A thermal hazard risk evaluation of emulsion polymerisation and vinyl acetate monomers in the latex manufacturing process

Latex is extensively used in industrial products. However, completing some processes at scale leads to unacceptable levels of risk that need to be quantified and mitigated. Systemic risks must be eliminated wherever possible, and safety takes priority over efficiency and quality. To assess the process risks accurately, four raw materials were examined in this study: polyvinyl acetate (PVA), latex process-initiator-ammonium persulfate (APS) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and vinyl acetate monomer (VAM). The physicochemical composition of the PVA latex process was determined via calorimeters, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vent sizing package 2 (VSP2). The calorimetry results showed that the protective colloid was a critical component in the polymerisation reaction. In addition, when adding initiators to the system, it is vital to observe the normal ratio of materials and keep the stirring system operating. The scenario system also simulated the effects of shutting down various inhibitory programs, including the build-up of free radicals that could result in a runaway reaction when the initiator was added in excess. On the other hand, the result of the risk matrix displayed as a medium level, indicating that although the probability of an accident is low, the resulting severity is at disaster level. As a result, this study provides process safety engineers with a reliable frame of reference for assessing the potential dangers in the PVA latex manufacturing process.     

SDF絮凝剂的研制及在印染废水处理中的应用

以甲醛、二氰胺为主要原料,氯化铵为催化剂及一定量的助剂研制出SDF阳离子絮凝剂.对模拟废水和工业废水的处理结果表明,在最佳操作条件下,SDF絮凝剂对工业印染废水和模拟印染废水均有理想的处理效果,脱色率和CODcr去除率超过95%和75%,在和其他絮凝剂比较时,SDF絮凝剂的综合性能明显优于聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)等絮凝剂.     

盐矿安全问题及环境污染的防治

我国水溶开采岩盐的回采率较低 ,主要是由盐井事故 (如卤水渗漏、地面冒卤等 )引起的。盐矿旱采残渣堆存地面 ,水溶开采中顶板跨塌、冒卤 ,卤水输送过程中管壁渗漏等对土壤造成污染 ,可采用种植耐盐植物、客土和深翻的方法进行改良。卤水对区内地表水污染 ,造成某些水域中氯化物含量超出农用灌溉水标准 ,可将制盐废水用于水溶回采和生产化工产品的原料 ,氯化钠含量较高的废水可回收其中的盐分 ;制盐过程空气中飞扬的盐尘 ,可采用旋风除尘器除尘 ,车间内也可用水喷洒处理 ,采用种植耐盐植物净化车间周边空气。岩盐矿床常伴生天然气 ,其在卤水中有一定的溶解度 ,可采取多次预热的方法实现气卤分离 ,且回收的甲烷可作为能源使用     

Design of robust water exchange networks for eco-industrial symbiosis

The field of industrial ecology promotes the establishment of resource exchange networks in eco-industrial parks (EIPs) as an approach toward resource conservation. Previous studies have shown that full blown resource integration can be encouraged through the exchange of common utilities such as energy and water. Different approaches such as mathematical programming, pinch analysis and game theory have been used to identify the optimal network designs, which can simultaneously reduce the utilization of freshwater resources and the generation of wastewater streams. Since water exchange in an EIP involves multiple independently operating plants, information exchange between the participants is not completely transparent and multiple future scenarios are expected to happen as the fate and plans of other participants are not completely divulged. These future scenarios may bring about changes in the capacity or characteristic of industrial processes and may also involve the entry of additional companies and the closure of previously operating ones. Such aspects have not been fully addressed in previous studies. A robust optimization model is thus developed in this work to determine the optimal network design which can effectively operate in anticipation of multiple probable scenarios. Case studies are solved to demonstrate the capability of the model.     

Effluent stream treatment in a nitrogenous fertilizer factory: An exergy analysis for process integration

The industrial processes used for the production of nitrogenous fertilizers are the main generators of reactive nitrogen compounds, chemicals and effluents that ultimately impact the biosphere. Exergy analysis has been performed to a nitrogen fertilizer factory in the State of Bahia, Brazil, where the Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (Anammox) and other physical–chemical processes are used to partially or totally handle the feed streams normally sent to a stripping tower.The results showed that the combined use of physical–chemical and biological process can improve the overall exergetic efficiency and avoid the emission of reactive compounds to the atmosphere allowing the recovery of the condensate lost as effluent, so that it can be reincorporated in the production of steam network, increasing energy efficiency and environmental performance of the process.     

A mathematical approach for retrofit and optimization of total site steam distribution networks

This paper presents a generic mathematical model for retrofitting the steam power plants in an industrial site. The industrial sector under review consists of one steel mill, one oil refinery, and several petrochemical plants, where only small-scale steam integration has been implemented before this study. The relevant unit models in a typical steam power plant are established, and the steam plant retrofit problem is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP). Feasible retrofit alternatives suggested by experienced field engineers are investigated in sequence to examine the revenue of those possible modifications. The first scenario examines operational optimization of existent plants; the second option allows installation of one new turbine and replacement of several boilers and turbines with lower efficiency; the third scenario considers using a steam ejector to upgrade the disqualified import steam in the oil refinery. The significant merits from these three retrofit alternatives show that the proposed MINLP formulation has been a great help to enhance the inter-plant steam integration in an industrial sector.     

Study of high-tech process furnace using inherently safer design strategies (I) temperature distribution model and process effect

High-tech industries, such as those producing semiconductor and TFT-LCD (Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display), have recently become the most important economic activities in Taiwan. Each of these industries has a complete chain of supply from raw material production, production pre-processing, product manufacturing, to waste handling. Any company in the chain is a critical component, since any accidents of fire, explosion, gas leakage, or power outage would cut off the supply chain, causing inability of continuous operation. In industries of semiconductor and TFT-LCD, great amounts of special gases and chemicals with many machinery equipments are used in the production processes. In cases of accidents or improper installation, this chain of supply, from raw material production, preproduction, product manufacturing, to waste handling materials and equipments may cause severe damages or incidents.This study used the existing model of the horizontal furnace to develop a simulation program. The simulation results were consistent with the existing model, and produced even slightly better results on temperature distribution and temperature sensitivity. The simulation model applied on a vertical furnace could provide data on furnace temperature control for industrial use. Meanwhile, this study also deduced actual temperature control and an ISD strategy, which are consistent with design strategy principles.The validation results on the proposed temperature distribution model suggested that the model can be applied in temperature distribution and sensitivity analysis to obtain adjustment and control models for various heating zones. In the case of a single tool, when processing reduction is 60 pieces, switching off the two heating zones can reduce 44% of power output, for a capacity utilization rate of 93.7% for the entire plant. The application of the proposed temperature control model can reduce power consumption by 121.4 kWh. In addition, with the same number of tools, facilities layouts in two cases have an area difference of 41.4775 m², thus shortening the evacuation time for operators. The experimental results proved that the proposed model has realized the ISD principles of intensification, attenuation, and limitation of effects.     

An approach for risk reduction (methodology) based on optimizing the facility layout and siting in toxic gas release scenarios

In this work, a new approach to optimize facility layout for toxic release is presented. By integrating a risk analysis in the optimization formulation, we propose a safer assignment for facility layout and siting. Accompanying with the economical concepts used in a plant layout, the new model considers the cost of willing to avoid a fatality, i.e. the potential injury cost due to accidents associated with toxic release near residential areas. The proposed formulation incorporates a real meteorological data to calculate the injury risk through the probit model and Monte Carlo simulation using dense gas dispersion modeling (DEGADIS). The overall problem was initially modeled as a disjunctive program where the coordinates of each facility and cost-related variables are the main unknowns. Then, the convex hull approach was used to reformulate the problem as a Mixed Integer Non-Linear Program (MINLP) that identifies potential layouts by minimizing overall costs. This approach gives the coordinates of each facility, and estimates for the total length of pipes, the land area, and the selection of safety devices. Finally, the 3D-computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to compare between the initial layout and the final layout. Moreover, analyses of separation distances fr2om hazard facilities and hindrance effects will be discussed based on the approach used in this work.     

焦化废水氨氮降解技术与进展

焦化废水是一种氨氮和有机污染物浓度较高的难以生化降解的有机工业废水.工程上所采用的处理工艺和方法对焦化废水的处理效果还不能令人满意,尤其是氨氮. 系统地介绍了近年来国内外治理焦化废水方面的研究和进展.其中包括焦化废水的物化处理、生化处理,其他处理过程中的新技术和新工艺以及这些技术与工艺的研究、应用、前景与展望.     

岗南水库溢洪道安全质量检测与分析

为了做好防洪工作 ,对岗南水库溢洪道进行了综合质量检测和安全分析工作 ,发现其所出现的问题主要为 :裂缝较严重、部分混凝土有碳化和内部离析现象、交通桥结构破坏严重、个别地方有不稳定现象。经分析认为 :溢洪道的基本安全性能仍能够满足要求 ,出现问题的主要原因是原材料质量、施工质量、地质状况和交通桥超载 ,须尽快寻找合适的方法进行处理。最后 ,对整个溢洪道提出了安全分析结论和缺陷处理建议     

李家峡水库蓄水后区域地震活动特征及危险性分析

根据李家峡水库地震台网1998-2002年的地震目录,分析了水库蓄水后库坝区和周边研究区的地震活动特征,并对未来水库地震的危险性进行了定量评价.分析结果表明:李家峡水库蓄水以来,库坝区90%的地震为0.0～1.9级的弱小地震,且地震活动与水库水位有关,相对于水位升高存在5～7个月的滞后期;研究区以1.0～1.9级地震为主,地震活跃程度呈间息式变化,地震月频次呈阶跃式变化.应用经验判别法的预测结果表明,未来李家峡水库库坝区存在诱发5级以上灾害性地震的危险性,最大震级在5.0～5.4级之间.     

污水生化处理过程中N2O的产生特征研究进展

N2O是大气中重要的温室气体之一,而污水生化处理已被报道是导致N2O产生的潜在人为源之一。大量研究表明,污水生化处理过程中N2O主要产生于微生物的硝化和反硝化代谢过程中。从微生物学和生物化学反应角度,阐述了硝化和反硝化过程中N2O的生成机理,同时给出了几种典型污水处理工艺N2O的产生量和相关影响因素,并对A/A/O工艺中不同处理单元N2O的释放情况进行重点论述。研究发现,对于几种典型的污水处理工艺,由于工艺条件和主要影响因素的不同,N2O的释放量存在较大的差异;对于同一污水处理工艺,不同处理单元N2O的释放量也存在很大差别。污水处理厂中,好氧处理单元是N2O的主要排放单元,而在好氧单元中,DO质量浓度及NO2--N质量浓度是影响N2O释放量的主要因素。在综合分析硝化和反硝化过程N2O产生机理的基础上,进一步总结了污水生化处理过程中DO质量浓度、NO3-和NO2-质量浓度、pH值、C/N比、污泥龄等对N2O释放的影响。     

膜生物反应器在污水处理中的应用展望

膜生物反应器是膜的高效分离技术与生物降解作用相结合的一种污水处理与回用工艺,是近年来发展起来的一项新型的处理技术,在水处理方面的应用及发展很快;膜生物反应器工艺较适合于中小规模的污水处理与回用,但膜污染问题是影响膜生物反应器推广的主要障碍;探讨和展望了膜生物反应器的应用前景,指出今后的研究方向,膜生物反应器有望成为21世纪的一种重要的污水处理技术。     

Water Network Synthesis Using Mutation-Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization

Different techniques for the synthesis of industrial water reuse/recycle networks have been developed in recent process integration research. These tools range from graphical pinch analysis approaches to mathematical programming models. The latter have the advantage of being flexible enough to incorporate various water network constraints, but in many cases these are often non-linear, thus making the identification of global optima difficult. Recent work has demonstrated the effectiveness of metaheuristic algorithms such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), for finding good solutions these problems. This work describes the use of a modified PSO for solving mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) models for water network synthesis. By incorporating a mutation operator for the binary variables in the model, the algorithm is able to escape sub-optimal network topologies and proceed towards better solutions than can be found with ordinary PSO. Two case studies involving water recycle/reuse are used to demonstrate the new design methodology.     

合成氨企业现场环境监察技术要点分析

针对以煤为原料的合成氨企业现状,提出了合成氨、尿素、碳铵、甲醇、三废处理设施等工序的现场环境监察技术要点,为环境监察工作提供技术指南。重点监察COD、氨氮、SO2与烟尘的达标排放、危险固废安全处置及环境风险应急预案与应急措施到位情况。     

Pb(II) adsorption from aqueous solutions by raw and treated biomass of maize stover – A comparative study

The potential to remove Pb(II) ion from wastewater treatment systems using raw and treated maize stover through adsorption was investigated in batch experiments. To achieve this, batch mode experiments were conducted choosing specific parameters such as pH (2–8), dosage concentration (2–30 g L⁻¹), contact time (5–180 min), temperature (20–45 °C) and metal ion concentrations (10–50 mg L⁻¹). Adsorption was pH-dependent showing a maximum at pH value 5. The equilibrium sorption capacities of raw and treated maize stover were 19.65 and 27.10 mg g⁻¹, respectively. The adsorption data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model. Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption of Pb(II) was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. Consequently, this study demonstrated that both raw and treated maize stover could be used as adsorbents for the treatment of Pb(II) from industrial wastewaters.     

氧化锆生产废水处理工艺

以调节沉淀-汽提处理技术作为氧化锆生产废水的处理工艺,对主要构筑物做出工艺设计,运行结果表明该工艺具有出水水质稳定、处理效率高、流程简洁、操作简便等特点.是处理含高浓度氨氮、可生化性差的工业废水的一种适用技术.     

降膜法脱氨氮的技术可行性及影响因素浅析

对煤气化废水的特性和处理现状进行了阐述和分析,总结了降膜技术在煤气化高氨氮废水中的脱氮效果和液泛气速、膜厚、pH值、温度的关系。研究表明,降膜技术可将氨氮去除率提高到95%以上,同时降低调整pH值的药剂成本,并有效缓解结垢现象,在类似工业废水处理项目中具有较好的推广应用价值。     

Risk assessment of a compound feed process based on HAZOP analysis and linguistic terms

The size and complexity of industrial plants, along with the characteristics of the products used, require a study, analysis and control of the existing risks in every industrial process.In this paper, a methodology for risk assessment in industrial plants, based on the combination of risks identification through the Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) analysis and the risks evaluation through linguistic variables and fuzzy numbers is applied to a case study consisting on a compound feed plant located in the town of Silla (Valencia, Spain).The results from this study show that the main risk in the compound feed production process is the formation of explosive atmospheres (ATEX). Therefore, the corrective measures will focus on reducing the concentration of dust in the atmosphere and eliminating the possible sources of ignition, such as electrostatic discharges or sparks during the different phases of the process (the grinding, the transport of the raw materials, etc.)     

铅碱性精炼废渣的资源化利用研究

介绍了铅碱性精炼废渣资源化利用工艺流程,探讨了该过程的工艺条件,讨论了有关影响因素.实验结果表明,经脱砷和脱铅后,Sb以锑精矿形式产出,可作为炼锑的原料;Pb以PbCl2或铅渣形式、Sn以锡渣形式产出,其品位较高,可作Pb或Sn冶金的原料;该工艺具有化工试剂消耗少、综合利用率高、污染小、易于实现大规模工业化等优点.