日本红枫‘珊瑚阁’嫁接繁殖技术研究

从嫁接方法、嫁接时间、砧木径级等方面探讨了日本红枫‘珊瑚阁’嫁接繁殖技术,结果表明:切接法嫁接日本红枫‘珊瑚阁’成活率高于撕皮嵌接法,嫁接时间以2月日本红枫‘珊瑚阁’腋芽未萌动时为佳,砧木地径越粗越有利于嫁接后接穗的生长,嫁接后需注意嫁接口的保湿遮阴.     

杨梅嫁接和扦插繁殖技术试验

杨梅树体内富含单宁、嫁接和扦插繁殖不易成活．在嫁接上,采用先将砧木挖出,让其失去5—7％的水分后再嫁接定植的“掘接法”,使嫁接成活率由8．5％提高到62％;在扦插上,先将插条基部用250mg／l的去单宁剂丙酮浸泡2h,再用激素综合处理,使杨梅扦插生根。成活率由4％提高到66．07％,最高达83．3％．表5,参5．     

湖北海棠实生树童区与成年区形态学和细胞学比较研究

通过将湖北海棠（Ｍａｌｕｓｈｕｐｅｈｅｎｓｉｓ）实生树不同发育区接穗嫁接到一年生本砧上,建立一个遗传背景一致、所处发育阶段不同的童期研究实验系统,并采用显微图像形态定量分析系统对湖北海棠实生树童区和成年区及其嫁接植株形态学和细胞学进行比较研究．结果表明,实生树从童区向成年区转变后,其叶片细胞核ＤＮＡ相对含量增加,细胞ＲＮＡ合成增强,细胞核增大,但细胞变小,叶片叶肉组织分化程度提高,叶面积增大,叶片增厚;取实生树童区和成年区枝条嫁接到一年生本砧上,成年区嫁接苗当年就具有开花能力,而童区嫁接苗仍保持童年特征,不具备开花能力,ＰＰ３３３不能诱导童区嫁接苗开花,童区嫁接苗分枝能力较强,叶形与实生树童区和同龄实生苗相似．成年区嫁接植株叶片细胞ＲＮＡ含量依然显著高于童区嫁接植株,尽管叶片细胞核ＤＮＡ含量和细胞核大小仍有增加趋势,但增加幅度显著减少,两者叶片叶肉组织均表现为阳性结构．对实生树童区向成年区转变过程中ＤＮＡ和ＲＮＡ含量变化及其作用进行了讨论     

湘南地区杂柑天草高接换冠关键技术

天草杂柑的高接换冠的关键技术主要是：注意选择母树并适当修剪；合理采穗和保湿；科学嫁接；嫁接后精心管理．     

无性繁殖常用的方式

无性繁殖常用的方式有三种,扦插、压条和嫁接。本文论述了这三种无性繁殖的具体作法。     

不同嫁接方式对黄瓜嫁接苗成活及生长特性的影响

研究了不同嫁接方式对黄瓜嫁接苗成活率、生物学性状及其植株抗病性的影响．结果表明：以湘园三号黄瓜作为接穗，黑籽南瓜作为砧木，采用靠接、顶插、劈切、芽接四种嫁接方式，其嫁接苗成活率分别为100．0％、78．4％、92．9％和75．5％；其平均株高、平均真叶数均以靠接苗为大，分别为15．8cm、3．0片；四种嫁接苗的平均株幅无明显差异．以津春二号黄瓜作为接穗，分别以黑籽南瓜和西葫芦作为砧木，均采用靠接方式，其靠接苗成活率分别为99．4％、100．0％，平均株高、平均株幅和真叶数均以前者为大．经嫁接后，黄瓜植株枯萎病发病率明显下降，控制在0-14．0％范围之内；而未经嫁接的津春二号（对照1）、津春三号（对照2）黄瓜植株，病株率分别达到48．0％、36．0％．     

镉胁迫对不同砧穗组合葡萄植株镉吸收规律和果实品质的影响

以3年生盆栽不同砧穗组合葡萄植株为供试材料,加入氯化镉（CdCl2）以模拟成15mg·kg-1Cd2＋的Cd污染土壤,研究镉在不同砧穗组合葡萄植株内的吸收和分配规律以及对果实品质的影响。结果表明：Cd在不同组合葡萄植株的积累浓度由高到低顺序均为：根系〉茎〉叶片〉果实,不同组合葡萄植株镉含量和果实品质存在显著的差异。所有葡萄植株的果实Cd积累质量分数均低于我国绿色食品Cd限量标准（0.03mg·kg-1,FW）,然而自根苗果实Cd质量分数（0.028mg·kg-1,FW）非常接近0.03mg·kg-1FW,嫁接葡萄植株果实的Cd含量均显著低于自根苗,大约为自根苗的20%～86%,Y/华佳8号、Y/SO4和Y/5BB葡萄果实的Cd含量较低。嫁接降低了葡萄果实中的Cd含量,从一定程度上减轻了人类的Cd暴露风险。不同组合葡萄植株果实的品质存在差异,嫁接提高了Cd胁迫下葡萄果实的可溶性糖（Y/SO4除外）和花青苷含量,降低了可滴定酸含量,提高了果实品质。     

杜鹃红山茶(Camellia changii Ye)的扦插苗、嫁接苗和砧木的光合作用特征

杜鹃红山茶(Camellia changii Ye)是山茶科全年开花的珍稀种类,其自然繁殖能力差,需要人工辅助的传粉、扦插或嫁接进行繁殖。本文研究了杜鹃红山茶扦插苗、嫁接苗及其砧木(油茶,Camellia oleifera Abel)3种苗木的叶绿素荧光参数和光合作用参数。结果显示,砧木及杜鹃红山茶的嫁接苗和扦插苗的叶片电子传递速率光曲线均随着光合有效辐射的增强而逐渐升高至最大值,后趋于相对稳定或略有下降,其光饱和点均在800~1 000μmol.m-2.s-1附近。研究还表明,3种苗木的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)、光化学荧光淬灭(qP)、相对电子传递速率(rETR)、最大净光合速率(Pmax)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、瞬时水分利用效率(IWUE)和瞬时光能利用效率(ILUE)均表现为砧木>嫁接苗>扦插苗,而非荧光淬灭(NPQ)的大小顺序则为:扦插苗>嫁接苗>砧木。这些结果表明,在这3种苗木中,砧木具有高光合、高蒸腾的特点,而扦插苗的光合蒸腾能力最弱。从光合生理的角度表明砧木适应能力最强、扦插苗最弱,而嫁接苗适应能力居中,商品化生产苗木可采用嫁接方式。     

稀土金属-铝复合金属氧化物对As(Ⅴ)的吸附

本文以介孔氧化铝为载体、稀土金属的硝酸盐为原料制备了稀土金属-铝复合金属氧化物,通过N_2吸脱附等温线对所得稀土金属-铝复合金属氧化物的结构进行表征分析,采用静态吸附实验对所得复合金属氧化物对As(Ⅴ)的吸附性能进行了研究,并就最优吸附剂对As(Ⅴ)的等温吸附和吸附动力学进行了考察.结果表明,嫁接稀土金属之后所得复合金属氧化物仍然保有原来的介孔结构;Y-Al复合氧化物对As(Ⅴ)的吸附性能优于Eu-Al、Pr-Al和Sm-Al复合金属氧化物;最佳Y/MA质量比为1∶10;实验数据经吸附等温式分析发现,Y-Al复合氧化物对As(Ⅴ)的最大吸附容量为62.2 mg·g~(-1);根据吸附动力学方程分析发现,Y-Al复合氧化物对As(Ⅴ)的吸附行为遵从准二级动力学方程,因此吸附过程中"表面反应"是主要速率控制步骤.     

蒙脱石-OR-SH复合体修复剂对重金属污染土壤中Cd的钝化效果

利用溶剂分散法成功地将功能基团—SH嫁接到蒙脱石上,得到蒙脱石-OR-SH复合体材料,该复合体材料对Cd的饱和吸附容量可达37.82 mg·g-1(0.1 mol·L-1KNO3体系)和69.13 mg·g-1(不考虑离子浓度影响).通过小白菜盆栽和大田试验探讨了该复合体材料对Cd污染土壤的钝化效果.结果表明,在Cd污染土壤上施加蒙脱石-OR-SH复合体材料后,土壤中可交换态Cd形态占比分别低了64.51%(原土)和80.37%(3 mg·kg-1Cd含量的成化土),铁锰氧化结合态Cd形态占比分别提升了176.66%(原土)和418.31%(3 mg·kg-1Cd含量的成化土),降低了毒性元素Cd在土壤中的活性和可移动性,有效地固定了土壤中的Cd,小白菜中镉含量比对照分别降低了57.14%(原土)和60.64%(3 mg·kg-1Cd含量的成化土),同时能促进小白菜的生长.     

Population variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of the orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus and the hoki Macruronus novaezelandiae

To describe the genetic relationship among regional populations of two commercially valuable species of marine fish, the orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus and the hoki Macruronus novaezelandiae, the mitochondrial (mt) DNA haplotypes of 59 individuals were defined by direct sequencing of the cytochrome b gene. Samples of orange roughy were collected on four fishing grounds around New Zealand, one off the west coast of Tasmania and one near South Africa from 1990–1991. Samples from hoki were collected on three fishing grounds around New Zealand and one off Tasmania during the same period. An average of 252 nucleotides were sequenced from each of 32 orange roughy and an average of 372 nucleotides from each of 27 hoki. Sequence variation allowed the definition of 9 unique orange roughy haplotypes and 5 hoki haplotypes. Genetic variation, as measured by both average sequence divergence and haplotype diversity, was high in the orange roughy (nucleotide diversity=0.590%, haplotype diversity=0.782) and low in the hoki (nucleotide diversity=0.076%, haplotype diversity=0.279) relative to a similar survey of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Differences in haplotype frequencies of orange roughy from New Zealand, Tasmania and South Africa were not significant, and the most common haplotype was found in similar frequencies in these three geographically distant regions. Differences in haplotype frequencies between the New Zealand and Tasmanian samples of hoki were significant, suggesting restricted gene flow between these two regions. The contrasting patterns of low but regionally subdivided genetic variation in the hoki versus high but geographically undifferentiated genetic variation in the orange roughy may be attributed to the low fecundity, slow maturation and long lifespan of the orange roughy relative to the hoki.     

A field test of the Hamilton–Zuk hypothesis in the Trinidadian guppy (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Poecilia reticulata</Emphasis>)

The Hamilton–Zuk hypothesis proposes that females prefer male secondary sexual traits because they are honest indicators of parasite resistance. Despite the attention that this hypothesis has received, its role in sexual selection remains equivocal. This study presents the first field test in guppies of two key predictions of the Hamilton–Zuk hypothesis: (1) that within populations, the most highly ornamented males have the fewest parasites and (2) that among populations, males in high parasite populations have the most conspicuous ornaments. Five hundred male guppies from 19 distinct populations in the Northern Range of Trinidad were inspected for Gyrodactylus parasites and photographed. Eight measures of orange spot ornamentation were used to test the predictions: hue, saturation, lightness, relative area, number, and area-weighted hue, saturation, and lightness. Parasite load had no significant effect on any of these measures. There was also no relationship between orange spot ornamentation and parasite abundance among populations. Guppies from high-predation environments had significantly more parasites, and their orange coloration was lighter and less saturated than that in guppies from low-predation environments. Despite previous lab results, this study found no relationship between parasite load and male orange spot ornamentation.     

糖厂碳法滤坭对赤红壤上柑桔施用效果初探

试验结果表明，施用碳法滤坭可明显地提高土壤的ｐＨ值和土壤的速效磷含量；适量滤坭配施钾肥可比单施钾肥显著或极显著地提高柑桔的产量，明显地提高柑桔果汁的Ｖｃ和柠檬酸含量，柑桔的可溶性固形物含量、可食部分和果汁含量也有提高；单施滤坭对提高柑桔产量和改善柑桔品质也有一定的效果．滤坭配施钾肥对提高柑桔产质的效果优于与其等当量的石灰配施钾肥，故认为碳法滤坭可代替石灰应用于改良赤红壤的酸性．     

Tale of two colors: <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cladopsammia gracilis</Emphasis> (Dendrophylliidae) color morphs distinguished also by their genetics and ecology

Cladopsammia gracilis (Dendrophylliidae), an ahermatypic coral inhabits the northern Red Sea. Two color morphs (pink and orange) are found aggregated in caves devoid of hermatypic corals, associated with crustose coralline algae (CCA). Sequencing the rDNA ITS region revealed a separate clustering of members of each color morph. Both morphs grow in shallow waters, with orange corals limited to the upper 4 m, while some pink coral aggregates thrive deeper than 30 m. Planulae were released between June and December. Pink planulae treated with antibiotics and exposed at different intervals to CCA, were competent and metamorphosed even 110 days after release. Maximal competency period for orange planulae was 70 days. All planulae were enhanced to metamorphose in presence of CCA. The mean age at metamorphosis of pink and orange planulae treated with CCA differed significantly. Most orange planulae settled directly on the CCA while most pink planulae settled on the wall of the experiment vial. The morphs differed significantly in the calyx cross-section area of primary polyps. Despite being considered a single species according to skeletal based taxonomy, the significant ecological and molecular differences between pink and orange C. gracilis specimens suggest that they may belong to separate species.     

Preparation of reverse osmosis membrane with high permselectivity and anti-biofouling properties for desalination

• Nanoparticle incorporation and anti-biofouling grafting were integrated. • Flux of modified membranes was enhanced without rejection sacrificing. • Anti-biofouling property of modified membranes was improved. High performance is essential for the polyamide (PA) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes during the desalination process. Herein, RO membranes with high permselectivity and anti-biofouling properties were fabricated by nanoparticles incorporation and anti-biofouling grafting. Hydrotalcite (HT) incorporation was performed with a dual role, enhancing water flux and acting as grafting sites. The HT incorporation increased the water flux without sacrificing the salt rejection, compensating for the loss caused by the following grafting reaction. The exposed surface of HT acted as grafting sites for anti-biofouling agent dimethyloctadecyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride (DMOTPAC). The combination of HT incorporation and DMOTPAC grafting endowed RO membranes with high permselectivity and anti-biofouling properties. The water flux of the modified membrane PA-HT-0.06 was 49.8 L/m²·h, which was 16.4% higher than that of the pristine membrane. The salt rejection of PA-HT-0.06 was 99.1%, which was comparable to that of the pristine membrane. As to the fouling of negatively charged lysozyme, the modified membrane’s water flux recovery was superior to that of the pristine membrane (e.g. 86.8% of PA-HT-0.06 compared to 78.2% of PA-pristine). The sterilization rates of PA-HT-0.06 for E. coli and B. subtilis were 97.3% and 98.7%, much higher than those of the pristine membrane (24.0% for E. coli and 26.7% for B. subtilis).     

One-step synthesis of bentonite-supported nanoscale Fe/Ni bimetals for rapid degradation of methyl orange in water

Although nanoscale zero-valent iron (nano-Fe⁰) is used to remediate pollutants, this reagent still presents stability and reactivity issues. To solve those issues, we synthesized bentonite-supported nanoscale iron bimetals B-Fe/Ni and B-Fe/Pd. We then used those reagents to degrade the methyl orange dye in water. Results of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction showed that the presence of bentonite and bimetal decreased nanoscale iron aggregation and increased methyl orange removal efficiency. More than 90 % of methyl orange at 100 mg/L was degraded by B-Fe/Ni (0.15 g/L) in 10 min. By comparison, only 62 % of methyl orange was degraded by B-Fe, and 35 % of methyl orange was degraded by nano-Fe⁰. The degradation rate decreased with the increase of the initial concentration of methyl orange. Lower pH allowed fast removal of methyl orange. Overall our findings show that a nanoscale Fe/Ni on bentonite-supported material is more efficient than nano-Fe⁰. One-step synthesis is more convenient than current two-step-synthesized nanoscale bimetals. Bentonite-supported nanoscale bimetals could therefore be an economic competitive candidate for contaminated water remediation.     

Negative correlation between male ornament size and female preference intensity in a wild guppy population

Although traditional sexual selection theories for the evolution of ornamental male traits often assume consistency in female preferences for the traits over time, recent theories predict plasticity in female mate preferences and the contribution of plastic female preferences to the maintenance of polymorphism in male sexual ornaments. However, the plasticity of female preferences and its influences on male ornaments are almost unknown in natural populations. Here we examined both the intensity of female preferences and the exaggeration of a male ornament (relative area of orange spots) in a wild population of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) every few months over a period of 3 years. Results indicated that female preference intensity was negatively correlated with the relative area of orange spots of males. In addition, we found a positive correlation between female preference intensity and the relative area of orange spots of males of their offspring generation. Because the relative area of orange spots of male guppies is a heritable trait, female preferences might have a strong influence on male orange spot size in the next generation. This study provides the first evidence of plastic female preferences depending on the scarcity of males with large ornaments in a natural population. Results of this study imply a possible contribution of female preferences for the maintenance of variation in male ornamentation.     

Evidence of stock separation in southern hemisphere organge roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus,Trachichthyidae) from restriction-enzyme analysis of mitochondrial DNA

Restriction enzyme analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was used to test for genetic homogeneity of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) in the southern hemisphere. Two hundred and eighty-six orange roughy specimens were collected from seven general localities: the Great Australian Bight; South Australia (off southeastern Kangaroo Island); the west coast of Tasmania; the east coast of Tasmania; New South Wales; New Zealand and South Africa. Mitochondrial DNA was extracted from developing ovary tissue and analysed with 10 six-base enzymes and 3 four-base enzymes. Both forms of analysis revealed a low level of genetic diversity in this species. The six-base enzyme study found no evidence of reproductively isolated populations of orange roughy in southeastern Australian waters. However, an analysis of 107 fish with 3 four-base enzymes identified at least partial genetic separation of the New South Wales (NSW) sample of orange roughy from South Australian (off southeastern Kangaroo Island) and Tasmanian samples. This finding supports biological evidence for the presence of a distinct subpopulation of orange roughy in NSW waters. The four-base study also provided evidence of the presence of genetically distinct samples of orange roughy occurring in the same localities off southeastern Kangaroo Island from consecutive years. Additional sampling and the use of a greater number of four-base enzymes may be needed to determine if any genetic structuring exists among orange roughy south of New South Wales.     

复合光催化剂(TiO2/多壁碳纳米管)制备工艺条件对甲基橙光催化降解动力学的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法在不同条件下制备了多壁碳纳米管(MwCNTs)负载纳米TiO2的复合光催化剂(TiO2/MWCNTs).以偶氮类染料甲基橙为模拟污染物,研究不同制备工艺参数的复合光催化剂对甲基橙的光催化降解动力学的影响.对TiO2/MWCNTs的表征结果表明,纳米TiO2较好地分散在多壁碳纳米管表面;随着温度的升高,复...     

Zn-TiO2纳米管的光催化活性

采用水热合成-浸渍法制备锌掺杂TiO2纳米管(Zn-TiO2纳米管),透射电镜照片显示Zn-TiO2纳米管为两端开口形貌均一的中空管状结构,管径约6～8 nm,壁厚约1 nm,长度约50～200 nm。研究了Zn-TiO2纳米管对甲基橙的光催化性能,结果表明:掺杂适量锌提高了TiO2纳米管对甲基橙的光催化降解性能,0.4%Zn-TiO2纳米管的光催化性能最佳。同时还探讨了Zn-TiO2纳米管用量和初始pH值等因素对光催化降解甲基橙的影响,结果显示Zn-TiO2纳米管能有效地降解甲基橙。随着光催化反应进行,CODCr去除率和脱色率变化规律不完全相同,可能是由于芳基和烷基降解速率不同所致。