油田污水站废泥浆的污染评价及无害化固化

为解决油田污水站产生的废泥浆的污染问题，选取胜利油田滨一污水站的泥浆进行污染物分析，检测结果的评价结论是：污水站的泥浆不属于危险固体废弃物，对土壤的污染因子主要是石油类；浸出液对水环境的污染因子为石油类、COD、BOD、挥发酚；大量可溶性无机盐会加剧周边土壤的盐碱化。简易、经济的处置方法是将污泥直接固化，既可锵决污泥的污染问题，也为污泥再利用提供了途径。     

某油田采油区土壤污染及土壤环境质量评价

目前,尚未发现完全适合采油区土壤污染评价的相关标准。基于此确定了土壤各因子的评价标准,并制定了土壤污染程度分级标准,开展了土壤石油污染、重金属污染、盐化污染等多种污染的联合调查评价,克服了以往对土壤石油污染进行单一调查评价的不足,并进行了土壤环境质量评价。土壤污染评价结果显示:该采油区土壤污染现状为重污染级,石油类是土壤污染的主要因子,其他因子为警戒级或清洁级,但Cd、全盐量、p H值已接近污染起始值。土壤环境质量评价结果显示:各因子均符合国家土壤环境质量二级标准,但重金属Cd的平均含量已达到了二级标准的界限值。     

贵阳市乌当区耕地土壤重金属污染现状及其评价

在对乌当区10乡镇耕地土壤进行全面调查的基础上，对土壤重金属污染现状进行了监测与初步评价，结果表明：该区域10乡镇耕地土壤5种重金属元素(Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg、As)的含量变幅较大；全区耕地土壤重金属污染综合评价处于警戒水平，多因子综合污染指数为0．78．其中，金华、朱昌两镇的耕地土壤已受到了重金属轻度污染，多因子综合污染指数分别为1．13、1．22，羊昌、新堡、下坝、东风、水田等5乡镇的耕地土壤处于警戒状态，新场、百宜、偏坡等3乡镇的土壤处于安全状态；Cd、Cr是该区耕地土壤的主要污染元素。     

广州市河涌底泥污染现状调查与评价

2005年3～5月对广州市主要河涌底泥进行了较为系统的采样分析。分析评价结果表明，广州市河涌底泥受有机物、植物营养盐、石油类和重金属污染比较严重，其它污染物，如硫化物、氰化物、氟化物、挥发酚等以及难降解有毒有机物，包括DDT、666、PCBs、PAHs等污染并不严重，污染总体呈由老城区向外围逐步降低的态势。随后根据河涌底泥的主要污染特征进行了较为粗略的污染区划，并指出污染重点控制区域。     

运用生物技术治理落地原油

１前言在石油开发业的采油、集输、油井作业过程中，都会有落地原油产生。落地原油的产生不仅是能源的浪费，更重要的是对环境的污染。落地原油的表面蒸发可产生石油烃对大气环境的污染；地表水的径流可使落地原油对河流、海洋产生石油类污染；落地原油对土壤的污染可发展...     

应用属性识别模型评价运河杭州段底泥污染

利用属性识别模型，对运河杭州段底泥进行分层(浮泥层、淤泥层、基底层)，评价其中的总磷及其他7种重金属的污染程度，经研究发现：表层污染程度高于底层；污染程度最严重的是Cd和Zn，OP、Cu、Pb对污染的贡献度大大小于Zn和Cd，而As、Hg、Cr几乎没有对底泥污染作出贡献。总体而言，运河杭州段底泥污染程度属于中等污染，希望本研究能够为运河杭州段的底泥污染治理提供一定的借鉴作用。     

底泥重金属污染评价方法对比分析 ——以云南某地河流、湖泊为例

为分析不同底泥重金属污染评价方法的适用性,以云南某地河流、湖泊底泥为研究对象,分析其中As、Hg、Cr、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn的含量,采用单项污染指数法、内梅罗综合指数法、地累积指数法、污染负荷指数法进行污染程度评价,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法进行风险等级评价,探讨不同评价方法的优缺点及方法的应用范围,为类...     

基于熵权的改进密切值法评价运河杭州段底泥污染

论述了基于熵权的改进密切值法的建模步骤,将其应用于运河杭州段底泥污染的评价中,并将评价结果与属性识别法进行比较。结果表明,底泥各层（浮泥层、淤泥层、基底层）均属于轻度污染,与属性识别法的评价结果存有差异;底泥各层污染程度为浮泥层〉淤泥层〉基底层,与属性识别法的评价结果一致。通过分析各污染因子（As、Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、OP）在底泥各层的污染程度、权重大小及对底泥污染的综合影响,说明基于熵权的改进密切值法的评价结果比属性识别法更合理、更为可靠,用于评价底泥污染类型是可行的。     

博尔塔拉河河水、表层底泥及河岸土壤重金属的污染和潜在危害评价

以新疆博尔塔拉河为研究区,对河水、河床表层底泥及沿岸土壤中重金属Cr、Cu、Hg、As、Cd、Pb和Zn的来源、污染状况和潜在生态风险进行了研究.结果表明:1从总体看,博尔塔拉河水体中7种重金属的含量均较低,但Hg、Cd、Pb和Cr的最高值明显高于地表水环境质量Ⅱ类标准和WHO饮用水健康建议标准;表层底泥和沿岸土壤中重金属含量明显高于河水.2相关分析和富集系数计算表明,河水、表层底泥及沿岸土壤中重金属Hg、Cd、Pb和Cr均来自沿岸工业生产、城镇生活、交通运输及农业生产中污染物排放;重金属Cu、Zn和As主要来源于流域自然地质背景及成土母质因素.3污染评价表明3种介质中7种重金属的单因子污染指数值(Pi)和综合污染指数值(Pz)均小1,属于安全等级,清洁水平.4潜在生态风险评估表明博尔塔拉河表层底泥及沿岸土壤中7种重金属的单因子潜在生态风险(Eir)和综合潜在生态风险值(RI)均较低,未对水体及沿岸土壤环境造成危害.     

两种河道底泥重金属污染生态危害评价方法比较研究

河道底泥作为特殊的物质形态,其评价方法与土壤和水环境评价方法均有所差异。随着河道底泥重金属污染问题越来越受到人们的关注,针对河道底泥重金属污染的评价方法也大量涌现。着重介绍了Hakanson生态风险指数法和污染负荷指数法两种操作简单、使用方便的常用方法,重点针对方法本身以及该种方法的优缺点。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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