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1.
Perceiving the Environment from the Lay Perspective in Desertified Areas,Northern China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Investigating local people’s environmental perceptions can produce useful information that could be incorporated into decision
making processes that help resolve environmental problems. Although China is undergoing severe desertification, the perceptions
of the local people toward their degraded environment and the related issues have so far not been actively solicited. This
article, which is a supplement to Lee and Zhang’s (2004, 2005) studies, seeks to further investigate the lay public’s general environmental attitudes, perceptions of desertification, interpretations
of land-degrading activities, and particularly their interrelations in severely desertified areas. Minqin County in Gansu
Province, northern China, was chosen to be the study area. Data was collected via a questionnaire survey (n = 1138) administered in December 2002. Major findings were: (1) Most respondents had only weak altruistic environmental attitudes,
with educational level to be a significant determinant. (2) Respondents’ perceptions of desertification and interpretations
of land-degrading activities were contingent on personal attributes, general environmental attitudes, and other conceptions
related to desertification. It is recommended that the interrelations between the various aspects of the public’s environmental
perceptions should be thoroughly examined to facilitate their participation in environmental management. 相似文献
2.
Stamatis Zogaris Alcibiades N. Economou Panayotis Dimopoulos 《Environmental management》2009,43(4):682-697
Ecoregion delineations have gained increased attention in Europe, especially following the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC
(WFD), which provides the European Union’s first policy-relevant ecoregion map. However, the WFD’s ecoregions were created
through a minor adaptation of Illies’ (Limnofauna Europaea. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart, 1967/1978) freshwater zoogeographic
regions, and the map’s specific boundaries have not been widely evaluated with respect to the WFD’s uses or their biogeographic
accuracy. We examined the WFD ecoregion boundaries in Greece and its neighboring Balkan states by comparing them with the
most prominent freshwater biogeographic boundaries as shown by riverine freshwater fish assemblages. Classification and ordination
analyses of 23 river basin fish assemblages helped delineate natural faunal break boundaries in freshwater species assemblage
distributions depicting major biogeographic barriers to aquatic biota dispersal. However, these biogeographic boundaries differ
from those delineated in the WFD map, suggesting boundary errors and inconsistencies in the delineation method of the WFD
ecoregions. We reviewed specific boundary disagreements and produced a map showing the region’s most prominent freshwater
biogeographic boundaries by charting them on watershed borders among the four biotically dissimilar river basin groups in
the southern Balkans. This regional evaluation reveals both a need to reconcile disparate approaches to ecoregion mapping
and to promote the development of a new policy-relevant inland waters ecoregion framework that would support broad-scale water
management and aquatic conservation. 相似文献
3.
Abstract This paper presents an evaluation framework that aims to improve the outcomes of triple bottom line (TBL) reporting. Currently, most assessments of TBL reporting focus on report content. Our view is that effective evaluation of TBL reporting should go beyond reports as the outputs of a process and focus on what is being learned through the process, the capacity- and relationship-building that might eventuate, and how this impacts on the development of sustainability. To enable more effective reflection of TBL reporting processes, we developed a set of evaluation criteria focused on the process of reporting. These criteria were identified from case studies of social, environmental and/or sustainability reporting processes documented in the literature. A large number of potential criteria were synthesised into three desired outcomes of TBL reporting and 10 prompts for discussion and reflection during evaluation. This evaluation framework should assist those dedicated to challenging assumptions that inhibit progress towards a sustainable future for society. 相似文献
4.
Paul B. Thompson 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2010,23(3):209-227
Recent publications by Pogge (Global ethics: seminal essays. St. Paul: Paragon House 2008) and by Singer (The life you can save: acting now to end world poverty. New York: Random House 2009) have resuscitated a debate over the justifiability of famine relief between Singer and ecologist Garrett Hardin in the 1970s.
Yet that debate concluded with a general recognition that (a) general considerations of development ethics presented more
compelling ethical problems than famine relief; and (b) some form of development would be essential to avoiding the problems
of growth noted by Hardin. Better than renewing the debate, we should recognize two points. First, food needs do indeed evoke
a moral response that is more direct and compelling than the philosophical positions often generated to rationalize a duty
to bring aid. As such the argument for feeding hungry people cannot be generalized into a paradigm for development ethics
without distortions that undercut the morally valid elements in Singer’s original argument. Second, contrary to prevailing
assumptions in present day development ethics, food aid and famine relief continue to be important priorities for international
agencies, notably the World Food Program. Emergency food assistance, the nominal topic of Singer’s original article, thus
is an important issue for agricultural as well as development ethics, though one that should indeed be seen as distinct from
more complex duties to address the conditions of chronic poverty and underdevelopment. 相似文献
5.
By means of environmental education, teachers are supposed to intervene in pupils’ awareness and concern of environmental
issues. Teachers’ environmental attitudes, however, have rarely been studied. We analysed 367 German pre- and in-service teachers’
environmental attitudes for their structure and socio-economic correlates within the frame of a European project. Thus, we
retrieved for adults the two-dimensional model of ecological values (2-MEV) presented for adolescents by Bogner and Wiseman
(Sci Educ Int 15(1):27–48, 2004). For the two domains, Preservation and Utilisation, the psychometric structure was confirmed and discriminative correlations
with age, gender and teaching subject were unveiled. Further research is needed to deduce the implications for teaching practice. 相似文献
6.
Extensive research has been conducted globally into conceptual frameworks for ecosystem services, the most notable being the
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Millennium ecosystem assessment: ecosystems and human well-being; a framework for assessment.
World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, pp 51, 53–55, 2005). The South East Queensland (SEQ) Ecosystem Services Framework (Australia) aims to provide the tools to enable government,
industry, business, researchers, non-government organizations and land managers to apply the concept of ecosystem services
in their planning and management practices. This article describes the Framework and the process that has produced matrices
and maps that identify and illustrate the linkages between ecosystems, ecosystem functions, ecosystem services and the community’s
well-being. The matrices and maps derived can identify areas in the region where the most ecosystem services are generated.
This allows areas to be considered as valuable natural assets of the region, deserving appropriate protection measures or
significant offsets if they are diminished or degraded in any way. Although the Framework requires further refinement and
ongoing development, the process applied and the products produced has enabled decision makers to turn the concept of ecosystem
services into practical application in SEQ. 相似文献
7.
This study examined social capital development in three all-terrain vehicles (ATV) clubs in Maine using an adapted version
of Lin’s (2001) social capital theory model. The structural components of social capital identified included collective assets and individual
assets in the form of normative behavior and trust relationships. Also identified were counter-norms for individual ATV riders
identified as having divergent norms from club members. The second component of social capital is access to and mobilization
of network contacts and resources. Access networks in the context of the ATV clubs studied were identified as community and
landowner relations while mobilization of resources was existent in club membership attempts toward self-governance and efforts
of the statewide “umbrella” organization. Instrumental outcomes benefit society and expressive outcomes benefit the individual.
Both types of returns are present in the data suggesting that ATV clubs are creating social capital. This is important information
to clubs who desire to market themselves, improve their reputations, and enhance their volunteer association. It is of further
interest to state governments who fund clubs through trail grants as proof that a return on investment is being realized.
Theoretical and applied implications for these and other types of recreation-based volunteer associations (e.g., clubs, friends
groups, advocacy groups) are presented. 相似文献
8.
Context and Systems: Thinking More Broadly About Effectiveness in Strategic Environmental Assessment in China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bina O 《Environmental management》2008,42(4):717-733
China is an illustrative—and extreme—case of the difficulties of balancing the pursuit of economic, social, and environmental
objectives. In 2003 it adopted a form of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) for its plans and programs (referred to
here as PEIA) with the aim of moving towards greater environmental sustainability. The literature has explored primarily the
issue of methods and legal procedures. This research contributes to the analysis of PEIA through a different set of interpretative
lens. Drawing on recent developments in the theory and practice of SEA, I propose a conceptualization of SEA effectiveness
that combines direct and incremental impacts, and a need for context-specific systems as a way to focus on the relationship
between assessment, planning, and their context, and thus maximize effectiveness. This framework underpins the analysis of
China’s experience, which I explore with the help of interview material and the literature. The result is an evaluation of
the strengths and weaknesses of PEIA in terms of its purpose, assessment concept, process, and methods. The detailed analysis
of six aspects of the context helps explain the origin of such shortcomings, and identify opportunities for its improvement.
I conclude defining elements of a context-specific system for SEA that seeks to maximize the opportunity for incremental,
as well as direct, effectiveness in China. 相似文献
9.
Cindy Sage 《The Environmentalist》2012,32(2):144-156
The meltdown and release of radioactivity (ionizing radiation) from four damaged nuclear reactors at the Fukushima Nuclear
Facility in Japan in March 2011 continues to contaminate air and ocean water even 1 year later. Chronic exposure to low-dose
ionizing radiation will occur over large populations well into the future. This has caused grave concern among researchers
and the public over the very long period of time expected for decommissioning alone (current estimate from official sources
is 30–40 years based on TEPCO in Mid-and long-term roadmap towards the decommissioning of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power
units 1–4, 2011) and the presumed adverse effects of chronic, low-dose ionizing radiation on children, adults and the environment. Ultimately,
radioactive materials from Fukushima will circulate for many years, making health impacts a predictable concern for many generations
(Yasunari et al. in PNAS 108(49):19530–19534, 2011). There is long-standing scientific evidence to suggest that low-dose ionizing radiation (LD-IR) and low-intensity non-ionizing
electromagnetic radiation (LI-NIER) in the form of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields and radiofrequency radiation
(RFR) share similar biological effects. Public health implications are significant for reconstruction efforts to rebuild in
post-Fukushima Japan. It is relevant to identify and reduce exposure pathways for chronic, low-dose ionizing radiation in
post-Fukushima Japan given current scientific knowledge. Intentional planning, rather than conventional planning, is needed
to reduce concomitant chronic low-intensity exposure to non-ionizing radiation. These are reasonably well-established risks
to health in the scientific literature, as evidenced by their classification by World Health Organization International Agency
for Research on Cancer as Possible Human Carcinogens. Reducing preventable, adverse health exposures in the newly rebuilt
environment to both LD-IR and LI-NIER is an achievable goal for Japan. Recovery and reconstruction efforts in Japan to restore
the communications and energy infrastructure, in particular, should pursue strategies for reduction and/or prevention of both
kinds of exposures. The design life of buildings replaced today is probably 35–50 years into the future. Cumulative health
risks may be somewhat mitigated if the double exposure (to both chronic low-dose IR from the Fukushima reactors and LI-NIER
[EMF and RFR] in new buildings and infrastructure) can be dealt with effectively in early planning and design in Japan’s reconstruction. 相似文献
10.
Kerry A. Brown J. Carter Ingram Dan F. B. Flynn Rova Razafindrazaka Vololoniaina Jeannoda 《Environmental management》2009,44(1):136-148
Despite their prevalence in both developed and developing countries, there have been surprisingly few field assessments of
the ecological effectiveness of protected areas. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a key protected area in eastern
Madagascar, Ranomafana National Park (RNP). We established paired 100 × 4-m vegetation transects (400 m2) within RNP and in remnant forests in the park’s peripheral zone. In each 400-m2 plot, all woody stems >1.5 cm in diameter at breast height were measured and identified to species. All species were also
identified as native or non-native. We identified utilitarian species within all transects and they were sorted into use category.
We calculated plot-level taxonomic biodiversity and functional diversity of utilitarian species; the latter was calculated
by clustering the multivariate distances between species based on their utilitarian traits, and all metrics were tested using
paired t-tests. Our results showed that there was significantly higher biodiversity inside RNP than in remnant forests and this pattern
was consistent across all diversity metrics examined. Forests not located within the park’s boundary had significantly higher
non-native species than within RNP. There was no statistically significant difference in functional diversity of utilitarian
species inside RNP vs. remnant forests; however, the overall trend was toward higher diversity inside park boundaries. These
findings suggested that RNP has been effective at maintaining taxonomic diversity relative to surrounding unprotected areas
and restricting the spread of non-native plants. The results also suggested that low functional redundancy of forests outside
of RNP might be of concern, because residents in surrounding villages may have few other substitutes for the services provided
by species that are of critical importance to their livelihoods. This study highlights the challenges of trying to reconcile
biodiversity conservation with human use of natural resources in economically poor, remote areas. 相似文献
11.
The objective of this paper is to identify strategies to improve the resilience of interagency communication between relief organizations and the community when dealing with an emergency. This research draws from frameworks including information theory, organization design, and how the private sector has learned and evolved from the challenges of information flow to provide guidance to disaster relief agencies. During times of emergency, private organizations as well as public authorities must coordinate in real time to create an effective response. When coordination is absent, failure results, as was seen after Hurricane Katrina and the Haiti Earthquake. Using data that the authors collected immediately after these disasters, two case studies of systemic failure are presented to extract lessons that might be used to improve communication resilience through coordination between parties in humanitarian relief operations. Recent emergency response trends are identified, and the paper argues that the persistence of response failures is not surprising, in part because response organizations normally operate independently, and their operations evolve at different rates. As a result, the organizational interfaces that enable rapid integration during a disaster naturally degrade and may be weak or absent. Integrating the literature on information processing theory and organization design with the data from the two case studies, the paper proposes that increasing the resilience of disaster response systems can be achieved by (1) improving the interoperability and information flow across organizational boundaries; (2) increasing the synergies between organizations on adapting new technology such as social media for the coordination of structured and unstructured data for use in decision-making, and (3) increasing the flexibility of relief organizations to use external resources from areas not affected by disasters on an opportunistic basis. The paper concludes by discussing resilience enhancing solutions including boundary spanning investments and argues that effective emergency response does not result from sporadic or intermittent efforts but rather requires sustained investment, continuous monitoring, and data collection. 相似文献
12.
Ton Baars 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(6):601-628
For further development of organic agriculture, it will become increasingly essential to integrate experienced innovative
practitioners in research projects. The characteristics of this process of co-learning have been transformed into a research
approach, theoretically conceptualized as “experiential science” (Baars 2007, Baars and Baars 2007). The approach integrates social sciences, natural sciences, and human sciences. It is derived from action research and belongs
to the wider field of transdiscliplinary research. In a dialogue-based culture of equality and mutual exchange the principal
of a “bottom-up” experiential learning process can be stimulated and fully reflective. It provides an opportunity to develop
organic agriculture as multiple best-practices based on transdisciplinary projects, cases studies, and case series. The aim
of the article is to describe the methodological characteristics and the theoretical and practical potential of experiential
science for research in and development of organic farming. Three characteristic projects are outlined to illustrate the main
elements of the methodology: the retrospective reflection on intuitive and experiential knowledge held by farmers; the knowledge
derived from on-farm experimentation; the exchange of knowledge and experiences between farming pioneers within a “masterclass”
setting. The study concludes that experiential science offers an important philosophical reconciliation process whereby a
synthesis of different approaches to research becomes possible in solving real-life problems: quantitative and qualitative,
subjective and objective, reductionistic and holistic, practice and science. Recognizing that there are multiple elements
contributing to the process of acquiring knowledge, experiential science draws on a broad field of scientific methods thereby
integrating the hermeneutic approach of social sciences and the Humanities with the established methods of contemporary natural
science. 相似文献
13.
Ellen-Marie Forsberg 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(4):351-366
Over the last years, Norway has revised its animal welfare legislation. As of January 1, 2010, the Animal Protection Act of
1974 was replaced by a new Animal Welfare Act. This paper describes the developments in the normative structures from the
old to the new act, as well as the main traits of the corresponding implementation and governance system. In the Animal Protection
Act, the basic animal ethics principles were to avoid suffering, treat animals well, and consider their natural needs and
instincts. In addition, a principle for balancing our duties towards animals with the needs and interests of humans was expressed
by the formulation “unnecessary suffering.” These principles (only with slightly different formulations) are retained in the new act. The novelty of the
new act is shown by its explicit intention to promote respect for animals and its recognition of animals’ intrinsic value.
Whereas intrinsic value is only given a symbolic function, the notion of respect is intended to have practical consequences.
One interpretation of respect for animals is taking the animal’s integrity—and not only welfare—into account. Another is to
see the introduction of respect as a call to animal keepers to provide animals with welfare exceeding the minimum requirements.
In several respects, the legal system now seems to leave more responsibility to the individual animal keeper—and to citizens
in general. I argue that if the authorities really do want to promote respect for animals, they must at the same time initiate
activities to achieve this. In my perspective the challenge is to provide adequate measures to achieve in practice the intended
respect for animals expressed in the new act. 相似文献
14.
Alexandra E. D. Wells Joanne Sneddon Julie A. Lee Dominique Blache 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(6):645-658
The study explored the motivations behind Australian wool producers’ intentions regarding mulesing; a surgical procedure that
will be voluntarily phased out after 2010, following retailer boycotts led by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.
Telephone interviews were conducted with 22 West Australian wool producers and consultants to elicit their behavioral, normative
and control beliefs about mulesing and alternative methods of breech strike prevention. Results indicate that approximately
half the interviewees intend to continue mulesing, despite attitudes toward the act of mulesing being quite negative. This
indicates that attitudes alone are unlikely to be good predictors of this goal directed behavior. Most respondents believed mulesing was more effective and involved less cost, time, and effort than the currently
available alternatives to prevent breech strike. Further, they felt relatively little social pressure, as they believed few
consumers were concerned about mulesing. However, they noted that if consumer sentiment changed they would likely change their
practices. Thus, attitudes are likely to be only one of several factors influencing intentions to change farm practices to
address societal concerns about animal welfare. Further, mulesing appears to be goal-directed behavior, suggesting that other factors depicted by the Model of Goal-directed Behavior (MGB; Perugini and Bagozzi In: Br J Soc Psychol,
40: 79–98, 2001) may be worth exploring in this context. Finally, these results provide insight into how policy makers may influence farmers
to change practices in response to societal pressure for improving farm animal welfare. 相似文献
15.
How organizational motives and communications affect public trust in organizations: The case of carbon dioxide capture and storage 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bart W. Terwel Fieke Harinck Naomi Ellemers Dancker D.L. Daamen 《Journal of environmental psychology》2009,29(2):290-299
Preventing climate change is among the greatest environmental challenges facing the world today. Recently developed carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology is an important strategy to mitigate climate change. Public trust in organizations involved in CCS technology is important for successful implementation of this technology. This work adresses how inferred organizational motives and organizational communications affect public trust in these organizations. Study 1 (N = 264) showed that Dutch citizens generally have less trust in the industrial organizations than in the environmental NGOs involved in CCS. As predicted, inferred organizational motives (organization-serving motives versus public-serving motives) accounted for this difference. In Study 2 (N = 78) and Study 3 (N = 51) we used experimental designs. Both experiments showed that organizations that communicated arguments incongruent with inferred organizational motives instigated less trust than organizations that communicated arguments congruent with inferred organizational motives. Study 3 additionally showed that communicating an incongruent and a congruent argument together diminished the negative effects of the incongruent argument. In both Study 2 and Study 3 the effect of congruency on trust was mediated by perceived honesty of the organizations. 相似文献
16.
Application of an Environmental Decision Support System to a Water Quality Trading Program Affected by Surface Water Diversions 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Environmental decision support systems (EDSSs) are an emerging tool used to integrate the evaluation of highly complex and
interrelated physicochemical, biological, hydrological, social, and economic aspects of environmental problems. An EDSS approach
is developed to address hot-spot concerns for a water quality trading program intended to implement the total maximum daily
load (TMDL) for phosphorus in the Non-Tidal Passaic River Basin of New Jersey. Twenty-two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)
spread throughout the watershed are considered the major sources of phosphorus loading to the river system. Periodic surface
water diversions to a major reservoir from the confluence of two key tributaries alter the natural hydrology of the watershed
and must be considered in the development of a trading framework that ensures protection of water quality. An EDSS is applied
that enables the selection of a water quality trading framework that protects the watershed from phosphorus-induced hot spots.
The EDSS employs Simon’s (1960) three stages of the decision-making process: intelligence, design, and choice. The identification of two potential hot spots
and three diversion scenarios enables the delineation of three management areas for buying and selling of phosphorus credits
among WWTPs. The result shows that the most conservative option entails consideration of two possible diversion scenarios,
and trading between management areas is restricted accordingly. The method described here is believed to be the first application
of an EDSS to a water quality trading program that explicitly accounts for surface water diversions. 相似文献
17.
Herlander Mata‐Lima Andreilcy Alvino‐Borba Karen Akamatsu Bruno Incau Jakelline Jard Andreza Borba da Silva Fernando Morgado‐Dias 《环境质量管理》2016,26(2):89-104
This article proposes an integrated procedure to assess sustainability indicators that organizations can use to satisfy international requirements for sustainability. The indicators are related to key aspects of organizations, and their development includes comparing them to the results and policies of various other organizations that are seeking to achieve sustainability. The methodology we used is based on a bibliographic review, and it is intended to:
- Diagnose the state of the art of organizational sustainability,
- Provide organizations with tools to perform benchmarking based on the results, and
- Provide processes to identify best sustainability practices.
18.
In May 1985, a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit was issued for the Department of Energy’s Y-12 National
Security Complex (Y-12 Complex) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, allowing discharge of effluents to East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC).
The effluents ranged from large volumes of chlorinated once-through cooling water and cooling tower blow-down to smaller discharges
of treated and untreated process wastewaters, which contained a mixture of heavy metals, organics, and nutrients, especially
nitrates. As a condition of the permit, a Biological Monitoring and Abatement Program (BMAP) was developed to meet two major
objectives: demonstrate that the established effluent limitations were protecting the classified uses of EFPC, and document
the ecological effects resulting from implementing a Water Pollution Control Program at the Y-12 Complex. The second objective
is the primary focus of the other papers in this special series. This paper provides a history of pollution and the remedial
actions that were implemented; describes the geographic setting of the study area; and characterizes the physicochemical attributes
of the sampling sites, including changes in stream flow and temperature that occurred during implementation of the BMAP. Most
of the actions taken under the Water Pollution Control Program were completed between 1986 and 1998, with as many as four
years elapsing between some of the most significant actions. The Water Pollution Control Program included constructing nine
new wastewater treatment facilities and implementation of several other pollution-reducing measures, such as a best management
practices plan; area-source pollution control management; and various spill-prevention projects. Many of the major actions
had readily discernable effects on the chemical and physical conditions of EFPC. As controls on effluents entering the stream
were implemented, pollutant concentrations generally declined and, at least initially, the volume of water discharged from
the Y-12 Complex declined. This reduction in discharge was of ecological concern and led to implementation of a flow management
program for EFPC. Implementing flow management, in turn, led to substantial changes in chemical and physical conditions of
the stream: stream discharge nearly doubled and stream temperatures decreased, becoming more similar to those in reference
streams. While water quality clearly improved, meeting water quality standards alone does not guarantee protection of a waterbody’s
biological integrity. Results from studies on the ecological changes stemming from pollution-reduction actions, such as those
presented in this series, also are needed to understand how best to restore or protect biological integrity and enhance ecological
recovery in stream ecosystems. With a better knowledge of the ecological consequences of their decisions, environmental managers
can better evaluate alternative actions and more accurately predict their effects. 相似文献
19.
South Korea’s Civilian Control Zone (CCZ), a relatively untouched area due to tight military oversight since the end of Korean
War, has received considerable attention nationally and internationally for its rich biodiversity. However, the exclusion
of local communities from the process of defining problems and goals and of setting priorities for biodiversity conservation
has halted a series of biodiversity conservation efforts. Through qualitative research, we explored CCZ farmers’ views of
key problems and issues and also the sources of their opposition to the government-initiated conservation approaches. Key
findings include the farmers’ concerns about the impact of conservation restrictions on their access to necessary resources
needed to farm, wildlife impacts on the value of rice and other agricultural goods they produce, and farmers’ strong distrust
of government, the military, and planners, based on their experiences with past conservation processes. The findings regarding
farmers’ perceptions should prove useful for the design of future participatory planning processes for biodiversity conservation
in the CCZ. This case highlights how conservative measures, perceived to be imposed from above—however scientifically valuable—can
be undermined and suggests the value that must be placed on communication among planners and stakeholders. 相似文献
20.
Endangered species recovery is characterized by complexity and uncertainty in both its biological and organizational aspects. To improve performance in the organizational dimension, some models of organizations are briefly introduced with an emphasis on the organization as a system for processing information, i.e., for successfully dealing with the high uncertainty in the task environment. A strong task orientation,which rewards achievement of the primary goal, is suggested as ideal for this task, as is generative rationality, which encourages workers to observe, critique, and generate new ideas. The parallel organization—a flexible, participatory, problem-solving structure set up alongside traditional bureaucracies—is offered as a useful structure for meeting the demands of uncertainties encountered during recovery. Task forces and projects teams can be set up as parallel organizations. Improved managerial functions include coordinating roles to facilitate the flow and use of information; decision making to avoid groupthink—the defects, symptoms, and countermeasures are described; and productive, active management of the inevitable conflict. The inability of organizations to solve dilemmas, to examine their own structures and management, and to change themselves for more effective, efficient, and equitable performance is seen as the major obstacle to improved recovery programs. Some recommendations for effecting change in bureaucracies are made along with a call for case studies detailing the organizational dimensions of endangered species recovery programs. 相似文献