石化企业浮顶罐大呼吸损耗核算方法分析

石化企业储罐无组织排放挥发性有机物(VOCs)带来严重的环境问题和油品损耗问题,以浮顶罐的大呼吸损耗为代表。在概述浮顶罐大呼吸损耗机理的基础上,以北京某石化企业的甲苯内浮顶罐为基准案例,对国内外4种核算公式进行了对比分析,考察了影响浮顶罐大呼吸损耗的因素,并提出有效的减耗措施。结果表明:采用我国推荐的公式进行核算更符合我国实际,需建立和完善以我国有机液体理化参数和储罐构造为基准的核算方法和软件;影响浮顶罐大呼吸损耗的主要因素包括油品性质、周转量、罐体直径、罐壁黏附系数等,其中罐壁黏附系数为关键影响因素。     

海上含聚油泥处理后泥水的回注

采用热化学法处理某海上平台含聚油泥(矿物含量(w)1.30%~3.74%,聚合物含量(w)3.37%~7.42%),研究了反应后分离出的泥水的回注性能,并进行了现场回注试验。实验结果表明:泥水经研磨细化处理后,95%(w)的细化污泥粒径不超过7.86μm,远小于注入地层的平均孔喉直径;在含聚量为1 750 mg/L的注聚液中加入500 mg/L的细化污泥,65℃(油藏温度)下,细化污泥在注聚液中具有很好的稳定性,体系黏度变化小;泥水中的污水与注聚液、采出污水、现场采出液处理系统中使用的各种药剂的配伍性好。现场试验结果表明,将泥水加入注聚液中进行回注,注入井压力保持稳定。     

石化企业储罐大呼吸损耗影响因素的分析

储罐是石化行业挥发性有机物(VOCs)无组织排放源的重要组成部分。采用美国环保署推荐的储罐VOCs排放量计算公式,以云南某炼化企业的典型热渣油立式固定顶罐以及北京某石化企业的汽油外浮顶罐和甲苯内浮顶罐为基准案例进行储罐大呼吸损耗量的计算,考察了其影响因素,总结出影响储罐大呼吸损耗的关键参数,并有针对性地提出降耗措施。结果表明:影响固定顶罐大呼吸损耗的关键参数为气相分子摩尔质量、日平均液体表面温度和年周转量;影响外浮顶罐大呼吸损耗的首要关键参数为罐壁黏附系数,其次为年周转量和有机液体的密度;影响内浮顶罐大呼吸损耗的首要关键参数为罐壁黏附系数,其次为年周转量和固定顶支撑柱数量。     

油田储油罐非甲烷总挥发实验及仿真模拟

针对油田单井拉油罐非密封生产带来的油气泄漏问题,建立小型原油储油罐挥发损耗实验模拟平台,通过气相色谱法探究各因素对其损耗的影响,利用Fluent仿真软件模拟储油罐的泄漏扩散。结果表明:储液温度和有无风环境对储油罐非甲烷总烃(NMHC)挥发影响较大,储液高度和环境温度对其影响较小;仿真模拟无风环境下,储油罐泄漏口短时间内存在油气积聚现象;有风环境下,当风速为1 m/s,油气积聚不明显;随风速增大,扩散浓度场面积不断增大,油品损耗量增大,在风速为5 m/s的环境下,扩散300 s时的浓度场面积相比扩散200 s时较小,但泄漏口处的油气积聚面积增大。     

采用微絮凝—过滤工艺处理油田采出水

采用微絮凝—过滤工艺处理油田采出水,筛选出最佳絮凝剂并确定了加入量,研究了微絮凝—过滤工艺现场处理油田采出水的效果。实验结果表明:在进水中ρ(油)和SS分别为60 mg/L和25 mg/L的条件下,出水ρ(油)和SS分别为1 mg/L和3 mg/L,去除率分别达到99%和95%;二级过滤出水达到油田回注水标准;应用微絮凝—过滤工艺效果明显。     

聚驱油田采出液处理生成油泥的组成及形成机理

采用红外光谱、光电子能谱、扫描电子显微镜等方法对聚合物驱油(聚驱)油田采出液处理过程中生成的两种物理性质存在明显差异的油泥(黏弹油泥和非黏弹油泥)进行组成分析及生成机理分析。实验结果表明:黏弹油泥的FTIR谱图、XPS谱图与实验室模拟生成的黏弹油泥对照样的谱图高度相似,证明黏弹油泥是聚季铵盐型清水剂与阴离子聚丙烯酰胺生成的高含油阴阳离子复合物;非黏弹油泥不含季铵盐成分,而含有酰胺和醚官能团,推测有可能来源于采出液处理剂中的聚醚成分。     

石化企业内浮顶罐挥发性有机物排放量核算与影响因素分析

以某石化企业内浮顶罐为实例,根据AP-42公式,从浮顶罐结构、油品性质、周转量及环境因素4个方面对内浮顶储罐的VOCs排放进行研究。计算结果表明：浮盘缝隙损耗和挂壁损耗是内浮顶储罐VOCs排放的主要来源;浮盘构造、周转量、罐壁锈蚀程度及边缘密封形式是内浮顶罐VOCs损耗的主要影响因素;罐漆颜色、储罐直径、油品种类及储液温度为次要影响因素;固定顶支撑柱数量、环境湿度及环境风速对储罐挥发损耗的影响较小。针对分析结果,提出降低储罐VOCs挥发损耗的措施。     

典型液氯泄漏危害的ALOHA软件估算

以瞬时泄漏和连续泄漏两种典型液氯泄漏事故为例,分别运用ALOHA软件和公式计算两种方法对液氯泄漏危害进行量化评估。估算结果表明:ALOHA软件对泄漏毒物的危害区域和敏感点毒物浓度的预测结果均具有良好的精度;软件模拟与公式计算的结果对于液氯瞬时泄漏的相对误差仅为7%,对于连续泄漏的相对误差为8%,二者均在可接受范围内。ALOHA软件计算过程简单、表达形象直观,在泄漏事故应急中具实用性。     

油田污油池VOCs源强核算

以油田两处污油池为研究对象开展VOCs浓度监测,结合社会科学统计软件包（Statistical Package for the Social Science,SPSS）的Pearson相关分析对监测数据进行了分析;并利用地面浓度反推法核算污油池的VOCs排放源强,将结果与排放系数法计算值进行对比;最后对下风向不同距离采样线监测数据反推源强逐渐减小的原因进行了讨论。结果表明：污油池B各采样线监测数据间的相关性好,反推出的源强较为准确,VOCs年排放量为17.6 t/a;而污油池A监测数据间的相关性不佳,可能是由于其他无组织排放源相距较近影响所致,不适合直接应用地面浓度反推法计算其源强,需要结合其他排放源的情况进行修正。     

超滤膜处理油田采出水及污染膜的微观分析

采用纳米Al2O3改性聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜处理油田采出水,分析了污染膜的结构和污染膜上的主要污染物.实验结果表明,超滤膜具有很好的通透性,稳定运行时膜通量达150 L/(m2·h).超滤出水中COD去除率大于90%,其他各项指标去除率均大于98%,超滤出水达到了低渗透油田回注水水质标准(SY/T 5329-94<碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法>).污染膜因污染物的存在而使其孔径和孔深度都比新膜减小.污染膜上的主要污染物为含有一定长碳链的烃类衍生物,主要是油田采出水中的油类物质.污染膜上的主要无机元素为Ca、Mg和Al,还有少量的Si、S及Fe.     

厌氧消化-A/O-臭氧催化氧化-BAF工艺处理农药废水生化出水的中试研究

采用“厌氧消化-A/O-臭氧催化氧化-BAF”组合工艺对某农药企业污水处理站生化出水进行中试研究。中试装置设计处理规模为12 t/d,进水水质主要指标： COD为214~346 mg/L,ρ（NH₃-N）为8~35 mg/L,TN为65~108 mg/L。经组合工艺处理后,出水COD为51.2~71.4 mg/L,ρ（NH₃-N）为2.4~6.8 mg/L,TN为13.6~19.2 mg/L,出水水质可达到江苏省《化学工业主要水污染物排放标准》（DB 32/939-2006）中的一级标准。整套工艺对进水具有较强的耐冲击负荷能力,可适应难降解、高氮废水,具有较好的经济效益。     

石化企业固定顶储罐挥发性有机物排放量影响因素的分析

采用美国国家环保局推荐的储罐挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放量定量计算方法,以北京某石化企业轻柴油固定顶储罐为案例对象,计算了固定顶储罐的总损失。通过对不同参数进行调节,比较分析了各变量对损失量的影响程度,得出了影响固定顶储罐静置储藏损失和工作损失的关键参数和次要参数。并在此基础上,提出了降低固定顶储罐VOCs排放量的对应措施。实验结果表明:影响固定顶储罐静置储藏损失的关键参数为油品蒸气相对分子质量、日平均液体表面温度和液体存储高度,次要参数为日环境温差和罐漆太阳能吸收率;影响工作损失的关键参数为油品蒸气相对分子质量、日平均液体表面温度和年净周转量。     

Tank-connected food waste disposer systems – Current status and potential improvements

An unconventional system for separate collection of food waste was investigated through evaluation of three full-scale systems in the city of Malmö, Sweden. Ground food waste is led to a separate settling tank where food waste sludge is collected regularly with a tank-vehicle. These tank-connected systems can be seen as a promising method for separate collection of food waste from both households and restaurants. Ground food waste collected from these systems is rich in fat and has a high methane potential when compared to food waste collected in conventional bag systems. The content of heavy metals is low. The concentrations of N-tot and P-tot in sludge collected from sedimentation tanks were on average 46.2 and 3.9 g/kg TS, equalling an estimated 0.48 and 0.05 kg N-tot and P-tot respectively per year and household connected to the food waste disposer system. Detergents in low concentrations can result in increased degradation rates and biogas production, while higher concentrations can result in temporary inhibition of methane production. Concentrations of COD and fat in effluent from full-scale tanks reached an average of 1068 mg/l and 149 mg/l respectively over the five month long evaluation period. Hydrolysis of the ground material is initiated between sludge collection occasions (30 days). Older food waste sludge increases the degradation rate and the risks of fugitive emissions of methane from tanks between collection occasions. Increased particle size decreases hydrolysis rate and could thus decrease losses of carbon and nutrients in the sewerage system, but further studies in full-scale systems are needed to confirm this.     

Quality control for coal combustion products in South Korea through assessed pozzolanic-activity index with long-term property tests

In South Korea, nine million tons of fly ash (FA) are annually produced and approximately 70 % is reutilized for industrial demand. For the prompt reuse and insufficient reclamation site, quality control of FA which is main productive construction material from coal ash is very important. Assessed Pozzolanic-activity Index (API) test which needs only 2 days for evaluation of pozzolanic reaction is currently considered as an alternative of activity index measurement. This paper aims for an applicability of API test for prompt quality control and investigation of domestic FA properties. For the work, FAs from two different power plant types are prepared, and quality tests are carried out based on Korean Standards (KS) methods and API method. Lots of test results are compared with those from API and K-value test for FA with age of 7 days–1 year. From the test results for FA aged 1 year, API results are evaluated to be closely related with those from activity index and K-value, and the correlations are improved with increasing ages regardless of plant types. The applicability of API test is verified and the reduced period of FA quality evaluation can accelerate prompt use and the related process of FA.     

石化企业中间罐区VOCs治理工艺选择与流程优化

石化企业中间罐区VOCs排放量较大,多采用吸收、冷凝、膜分离及其组合工艺进行处理。本文采用AspenPlus软件分别对高、中、低浓度中间罐区VOCs废气应用上述3种工艺及其工艺组合的处理效果进行模拟计算。结果表明:中间罐区的VOCs经过不同组合的二级处理后,尾气VOCs质量浓度约为9～50 g/m~3,后续仍需采用深度处理工艺以满足新的国家及地方污染物排放标准要求;同时,对比3种工艺能耗情况,冷凝法最低,膜分离法次之,吸收法最高,约为冷凝法能耗的5～10倍。以上模拟计算结果与实际工况数据基本符合,证明采用Aspen Plus软件进行石化企业中间罐区VOCs治理工艺选择与流程优化是可行的,具有一定的参考价值。     

Measuring externalities of waste transfer stations in Israel using hedonic pricing

This study estimates the economic value of externalities related to waste transfer stations in Israel. Most externalities are associated with local disamenities experienced by residents living in close proximity to transfer stations - including noise, odor, litter, vermin, visual intrusion and any associated perceived discomfort. Following the mapping of all active transfer stations in Israel, problematic sites near residential areas were identified. Four of these sites were selected for detailed examination. The study involved estimating the economic value of disamenities using the Hedonic Price Method, which examines the impact of disamenities on property values. The results indicate that the maximum spatial extent of the impact occurs about 2.8km away from a transfer station with an increase of about $5000 in housing price for each additionalkm away from the site. Alternatively, an increase of 1% in the average distance of a house from the local transfer station is associated with a 0.06% rise in the price of the average house. These figures, representing the relationship between changes in environmental quality and property prices, indicate that transfer stations create externalities that should be taken into account in location and clean-up policies for transfer stations as well as in potential compensation policies.     

糙皮侧耳降解碱木素的动力学研究

对糙皮侧耳B1(白腐真菌的一种)降解碱木素的动力学进行了研究.基于Logistic方程,建立了糙皮侧耳B1在纯培养条件和碱木素存在条件下的生长动力学模型.动力学模型参数分别为0.94d-1和0.90d-1.该模型能够较好地模拟体系中生物量的变化,平均相对误差分别为3.2％和3.4％.糙皮侧耳B1对低浓度碱木素的降解存在...