Cu^2＋改性活性炭的制备及其去除废水中CN^-的研究

以活性炭为载体负载溶液中的Cu^2＋,Cu^2＋改性活性炭对溶液中CN^-的去除效果较好。cu。’改性活性炭的最佳制备条件：活性炭加入量为1g,质量浓度为5∥L的CuSO。溶液加入量为50mL,溶液pH为4,负载时间为5．0h.在此最佳条件下活性炭的最大Cu^2＋负载量为25．90mg（以每克活性炭计）。Cu^2＋改性后活性炭的CN^-去除率明显提高,由22．10％提高至94．07％。Cu^2＋改性活性炭吸附CN^-的最佳实验条件：溶液pH为12～13,吸附时间为9h。Cu^2＋改性活性炭对CN^-的饱和吸附量为22mg／g。Mg^2＋,K^＋,Ca^2＋,Cl^-,SO4^2-,CO3^2-,AsO3^-对Cu^2＋改性活性炭的CN^-去除率基本没有影响。Cu^2＋改性活性炭的动态吸附实验表明,开始一段时间流出液中CN^-含量几乎为零,远低于国家排放标准（0．5mg／L）。     

新型吸附材料AGS在油气回收中的应用

考查了自制疏水性硅胶吸附材料AGS在加油站模拟油气回收装置及某油库现场油气回收装置的应用效果,并与常用的柱状活性炭进行了比较。实验结果表明：与活柱状性炭相比,AGS对油气的吸附速率和吸附量较小,但是油气脱附效果更好;将二者混合得到的吸附材料同时具备二者的优点,既具有较高的油气吸附量又具有良好的脱附性能,使油气回收装置具有更大的油气吸附量和更好的回收效果。     

交联壳聚糖/沸石复合吸附剂的制备及性能

用沸石负载由缩水甘油基三乙基氯化铵交联的壳聚糖,制得了性能良好的交联壳聚糖/沸石复合吸附剂。研究了该吸附剂应用性能的影响因素,探讨了该吸附剂的吸附性、沉降性和重复使用性,利用FTIR仪和高倍透射电子显微镜对该吸附剂的结构进行了表征。实验结果表明:壳聚糖的交联度为0.93、交联壳聚糖与沸石的质量比为0.045时,制得的交联壳聚糖/沸石复合吸附剂对腐殖酸的去除率可达81.4%,吸附量为4.07mg/g;交联壳聚糖/沸石复合吸附剂对腐殖酸的吸附性能较沸石有显著提高,沉降时间较交联壳聚糖明显缩短;经二次洗脱后腐殖酸去除率仍可达80.2%,腐殖酸吸附量为4.01mg/g。     

化学法去除循环水排污水中的磷

研究了聚合氯化铝、硫酸铁、氯化铁及生石灰等除磷剂对循环水排污水的除磷效果,考察了反应温度、反应时间、污水p H和除磷剂投加方式对除磷效果的影响。实验结果表明:聚合氯化铝和硫酸铁的除磷效率相当,其次是氯化铁,生石灰的除磷效率最低;最终选用聚合氯化铝作为除磷剂,对循环水排污水进行除磷处理时无需调节其p H,反应可在室温下进行,反应时间需大于300 s;聚合氯化铝最佳投加量为40 mg/L,二次性投加聚合氯化铝的除磷效果明显好于一次性投加;二次性投加出水TP为0.37 mg/L。     

微电解—芬顿氧化工艺预处理高浓度松香改性酚醛树脂生产废水

为了降低松香改性酚醛树脂生产废水的COD并改善其可生化性,采用微电解—芬顿氧化工艺对该废水进行预处理。研究了pH、微电解反应时间、曝气、双氧水投加量等对微电解和芬顿氧化处理效果的影响,考察了COD去除率和BOD₅/COD值的变化趋势。实验结果表明：曝气条件下,调节废水pH为4、进行2次微电解、微电解反应时间各2.0 h时,废水的COD去除率为38%,BOD₅/COD值提高为0.18;再投加7.5%（w）的双氧水,废水的COD去除率为65.3%,BOD₅/COD值为0.37。采用微电解—芬顿氧化的预处理工艺,不仅有效去除了废水的COD,而且显著改善了废水的可生化性。     

改性粘胶基活性碳纤维电极用于NaCl溶液电吸附脱盐的研究

用HNO3、KOH、H2O2和H2O2／UV对粘胶基活性碳纤维（ACF）进行改性,并用扫描电子显微镜和BET的方法对未改性和改性后的ACF进行表征。以ACF为电极,直流稳压电源提供电压,在静态吸附装置中进行NaCI溶液的电吸附脱盐实验。实验结果表明：对同种ACF,随NaCl质量浓度的增加,吸附速率加快,ACF吸附量增大;在相同NaCl质量浓度条件下,电压越高,ACF吸附量越大。对各种ACF电吸附脱盐效果进行比较发现,KOH改性ACF效果最好,HNO3改性ACF效果最差。     

Al掺加赤铁矿去除水中U（Ⅵ）的机理研究

采用共沉淀法制备了吸附剂铝掺加赤铁矿（Al-Hem）,并通过XRD、TEM等手段进行了表征,考察了初始pH、Al15-Hem加入量、吸附时间和初始U（Ⅵ）质量浓度对U（Ⅵ）去除率的影响。实验结果表明：在吸附温度为25℃、初始pH为6、Al15-Hem加入量为0.20 g/L、初始U（Ⅵ）质量浓度为5 mg/L、吸附时间为120 min的条件下,Al15-Hem对U（Ⅵ）的去除率为98.8%;Al15-Hem经4次解吸后,对U（Ⅵ）的去除率仍大于77.6%,具有一定的重复利用性;Al15-Hem对U（Ⅵ）的吸附以化学吸附为主,其机理可能是U（Ⅵ）与吸附剂表面含氧官能团发生了配位反应。     

有机硅改性泥炭的吸附性能研究

采用三甲基氯硅烷处理泥炭(泥炭硅烷化),使其吸附性能得以改善。采用硅烷化泥炭自水溶液中吸附苯甲酸、苯甲醛和苯酚的等温线进行测定,对吸附过程的△G、△H和△s进行计算。试验结果表明：熵变是这类体系吸附过程的重要驱动力;硅烷化后的泥炭表面的疏水性明显增强,对水溶液中芳香族化合物的吸附量增大。     

铁碳微电解法处理高盐度有机废水

用铁碳微电解法处理高盐度有机废水,考察了反应初始pH、铁碳质量比、反应时间、曝气及过氧化氢加入量等对该废水处理效果的影响。实验结果表明：在反应初始pH为4.0、铁碳质量比为1、反应时间为60m in、过氧化氢加入量为0.10%（体积分数）、曝气条件下,COD去除率为57.6%,盐去除率为47.0%;处理后废水的可生化性有明显的改善,BOD5/COD可达0.65;对COD的去除基本符合一级动力学规律。     

高级氧化法预处理毛皮加工工业园区集中废水

分别采用臭氧氧化和Fenton氧化两种高级氧化法对毛皮加工工业园区集中废水处理厂的进水进行了预处理,考察了各工艺条件对废水COD去除效果的影响,并比较了两种方法对废水可生化性的改善情况。实验结果表明:在初始废水pH为8、臭氧投加速率为1.2 g/h的最适宜条件下,臭氧氧化法的COD去除率最高达72.7%,废水的可生化性显著提高,废水BOD5/COD由初始的0.06提高至0.12;在,n(Fe~(2+)):月(H_2O_2)=1:10、H_2O_2投加量为1.5 mL/L,、初始废水pH为2.5的最适宜条件下,Fenton氧化的COD去除率最高达33.4%,但废水可生化性不大;经臭氧氧化和Fenton氧化处理后,废水中的不饱和结构物质均得到了有效降解。     

Fenton试剂强化微电解工艺预处理难降解含氰农药废水

采用Fenton试剂强化微电解反应预处理难降解含氰农药废水.实验结果表明,在总反应时间为3.0 h、反应开始时加入1 mL/L H2O2、反应1.5 h后再加入3mL/L H2O2的条件下,出水COD为372.0 mg/L,COD去除率可达80.2％,出水p(CNˉ)为2.2 mg/L,色度为20倍,BOD5/COD为0.35,可实现处理效果与经济成本的最优化.采用紫外-可见光谱分析处理后废水,发现Fenton试剂强化微电解反应可破坏部分微电解作用难以降解的有机物,但对苯环的降解能力均有限.     

厌氧消化-A/O-臭氧催化氧化-BAF工艺处理农药废水生化出水的中试研究

采用“厌氧消化-A/O-臭氧催化氧化-BAF”组合工艺对某农药企业污水处理站生化出水进行中试研究。中试装置设计处理规模为12 t/d,进水水质主要指标： COD为214~346 mg/L,ρ（NH₃-N）为8~35 mg/L,TN为65~108 mg/L。经组合工艺处理后,出水COD为51.2~71.4 mg/L,ρ（NH₃-N）为2.4~6.8 mg/L,TN为13.6~19.2 mg/L,出水水质可达到江苏省《化学工业主要水污染物排放标准》（DB 32/939-2006）中的一级标准。整套工艺对进水具有较强的耐冲击负荷能力,可适应难降解、高氮废水,具有较好的经济效益。     

Tree Leaf Biomarkers for Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition

The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N) deposition on tree N cycling and identify potential biomarkers forNdeposition. Between April and October 2002 extensive fieldwork was undertaken at Mardley Heath in Hertfordshire. This woodland, located adjacent to the A1(M) motorway, is exposed to high levels of atmospheric nitrogen oxides from the traffic. Measurements of ¹⁵N, in vivo nitrate reductase (NR) activity, tissue, xylem and surface nitrate concentrations as well as N concentration and growth were made along a 700-m transect at 90° to the motorway. The ¹⁵N data show that oxidised N from the road traffic is taken up by nearby trees and is incorporated into plant tissues. Our measurements of NR activities suggest elevated rates close to the motorway. However, xylem sap, leaf tissue and leaf surface nitrate concentrations showed no differences between the roadside location and the most distant sampling point from the motorway. Taken together the ¹⁵N and nitrate reductase data suggest uptake and assimilation of N through the foliage.We conclude that for this lowland deciduouswoodland, tissue, xylem and surface measurements of nitrate are unreliable biomarkers for N deposition whereas ¹⁵N, growth measurements and integrated seasonal NR might be useful. The results also point to the benefit of roadside tree planting to screen pollution from motor vehicles.     

Thermal cracking of oils from waste plastics

Thermal cracking of decomposed waste plastic oil produces a good yield of olefins. The solvent extraction of such waste plastic oil seems to be efficient for increasing gas yields and recycling monomers. To assess the potential of monomer recovery from municipal waste plastics, the oils were cracked using a laboratory-scale quartz-tube reactor. The waste plastic oils were provided by two commercial plants of the Sapporo Plastic Recycle Co. and the Dohoh Recycle Center Co. in Japan. A model waste plastic oil made in a laboratory was also examined. Yields of ethene, propene, and other products were measured at different temperatures. Two-step pyrolysis reduces coking compared with the direct thermal degradation of plastics. The raffinates from waste plastic oils extracted by sulfolane were also cracked. The primary products were almost the same as those from nontreated oils. The maximum total gas yield was 78wt%–85wt% at 750°C, an increase of about 20wt% compared with that of nonextracted oil. Solvent extraction removes stable aromatic hydrocarbons such as styrene, which is more coked than cracked.     

Longitudinal Dispersion Characteristics of Rivers and Natural Streams in Greece

An optimized parameterization of the non-dimensional longitudinal dispersion coefficients in Greek rivers, $K_{x_a } $ , is described in terms of parameters derived from cross-section river geometry and longitudinal velocity data. Optimization is accomplished, using various combinations of the selected parameters, either for subsets of $K_{x_a } $ values, according to the cross-section aspect ratio range, or for the entire $K_{x_a } $ population. The use of shape factors associated with the river cross-section transverse profiles of depth-mean longitudinal velocities and the normalized intensities of longitudinal velocity variations from the overall mean cross-sectional velocity improves the parameterization. The statistical behavior of $K_{x_a } $ in terms of skewness, flatness and other shape coefficients is also examined. $K_{x_a } $ histograms show that these coefficients have a log-normal distribution. An empirical expression for $K_{x_a } $ is also proposed that takes into account both contributions from the transverse velocity profile and from the vertical profile of longitudinal velocities, at each cross-section, in shaping the value of dispersion coefficients when the aspect ratio of the cross-section is of O(1) and/or when $K_{x_a } $ is of O(1).     

Treatment of chromium plating process effluents with ion exchange resins.

The surface treatment industry deals with various heavy metals, including the elements Cr, Zn, Ni, Cd, and Cu. Conventional treatments of effluents generate class I solid residue. The aim of this investigation was to study the viability of ion exchange as an alternative process for treatment of rinse water and to determine the efficacy of two ion exchange systems, System 1: "strong" cationic resin-"strong" anionic resin and System 2: "strong" cationic resin-"weak" anionic resin. Commercial resins and solutions taken from rinse tanks of chromium plating companies were used in this investigation. A two-column system, one for the cationic resin and another for the anionic resin, both with 150 ml capacity was mounted. The solution was percolated at a rate of 10 ml/min. The following solutions were used for regeneration of the resins: 2% H2SO4 for the cationic and 4% NaOH for the anionic. The percolated solutions revealed chromium contents of less than 0.25 mg/l, independent of the system used. The "strong" cationic resin-"weak" anionic resin gave excellent regeneration results. The "strong" cationic-"strong" anionic resin presented problems during regeneration, and did not release the retained ions after percolation of 2000 ml of 4% NaOH solution. It is concluded that for this type of treatment, the system composed of "strong" cationic resin and "weak" anionic resin is more appropriate.     

Hydrolysis of Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Polycaprolactone (PCL) in Aqueous Acetonitrile Solutions: Autocatalysis

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a hydrolytically degradable aliphatic polyester. The rate of polymer hydrolysis increases with time, and that has been attributed to the high reactivity of the terminal ester and the kinetics of autocatalysis. Hydrolysis is carried out in an acetonitrile/water solution to eliminate any solid-state contributions such as diffusion and crystallinity to the degradation process. A kinetic equation is derived to describe the autocatalytic effect of the increasing carboxylic acid end-group concentration. The results of solution hydrolysis are examined and found to fit the derived equation. Hydrolysis was also carried out with polycaprolactone (PCL) in acetonitrile, where reaction kinetics were found to differ from those of PLA. The PCL polymer required external acid catalysis by the addition of HCl, whereas hydrolysis of PLA was selfcatalyzed by the carboxylic acid end-groups.     

Vertical Distribution of Atmospheric Pollution Lead in Swedish Boreal Forest Soils

In order to understand the fate of anthropogenic lead (Pb)pollution in boreal forest soils, and to predict future trends, it is important to know where in the soil the pollution Pb is accumulated and how large the pollution and natural Pb inventories are in different soil horizons. We combined stable Pb isotope (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios) and concentration analyses to study Pb in podzol profiles and mor samples from old-growth forest stands at seven sites distributed from southern to northern Sweden. Additional samples were taken from managed forests, and from an agricultural field, to give some idea of the effects of land-use. Pb concentrations are typically 60–100 g g^-1 dry mass in the mor layer in southern Sweden and about 30 g g^-1 in northern Sweden. Pb isotope analyses show that virtually all of this Pb is pollution Pb. The isotope composition also shows that pollution Pb has penetrated downwards between 20–60 cm in the forest soils. The total pollution Pb inventories vary between 0.7–3.0 g m^-2 ground surface, with larger inventories in southern compared to northern Sweden. Although the highest Pb concentrations occur in the mor layer, the largest inventories of pollution Pb are found in the Bs-horizon. The limited investigation of Pb distribution and inventories in soils from managed forests did not point to any major difference compared to the old-growth forests. The agricultural field revealed, however, a completely deviating Pb profile with all pollution Pb evenly distributed in the 20 cm thick top-soil.