过程中的重要环节,是实现报废汽车的资源回收和循环利用的必然途径,拆解过程的环境无害化管理对于提高回收率、合理处置废物和防治污染非常重要.欧盟、美国、日本等发达国家早就对报废汽车进行了环境无害化管理.我国正面临大量报废汽车对环境带来的压力.介绍了德国报废汽车拆解环境无害化管理要求和经验,希望能为我国报废汽车拆解的环境管理提供参考,并提出了建议.     

我国汞和汞化合物临时贮存现状及环境无害化管理建议

《关于汞的水俣公约》已于2017年8月16日正式生效，其文本中对汞和汞化合物临时贮存环境无害化管理提出了要求，并针对汞和汞化合物专门制定了无害环境临时贮存指导准则。通过梳理我国对危险化学品贮存的管控要求及调研我国汞和汞化合物临时贮存现状，对比分析了我国管理要求与《关于汞的水俣公约》及指导准则的履约差距，并提出了推进汞和汞化合物临时贮存环境无害化管理的意见建议。     

国外废干电池的回收利用及其管理

就国外电池的生产、销售以及回收与处理利用的全过程立法管理和社会化回收体系建设作了系统介绍,并就我国的废电池回收与处理利用管理提出了相应建议.     

废旧电脑的综合处理与处置

随着社会文明的高速发展,越来越多的高科技新兴产品进入人们的生活,带给人们更多的方便和享受的同时,也使城市生活垃圾结构发生了很大的改变,废电池、废电冰箱、废电脑等家用电器及其废物的另类生活垃圾成为今天新的环境问题.从环境管理和绿色处理的角度,综合概述了国内外废旧电脑处理的现状,结合国外的发展经验从绿色处理的角度对废旧电脑的处理与处置方法提出了一些建议.     

废干电池处理进展

指出了废干电池对人类和环境的危害及其回收利用的价值;介绍了国内外处理废干电池常用的技术方法;分析了我国在废干电池处理上存在技术落后、政府对市场管理欠缺、废干电池回收力度不足等问题;最后提出我国处理废干电池问题应朝着无害化、减量化和资源化三方面努力。     

关于发布《铅蓄电池再生及生产污染防治技术政策》和《废电池污染防治技术政策》的公告

正公告2016年第82号为贯彻《中华人民共和国环境保护法》,完善环境技术管理体系,指导污染防治,保障人体健康和生态安全,引导行业绿色循环低碳发展,环境保护部组织制定了《铅蓄电池生产及再生污染防治技术政策》、修订了《废电池污染防治技术政策》。现予公布,供参照执行。以上文件内容可登录环境保护部网站查询。自本公告发布之日起,《关于发布〈废电池污染防治技术政策〉的通知》(环发[2003]163号)废止。     

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyols and Polyurethane Foams from PET Waste and Crude Glycerol

In this study, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste from post-consumer soft-drink bottles and crude glycerol from the biodiesel industry were used for the preparation of polyols and polyurethane foams. PET waste was firstly depolymerized by the glycolysis of diethylene glycol. The glycolyzed PET oligomers were then reacted with crude glycerol at different weight ratios to produce polyols via a series of reactions, such as esterification, transesterification, condensation, and polycondensation. The polyols were characterized by titration, viscometry, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and differential scanning calorimetry. Subsequently, polyurethane (PU) foams were made via the reaction between the produced polyols and polymeric methylene-4,4′-diphenyl diisocyanate and were characterized by mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Polyols from crude glycerol and their PU foams were also prepared to compare properties with those of polyols and PU foams from PET and crude glycerol. The influence of aromatic segments existing in glycolyzed PET and glycerol content on the properties of the polyols and PU foams was investigated. It was found that aromatic segments of polyols from glycolyzed PET helped increase their molecular weights and improve thermal stability of PU foams, while high glycerol content in polyols increased the hydroxyl number of polyols and the density and compressive strength of PU foams.     

电厂建设运行中的水土流失预测与水土保持设计

在燃煤电厂建设运行的同时,将引起一系列的水土流失问题.以四川国电金堂电厂二期扩建工程为例,简要说明项目区水土流失预测的内容和方法,并在其基础上对可能产生的水土流失和危害进行了分析,同时介绍了建设期和运行期采取的综合防治措施,为类似工程的水土保持提供借鉴.     

磷对环境的污染及防治对策

我国水体富营养化严重，其主要控制因子是磷。在分析磷污染的污染状况，污染源的基础上，介绍了防治对策，采用低磷循环冷却水处理剂，减少磷排放，是防止工业磷污染的有效方法。     

Pyrolysis of virgin and waste polypropylene and its mixtures with waste polyethylene and polystyrene

A comparison of waste and virgin polypropylene (PP) plastics under slow pyrolysis conditions is presented. Moreover, mixtures of waste PP with wastes of polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) were pyrolyzed under the same operating conditions. Not only the impact of waste on degradation products but also impacts of the variations in the mixing ratio were investigated. The thermogravimetric weight loss curves and their derivatives of virgin and waste PP showed differences due to the impurities which are dirt and food residues. The liquid yield distribution concerning the aliphatic, mono-aromatic and poly-aromatic compounds varies as the ratio of PP waste increases in the waste plastic mixtures. In addition to this, the alkene/alkane ratio of gas products shows variations depending on the mixing ratio of wastes.     

北京市居民衣服消费处置及对其回收利用认识调查与分析

首先对北京市居民每年购买新衣服的数量、支出、穿着时间、淘汰原因,以及闲置衣服的处理方式、数量等进行了调查与分析,然后对北京市居民对旧衣物回收利用的认识、回收形式及其处理方式,对旧衣物如何处理回收、再利用的担忧,对希望旧衣物回收箱摆放的场所等进行了调查与分析。其研究结果对废旧纺织品回收体系建设、制度及政策制定具有一定的参考价值。     

Photo-oxidation and Photo-toxicity of Crude and Refined Oils

The fate and effects of an oil spill are effected by solar radiation through the action of photo-oxidation and photo-toxicity. Photo-oxidation, an important process in the weathering of oil, produces a variety of oxidized compounds, including aliphatic and aromatic ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, fatty acids, esters, epoxides, sulfoxides, sulfones, phenols, anhydrides, quinones and aliphatic and aromatic alcohols. Some of these compounds contribute to the marine biota toxicity observed after an oil spill. Photo-toxicity occurs when uptake of certain petroleum compounds, e.g. certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzothiophenes, is followed by solar exposure which results in much greater toxicity than after dark uptake. The mechanism of PAH photo-toxicity includes absorbance of solar radiation by the PAH which produces a free radical and this free radical in turn reacts with oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species that can damage DNA and other cellular macromolecules. While most studies on photo-toxicity have been carried out in the laboratory, there are studies showing that water from an oil spill is photo-toxic to bivalve embryos for at least a few days after the spill. Other studies have found that oil contaminated sediments are photo-toxic to several marine invertebrates. More studies are required to determine if marine fauna at an oil spill site are effected by the action of photo-toxicity and photo-oxidation.     

Novel and innovative pyrolysis and gasification technologies for energy efficient and environmentally sound MSW disposal

Within the context of European Union (EU) energy policy and sustainibility in waste management, recent EU regulations demand energy efficient and environmentally sound disposal methods of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Currently, landfill with its many drawbacks is the preferred option in the EU and many other industrialised countries. Within the waste management hierarchy thermal disposal especially incineration is a viable and proven alternative. But, the dominating method, mass-burn grate incineration has drawbacks as well particularly hazardous emissions and harmful process residues. In recent years, pyrolysis and gasification technologies have emerged to address these issues and improve the energy output. To keep the many players in the field comprehensively informed and up-to-date, novel and innovative technology approaches emphasising European developments are reviewed.     

高校环境管理和废弃物处理处置

高校是社会的一个特殊群体,承载着人才培养、科学研究、社会服务和文化传承创新等重任.解决好广大师生在日常工作、学习和生活中所产生的各类废弃物的处理处置问题,以及大学校园的环境规划和环境管理问题,是办好现代大学的重要工作.就高校面临的环境问题、高校环境管理的特殊性和高校废弃物处理处置中应该注意的问题等进行探讨.     

微生物絮凝剂及其在水处理中的应用

近年来对微生物絮凝剂的研究不断深入，新的高效菌种不断被发现。简要介绍了微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理、分关、絮凝效果及影响因素，重点介绍了新型微生物絮凝剂在水处理中的应用。