电化学降解与声电化降解苯胺溶液的对比实验研究

采用电化学和声电化两种方法处理苯胺溶液．考察了处理时间、苯胺浓度、pH、电解质浓度、电解电压等因素对苯胺降解率的影响,并对两种方法处理的溶液分别进行紫外分析。实验结果表明．在其他条件相同的情况下．声电化降解所得苯胺降解率远远大于采用电化学方法所得降解率。     

电化学催化降解水中有机污染物的研究进展

电化学法催化降解废水中的有机污染物已引起广泛兴趣。在电极的作用下 ,电化学反应和化学催化作用结合 ,可导致有机分子的电催化降解。选用合适的电极材料可以加速电化学反应速率 ,有助于有机物的电化学转化。本文讨论了提高电催化降解速率的方法 ,指出了在该领域的研究中存在的问题和发展方向     

油田压裂返排液的电化学处理

为探究电絮凝和电化学氧化法处理油田压裂返排液的机理,采用响应面法拟合了反应过程,考察了电化学反应动力学、活性物质以及电极板的形貌和成分的变化。结果表明,电絮凝和电化学氧化法的响应面模型相关性显著,精确度和可信度均在合理范围内,在最优实验条件下其对应的COD去除率分别可达88.2%和100.0%;压裂返排液经电絮凝和电化学氧化处理后去除COD的动力学分别适用于零级和一级动力学模型,反应速率常数分别为4.49 mg·(L·min)⁻¹和0.005 4 min⁻¹;电絮凝和电化学氧化处理压裂返排液起主要作用的活性物质分别是OH·和O₂·⁻;电絮凝反应后,阳极和阴极表面分别附有碳酸钙和絮体有机物,电化学氧化反应后,阳极和阴极表面分别覆盖着致密的有机污染物和钙镁碳酸盐。     

Treatment of dilute methylene blue-containing wastewater by coupling sawdust adsorption and electrochemical regeneration

In the present work, the coupling of adsorption and electrochemical oxidation on a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode to treat solutions containing dyes is studied. This coupling may be convenient for the treatment of diluted pollutant that is limited by the low rate of electrooxidation due to mass-transfer limitation. A pre-concentration step by adsorption could minimize the design of the electrochemical reactor. The adsorbent chosen was mixed with softwood sawdust, and methylene blue was chosen as the model dye molecule. Isotherms of adsorption and kinetics were investigated as well as the effects of current density and regeneration time. The BDD electrochemical oxidation of methylene blue adsorbed onto sawdust led simultaneously to its degradation and sawdust regeneration for the next adsorption. It was observed that multiple adsorption and electrochemical regeneration cycles led to an enhancement of adsorption capacity of the sawdust. This study demonstrated that adsorption–electrochemical degradation coupling offers a promising approach for the efficient elimination of organic dyes from wastewater.     

卤代烃污染物的电化学氧化还原降解技术研究进展

开发新型的、无害化降解卤代烃污染物的处理方法已成为环境科学研究的难点和热点.有关卤代烃污染物的电化学氧化还原处理方法也逐渐引起了国际上的重视.在论述了电化学氧化和电化学还原两种方法处理卤代烃污染物的技术原理基础上,对电化学处理卤代烃污染物的研究现状进行了综述,着重介绍了目前应用该技术处理一些卤代烃污染物的电流效率以及电极研究的进展.探讨了电化学氧化还原降解技术在这一领域应用的可行性.     

Electrochemical oxidation of sulfite ions in aqueous solutions

Gaseous pollutants that affect human health, destroy vegetation and damage materials and art treasures can be converted into harmless components by electrochemical reactions. Electrochemical gas purification methods can be applied basically in two steps. In the first step, gases to be removed are absorbed in an aqueous electrolyte. Then, in the second step, they can be converted into harmless components via electrochemical oxidation or electrochemical reduction. This study investigated the feasibility of electrochemical removal of sulfite ions arising from the absorption of sulfur dioxide in an aqueous electrolyte. The removal efficiency, current efficiency, and energy consumption were determined at different initial sulfite ion and electrolyte concentrations and applied currents. Furthermore, linear sweep voltammetry studies were performed using a graphite electrode in sulfuric acid. It has been concluded from all these experiments that sulfur dioxide can successfully be removed using an electrochemical method.     

管式电化学反应器中试处理高浓度含氰废水与经济分析

基于对高浓度含氰废水处理的重大需求和现有破氰技术的共性缺点,采用管式电化学反应器工艺对西部某化工厂生产过程的高浓度含氰废水进行预处理的中试研究,并与次钠氯碱法和ClO₂氧化法进行了对比。以Ti/RuO₂为阳极的管式电化学反应器相比于其他工艺有最佳的处理效果,在20 mA·cm⁻²处理4 h后,对废水中TCN、COD和间苯二腈的去除率分别可以达到81.74%、57.71%和81.33%,长期运行效果也处于最佳。此外,尽管管式电化学反应器的建设成本较高,单位能耗高,但由于该工艺无需加药,其运行成本低廉,仅为次钠氯碱法的13.10%,故总体运行成本较低。同时,还对管式电化学反应器的运行过程进行了参数优化及机理探究。在综合考虑建设、运行和折旧,管式电化学反应器具有良好的应用前景。     

电化学水处理技术研究进展

电化学方法可以通过电子的定向转移与精确调控,强化环境界面过程的速率和效率,其在水处理与资源化中体现出非凡的特点和优势,成为破解水危机和水污染的重要技术手段。近10年来,电化学水处理与资源化技术发展取得了长足的进步,正在向电极高效、工艺耦合、低碳绿色转变,未来将进一步聚焦功能电极材料设计、高效反应器与组合工艺开发、资源能源的定向转移与回收等重要方向。为深入研究电化学水处理与资源化技术机理,进一步探讨电化学方法在实际工程中的广泛应用,在重点关注电化学应用基础研究和前沿技术的基础上,分别对电絮凝、电氧化、电还原、电渗析/反向电渗析和电吸附技术的研究进展进行了回顾,并对电化学水处理与资源化技术发展进行了总结和展望。     

BDD电极阳极氧化垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液

实验研究了电化学技术阳极氧化垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液,比较了不同阳极种类、电流密度和极板间距对污染物降解的影响.结果表明,掺硼金刚石(boron-doped diamond,BDD)薄膜电极作为阳极,比钛基镀钌铱(Ti-RuO2-IrO2)和钛基镀铂(Ti-Pt)电极作为阳极时,有机物的矿化更为迅速.选用BDD电极作为阳极,不锈钢电极作为阴极,随着电流密度的增加(10~100 mA/cm2),TOC去除率随之提高,极板间距的改变(2~12 mm)对TOC的降解影响较小.BDD阳极氧化6 h后,浓缩液的TOC去除率达到94%.研究表明,BDD电极阳极氧化技术可有效地处理垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液,可将其应用于高毒性难生物降解的有机废水的处理工艺中.     

吸附-电化学氧化耦合处理对氯苯酚废水及动力学

以毡状活性炭纤维为阳极,不锈钢为阴极,吸附-电化学氧化耦合降解对氯苯酚废水进行了研究。考察了吸附或耦合电化学氧化过程、电流密度、支持电解质硫酸钠浓度和活性炭纤维重复使用对废水COD去除率的影响,结果表明,采用吸附-电化学氧化耦合方法,当电流密度7.6 mA/cm2支持电解质（硫酸钠）浓度为1 g/L,处理时间为180 min,4-CP废水COD去除率可达97.09%。毡状活性炭纤维对4-CP的静态吸附过程符合Langmiu吸附等温方程。建立了吸附-电化学氧化COD去除动力学模型,动力学模型参数表明,对于COD的去除,电化学氧化作用比吸附作用大。     

聚苯胺修饰电极去除水中高氯酸根

在三电极体系中,研究聚苯胺修饰电极对高氯酸根离子的电化学去除。基于导电高聚物的电控离子交换特性,在其电化学扫描过程中高氯酸根能够掺杂进入到聚苯胺高分子链。在0.10 mol/L Na2SO4 (pH 4.0)电解液中电化学循环伏安扫描25 min,2 mg/L高氯酸根的去除率达96.5%;在相同处理时间内,去除率随高氯酸根浓度的增加而明显降低,且溶液pH在3到5的范围内得到最优的去除效果。通过红外光谱和X射线光电子能谱表征高氯酸根掺杂前后的聚苯胺膜,结合循环伏安图的分析提出高氯酸根去除过程中可能的反应机理:高氯酸根作为掺杂离子,随电位的改变在聚苯胺链中迁移。研究表明,基于聚苯胺的电控离子交换特性,可以开发一种绿色高效的高氯酸根去除技术。     

Combined treatment of PAHs contaminated soils using the sequence extraction with surfactant-electrochemical degradation

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) cause a high environmental impact when released into the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of decontamination of polluted soils with PAHs using the sequence extraction-electrochemical treatment: extraction of PAHs from the soil with surfactant followed by electrochemical degradation of the liquid collected. Several PAHs (anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, and phenanthrene) have been used as model compounds since such PAHs are found in high concentrations in contaminated environmental samples. Due to their hydrophobic nature, soil extraction has been limited. In this work, the use of six surfactants, Brij 35, Merpol, Tergitol, Tween 20, Tween 80 and Tyloxapol, has been evaluated on the PAH extraction from a model soil such as kaolin. Furthermore, the electrochemical degradation of PAHs with the surfactant that gave the best result was investigated working with neat solutions. The electrochemical treatment of these solutions was carried out in two electrochemical cells with different working volumes, 0.4 and 1.5l, and electrode material (graphite or titanium). Near complete degradation was reached for all the experiments in both cells.     

The role of activated carbon on the removal of p-nitrophenol in an integrated three-phase electrochemical reactor

Three-phase electrochemical reactor is still far from concerned in wastewater treatment in order to improve electrochemical treatment efficiency especially when the concentrations of organic pollutants are relatively low. This paper presents a novel process integrated electrocatalysis and activated carbon (AC) adsorption in a fluidization mode for p-nitrophenol (PNP) abatement, with special attention on probing the role of AC. Sparged by external gas (e.g., O(2)), the electrochemical reactor is actually a three-phase (gas, liquid, solid) reactor. By this one-step integrated process, the treatment efficiency was significantly promoted where PNP of initial concentration 150 mg l(-1) could be completely removed in no more than 30 min and it kept good performance for five consecutive runs, showing potential application for environmental remediation. In the integrated process, AC is in a dynamic state of adsorption and in situ electrochemical regeneration by the attack of electrogenerated hydroxyl radical on organic pollutants. When oxygen is sparged into the process, hydrogen peroxide can be formed by cathodic reduction and then decomposed by catalytic reaction on AC, which further promotes organic pollutants degradation.     

Studies on electrochemical recovery of silver from simulated waste water from Ag(II)/Ag(I) based mediated electrochemical oxidation process

In the Ag(II)/Ag(I) based mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) process, the spent waste from the electrochemical cell, which is integrated with the scrubber columns, contains high concentrations of precious silver as dissolved ions in both the anolyte and the catholyte. This work presents an electrochemical developmental study for the recovery of silver from simulated waste water from Ag(II)/Ag(I) based MEO process. Galvanostatic method of silver deposition on Ti cathode in an undivided cell was used, and the silver recovery rate kinetics of silver deposition was followed. Various experimental parameters, which have a direct bearing on the metal recovery efficiency, were optimized. These included studies with the nitric acid concentration (0.75-6M), the solution stirring rate (0-1400 rpm), the inter-electrode distance between the anode and the cathode (2-8 cm), the applied current density (29.4-88.2 mA cm(-2)), and the initial Ag(I) ion concentration (0.01-0.2M). The silver recovered by the present electrodeposition method was re-dissolved in 6M nitric acid and subjected to electrooxidation of Ag(I) to Ag(II) to ascertain its activity towards Ag(II) electrogeneration from Ag(I), which is a key factor for the efficient working of MEO process. Our studies showed that the silver metal recovered by the present electrochemical deposition method could be reused repeatedly for MEO process with no loss in its electrochemical activity. Some work on silver deposition from sulfuric acid solution of different concentrations was also done because of its promising features as the catholyte in the Ag(II) generating electrochemical cell used in MEO process, which include: (i) complete elimination of poisonous NO(x) gas liberation in the cathode compartment, (ii) reduced Ag(+) ion migration across Nafion membrane from anolyte to catholyte thereby diminished catholyte contamination, and (iii) lower cell voltage and hence lesser power consumption.     

阳极氧化联合电-Fenton氧化深度处理垃圾渗滤液

采用多孔碳素阴极、Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5-IrO2阳极构建电化学氧化系统用于渗滤液的深度处理。研究结果表明,所构建的电化学氧化系统通过阳极氧化和电-Fenton氧化2种机制降解有机污染物;处理过程中阴极表面形成的沉淀物对TOC和COD的衰减也产生了影响。在阴极电位为-1.0 V、Fe2+ 初始浓度为0.5 mmol/L的条件下,电化学处理120 min获得了58% 的TOC去除;处理480 min COD去除率为55%,NH3-N去除率为99%,TN去除率为60%,色度几乎被完全去除。GC-MS分析结果表明,渗滤液中以腐殖质类物质为主的有机化合物被降解为分子量相对较小的有机物,直至完全矿化。联合阳极氧化和电-Fenton氧化机制的电化学处理方法为垃圾渗滤液深度处理提供了新的选择。     

二沉池出水的电化学消毒试验研究

对德国威斯巴登城市污水处理厂和上海石化股份公司水质净化厂二沉池出水分别进行了电化学消毒试验。试验结果表明,用电化学方法对威斯巴登城市污水处理厂和上海石化股份公司水质净化厂二沉池出水进行消毒是可行的,消毒效果好,耗电少,杀菌率随电流、处理时间的增加而提高。     

有毒难降解有机物高级氧化电催化电极

在电催化电极的作用下 ,电化学反应和化学催化作用结合 ,导致有机分子的电催化降解。在分析中 ,综述了电催化高级氧化电极研究现状 ,阐述与评价了过渡金属涂层电极、金属氧化物涂层电极、含掺杂半导体涂层电极、金刚石膜电极、三维电极等几个主要方面的研究成果 ,并对今后工作的重点提出了一些意见。     

低浓度三氯生废水的电化学去除效能

以钌铱电极做阳极、石墨片做阴极,建立了电化学反应器处理三氯生模拟废水,重点考察了电流密度、pH、电解质硫酸钠浓度对电化学反应器去除水中微量三氯生效能的影响规律。研究发现,随着电流密度增大,三氯生去除率会有所提高,但存在一定限度;总体上酸性或碱性条件下的处理效果优于中性条件,电解质浓度过高或过低都不利于三氯生的去除。计算出不同电解质浓度和电流密度下的能耗,探讨了三氯生的电化学去除机制。电化学反应器对三氯生模拟废水有较好的处理效果,当三氯生初始浓度为4 mg·L-1、电流密度为10 mA·cm-2、电解质Na2SO4浓度为0.025 mg·L-1、中性条件下反应时间2 h,三氯生去除率达70.7%,能耗为26.4 kWh·g-1。     

电化学方法用于酸性红B模拟废水脱色试验研究

本文研究了两种电极材料 (SnO2 Ti和RuO2 Ti)对酸性红B模拟废水的脱色效果 ,考察了不同 pH、电流密度(j)及外加电解质 (Na2 SO4/NaCl)对处理过程的影响。结果表明 ,两种电极材料都能对酸性红B染料废水进行有效脱色 ,主要是Cl-在电解过程中的间接氧化作用 ,同时也包括电极表面的直接氧化作用。     

Use of electrochemical technology to increase the quality of the effluents of bio-oxidation processes. A case studied

In this work, it has been studied the use of conductive-diamond electrochemical oxidation (CDEO) as a refining technology to assure the quality of the effluents of door manufacturing processes (DMP). To do this, the raw effluents of these factories have been treated by a combination of physicochemical, biological and CDEO treatments. CDEO was found to be a feasible alternative to the refinement of a wooden DMP waste. It can successfully decrease the organic load of the effluents of the biological oxidation with low energy requirements. In addition, in case of incidents in the biological process, CDEO can treat successfully the effluents of the coagulation process. The effluents of the biological treatment have also been treated by CDEO in order to check the possible use of electrochemical technology to increase the biodegradability of the effluents and their possible recycle to the biological treatment. Unfortunately, electrochemical technology was found to be not adequate to increase the biodegradability of the effluents of a biological treatment. The hard oxidation conditions generated during CDEO do not lead to the accumulation of intermediates but to the almost direct formation of carbon dioxide. Lowering the current density or changing the electrodes can not enhance the biodegradability of the effluents of an electrochemical cell.