The roles of cleaner production in the sustainable development of modern societies: an introduction to this special issue

This issue of the Journal of Cleaner Production is based upon papers presented at the 1st International Workshop Advances in Cleaner Production (CP) held in São Paulo, Brazil, in 2007. The conference had the short-term purpose of deepening the Brazilian discussion on “The Roles of Cleaner Production in the Sustainable Development of Modern Societies”, and it had the long-term objective of providing an on-going interdisciplinary forum for knowledge development and exchange on Cleaner Production (CP) and Sustainable Development. This issue is devoted to papers covering a broad range of perspectives of CP practices and strategies. A special focus is placed upon methodological tools designed to support effective decision-making pertaining to quantitative benefits from CP.The ten papers provide insights from research designed to holistically integrate CP to help society make effective progress to sustainability. Papers cover the importance of informal knowledge, as complementary to formal knowledge, in performing effective ‘Environmental Impact Assessments.’ One paper explores the roles of radical and incremental innovation in the context of alternative automotive technologies. Benefits of Ecodesign are explored in two papers; one concerning its integration with remanufacturing to extend the life of used products and one focusing the adoption of ‘Emergy Environmental Accounting,’ as a complementary decision-making tool. The development of the Brazilian LCI database for ‘hydroelectric power generation’ and its contribution to support regionally relevant LCA studies is highlighted in one paper. The complete production chains of biodiesel and bioethanol are evaluated by using global methodologies, which help in the development of more objective and effective solutions. A “compensatory area”, calculated in terms of emergy, is proposed in order to work in a sustainable way for bamboo production. Finally, a paper about a novel approach for recycling used PET is also included.     

关于《环境影响评价法》不确定问题的探讨

《环境影响评价法》的颁布与实施,在落实预防为主的环保方针、促进先评价后建设、推进产业合理布局和优化选址等方面取得了良好的效果,预防了许多因开发建设活动可能产生的环境污染和生态破坏,且在提升立法层次、拓宽评价范围和加强公众参与方面发挥了重要作用。与此同时,《环境影响评价法》的实施促进了环境影响评价的快速发展。使环境影响评价的覆盖面和环境影响评价制度的执行率得到了大幅度的提升。当然,多年的实践与运用,也显现了该法律的不完善之处。本文根据实际工作中遇到的情况,探讨了《环境影响评价法》个别条款,如环境影响后评价、环境影响报告书的内容及环境影响评价文件的审批时限等的不确定问题,并对不确定的方面进行了较为深入的分析,目的在于促进《环境影响评价法》的完善。     

Modeling and optimization of turning duplex stainless steels

The attractive combination of high mechanical strength, good corrosion resistance and relatively low cost has contributed to making duplex stainless steels (DSSs) one of the fastest growing groups of stainless steels. As the importance of DSSs is increasing, practical information about their successful machining is expected to be crucial. To address this industrial need, standard EN 1.4462 and super EN 1.4410 DSSs are machined under constant cutting speed multi-pass facing operations. A systematic approach which employs different modeling and optimization tools under a three phase investigation scheme has been adopted. In phase I, the effect of design variables such as cutting parameters, cutting fluids and axial length of cuts are investigated using the D-Optimal method. The mathematical models for performance characteristics such as; percentage increase in radial cutting force (%F_r), effective cutting power (P_e), maximum tool flank wear (VB_max) and chip volume ratio (R) are developed using response surface methodology (RSM). The adequacy of derived models for each cutting scenario is checked using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Parametric meta-heuristic optimization using Cuckoo search (CS) algorithm is then performed to determine the optimum design variable set for each performance. In the phase II, comprehensive experiment-based production cost and production rate models are developed. To overcome the conflict between the desire of minimizing the production cost and maximizing the production rate, compromise solutions are suggested using Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The alternatives are ranked according to their relative closeness to the ideal solution. In the phase III, expert systems based on fuzzy rule modeling approach are adopted to derive measures of machining operational sustainability called operational sustainability index (OSI). Artificial neural network (ANN) based models are developed to study the effect of design variables on computed OSIs. Cuckoo search neural network systems (CSNNS) are finally utilized to constrainedly optimize the cutting process per each cutting scenario. The most appropriate cutting setup to ensure successful turning of standard EN 1.4462 and super EN 1.4410 for each scenario is selected in accordance with conditions which give the maximum OSI.     

取代苯甲酸在天然河流中的生物降解及其定量结构--生物降解性相关研究

以天然河流水作为微生物源 ,采用碘量法测定了 2 0种苯甲酸类化合物的 5日生化需氧量 ,并以其占理论需氧量的百分数作为表征生物降解性的参数 ,得出各类取代苯甲酸类化合物的生物降解能力为 :羟基 >氨基 >羧基 >甲氧基 >氯基 >硝基 ;对于同一种取代基 ,对位取代基化合物生物降解能力最大 ,而邻位、间位取代基化合物生物降解能力大体相同。计算了苯甲酸类化合物的分子连接性指数 ,并以 5日生化需氧量占理论需氧量的百分数为参数建立了 QSBR模型。分析结果表明 ,分子连接性指数5Xvpc、5Xp- 5Xvp 能较好地反映取代苯甲酸的生物降解性     

环境影响评价中清洁生产分析的主要内容及改进

根据清洁生产的基本涵义及环境影响评价中清洁生产分析的原则与目标，分析了清洁生产分析的主要内容，并针对目前存在的问题，提出了改进意见。     

现阶段不同群体对环境影响报告书专家评审的想法分析

对环境影响报告书施行专家评审事实上已成为环保审批前的一个程序。专家评审的目的是鉴别环境影响报告书的质量,并提出完善的意见。本文分析了与此相关的各类群体对环境影响报告书专家评审的看法,并探讨了存在的问题。     

环境影响分析

本世纪六十年代中期以业，西方国家已经对环境分析（或评价）产生极大兴趣。对开发建设项目与自然环境的影响引起广泛关注。本文综述了美国，世界银行组织有关环境评价工作程序；环境评价的任务内容和实例，收集资料的方法；以及地理学家的重要作用。     

简述环境影响评价中的公众参与

环境影响评价制度是一项重要的环境法律制度,公众参与是环境影响评价程序的关键。其目的是使项目能被公众认可,提高项目的环境和经济效益。我国的《环境影响评价法》对公众参与的主体、对象、范围、方式所做的规定还不能令人满意。借鉴西方国家和港台地区立法的先进经验,我们应当通过使法律具有可操作性、协调好国家干预和公众参与、赋予公众提起环境诉讼的权利、加强公众宣传、保证信息透明等方式对其加以完善。     

厦门市填海造地的遥感PCA识别及其驱动机制研究

基于遥感主成分分析(PCA),论文提出一种快速、准确及经济地识别填海造地时空分布的新方法。并以厦门市港湾地区为例,将1993与1996年,1996与1998年,1998与2001年,2001与2003年、2003与2006年共6期遥感影像融合后经PCA分析得出5个时间段内填海造地的空间分布信息,并结合相应阶段的城市发展战略进行分析。选取工业总产值、人口、港口货物吞吐量等统计数据作为填海造地行为的社会经济驱动因子进行回归分析,得出政策导向、工业的快速发展以及人口的增加等是厦门港湾地区填海造地的主要驱动因素。最后提出基于驱动机制和未来情景分析的港湾地区填海造地优化调控的政策建议。     

3M公司与3P计划

３Ｍ公司是全球著名的跨国企业,公司的长期目标是坚持持续发展,它采取了一系列措施来保护环境,其中最为著名的是７０年代创先推出的一套工业废弃物减量计划,即“３Ｐ”计划。推行１８年中,３Ｍ公司共实施了４２００个“３Ｐ”项目,每年减少５．９×１０＾５ｔ污染物,节省了７．１亿美元。其中“全球废气排放降低计划”,预计在２０００年将３Ｍ公司在美国的废气排放总量降低到６．２ＭＭＬＢＳ,并且使废料产生量降低５０％,     

Technical and environmental effects of concrete production: dry batch versus central mixed plant

Current environmental and economical circumstances accelerate the developments of new concrete constituents. Whereas the process technology impacts the mix-design strategy, it seems obvious that manufacturing process is prone to evolutions. This article presents a method to compare environmental and economical consequences of different technological solutions on the basis of the influence on the cement consumption needed for a given concrete performance. Case study is the choice of dry batch or central mixed concrete production systems for a ready mixed concrete production. The theoretical difference in cement consumption is estimated by considering that the water content fluctuation is by far the dominant factor governing the truck to truck variation. The addition of a mixer is effectively found to contribute to cement reduction. Environmental comparison is performed using an EADT indicator (Environmental Amortization Duration Time) defined in the article, and testing various environmental data. The EADT for energy consumption, released CO₂ and particles are found below 6 years, in the whole range of tested environmental data for an annual production of 40,000 m³ yr^?1, with 2 m³ mixer for the central mixed concrete plant. The NO_x and SO₂ EADT results are found sensitive to the releases of the steel plant. The financial amortization duration time corresponding to the purchase of a mixer, is found less than 2 years. Although the chosen application case is simplified, these results encourage further research.     

On the preparation of environmental impact statements in the United States of America

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) requires that an Environmental Impact Statement (FIS) be prepared whenever a federal action is considered that could result in a significant impact on the environment. Such actions include the issuance of construction or operating licenses for nuclear facilities and power plants, hydroelectric dams, or the diversion of water from rivers and lakes. An EIS is usually required if federal funds are involved. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Council for Environmental Quality have developed guidelines and regulations for the preparation of an EIS.An EIS is not a scientific report. It is a legal document whose primary function is its use by decision-making agencies in approving or not approving the proposed federal action. The EIS is also used to inform the public and other government agencies of the environmental impacts of the proposed facility. The NEPA process allows public input into the decision-making process. An EIS should be short and concise, analytical, conclusory, be written for a non-technical audience, discuss the pros and cons of the proposed facility, and examine the impacts of all alternatives to the proposed action. The EIS should identify all adverse environmental impacts that cannot be avoided. The conclusions reached in the EIS should be clearly stated and supported by discussions and data in the text and by references to show that the agency has made the necessary analyses.The paper discusses the purpose and contents of these documents and the environmental procedures used in the U.S.A., especially as they relate to nuclear power plants.     

BP模型在河流水质预测中的误差分析

为验证BP模型在河流水质预测中的有效性，利用仿真技术模拟一条河流污染物变化趋势，产生大量的河流水质参数数据。用上游已知河段的水质数据预测该河流下游10个检测断面的水质状况。预测过程分2种情况进行：长距离预测（一次连续预测下游10个河段）和短距离预测（每次连续预测下游2个河段）。并以MSE函数生成均方误差作为对2种预测方法性能的检验，结果显示，长距离预测的性能低于短距离预测，2种方法对溶解氧预测的均方误差为0.432和0.035，对生化需氧量预测的均方误差分别为0.243,0.055。     

BP模型在河流水质预测中的误差分析

为验证BP模型在河流水质预测中的有效性,利用仿真技术模拟一条河流污染物的变化趋势,并得到大量的河流水质参数数据.用上游已知河段的水质数据预测该河流下游10个检测断面的水质状况.预测过程分2种情况进行:长距离预测(一次连续预测下游10个河段)和短距离预测(每次连续预测下游2个河段),并以MSE函数生成均方误差作为对2种预测方法性能的检验.结果显示,长距离预测的性能低于短距离预测,2种方法对溶解氧预测的均方误差为0.432和0.035,对生化需氧量预测的均方误差分别为0.243、0.055.     

规划环境影响评价工作面临的新形势和新任务

通过分析《环境影响评价法》实施后规划环评工作在三方面面临的新形势、新任务,提出进一步深入推进规划环评的几点看法。     

采掘业建设项目环境影响评价相关问题探讨

本文针对采掘业建设项目的环境影响评价的特点,根据在环境影响评价工作中的实际经验,就工程分析、清洁生产和污染防治措施等方面总结了该类环评工作中应注意的一些问题。     

民间环保组织参与环境影响评价的现状及对策研究

民间环保组织以环境保护为主旨,不具有行政权力,不以营利为目的,为社会提供环境公益性服务.中国民间环保组织起步较晚,作为公众参与的重要组成部分,参与环评的过程却十分曲折.本文分析在环评中民间环保组织发挥的作用,并通过对全国58家民间环保组织发放调查问卷以及实地走访,详细了解民间环保组织参与环评的困难和障碍.在现有资料的基础上总结出4点最具代表性的问题,并针对问题讨论相应的解决方案,为中国环境影响评价的进一步完善和发展提供新的思路.     

大气环境防护距离和卫生防护距离区别及应用的探讨

针对2009年4月1日起实施的《环境影响评价技术导则大气环境》(HJ2.2-2008)中所提出的"大气环境防护距离"的概念展开详细探讨。结合《制定地方大气污染物排放标准的技术方法》(GB/T13201-91)中提出的"卫生防护距离",从定义、设置前提、计算方法的角度与"大气环境防护距离"进行对比分析,引用建设项目环境影响评价中的案例阐述这两者的主要区别,并对当前执行情况提出建议。     

对造船业海洋环境影响报告的剖析

《中华人民共和国防治海岸工程建设项目污染损害海洋环境管理条例》颁布实施以来,对各评估单位进行环境评审的工作起了指导性作用,但在实施过程中,评估单位对《海洋环境影响报告》编制格式的理解偏差而造成某些章节所论述的内容与标题意图不符,或论述分析不够全面等问题。本文通过对《海洋环境影响报告》编制格式的剖析,提出了一些建议与看法以供各相关单位参考。     

废纸制浆造纸业环境影响评价的清洁生产分析

文章介绍了清洁生产的涵义和评价内容,明确了清洁生产分析在建设项目环境影响评价工作中的必要性。以重庆某废纸制浆造纸厂为分析对象,从原辅材料指标、产品指标、资源指标、工艺技术与装备水平、能耗指标及污染物产生指标这六个方面对该厂生产工艺进行了有效而全面的清洁生产分析,并以此探讨废纸制浆造纸厂环境影响评价中清洁生产分析的指标体系、指标权值和评价方法,为完成废纸制浆造纸行业环评过程中的清洁生产分析提供参考。