全过程管理视角的上海市垃圾分类回顾与展望

为掌握分类投放全面推广对城市生活垃圾全过程管理的影响,系统回顾了上海生活垃圾分类的推行历程,从生命周期角度预测了不同分类水平下上海生活垃圾处理与处置的环境效应。上海垃圾分类经历了试点、推广、调整、强制推广4个阶段,指导思路从资源化主导转变为"减量化、资源化、无害化"并行,减量效果从调整阶段开始逐渐显现,其他垃圾热值提高。在模拟的8种场景中,当湿垃圾、可回收物、其他垃圾混合投放并处置时,总环境影响潜值最高,达到1.22×10-13 PET₂₀₀₀/t;湿垃圾、可回收物、其他垃圾分出量占比分别为30%、20%和50%时(上海市生活垃圾厌氧消化、焚烧和回收的最大处理能力分别占总处理能力的25%、60%和15%),可实现原生垃圾零填埋,并获得最佳环境效益,环境影响潜值降为8.13×10-14 PET₂₀₀₀/t。从生活垃圾全过程管理角度看,分类投放是前提条件,配套适当的处理处置设施才能更好地显现环境效益优势。     

北京城市塑料垃圾年产量的模拟预测及其影响因素分析

揭示城市塑料垃圾年产量及影响因素、预测其发展趋势对于城市生活垃圾收集系统的优化、处理技术的合理选择和降低环境影响具有重要意义.本研究基于1989年以来北京塑料垃圾占比、城市生活垃圾产量数据和社会经济数据,利用赤池信息量准则（AIC）和灰关联度法研究了北京城市塑料垃圾占比的年变化趋势和城市塑料垃圾年产量的主要影响因素.通过多元线性回归模型（MLR）、灰色系统模型GM（1,1）和BP神经网络模型对北京城市塑料垃圾年产量进行了模拟预测.结果表明,北京城市塑料垃圾占比由1989年的1.88%,增加到2012年的14.87%.基于AIC准则预测2013—2050年北京城市塑料垃圾占比增长趋势较平缓、稳定在14%~19%之间.2000—2012年北京市城市塑料垃圾年产量由40.2×10⁴ t增加到121.1×10⁴ t,年增长15.5%.人均可支配收入是影响北京城市塑料垃圾年产量的最大社会经济因素,而常住人口的影响较低.BP神经网络是模拟预测北京城市塑料垃圾产量的最佳模型,其模拟预测结果表明：2013年后北京市塑料垃圾年产量随时间呈不规则的非线性增长趋势,到2025、2035、2050年北京城市塑料垃圾产量将分别达到335、488和859×10⁴ t,将对北京城市生活垃圾处理处置与防控管理带来巨大挑战.     

江苏省城市生活垃圾特征处理现状及存在问题

在调查收集了大量资料的基础上,从地级市、县、中心镇三个层次总结了江苏省城市生活垃圾的特征、处理现状及其存在的问题。提出,江苏省城市生活垃圾产量、可燃组分、热值逐年上升,含水量基本保持稳定,容重、碴石含量呈下降趋势;目前江苏省填埋、焚烧、堆肥和综合四种处理方式中均有一些问题,且能够达到国家标准的很少;还存在管理体制不顺,缺少资金,减量化、资源化尚未引起重视,法规不健全,混合收集,废品回收率低,处理模式单一、技术落后等问题。这些都使控制垃圾产生、实现资源回收利用并确定其处理方式,以及进一步推动江苏省城市生活垃圾处理的深入研究十分必要。     

垃圾分类对碳减排的影响分析：以青岛市为例

城市生活垃圾(MSW)处理单元是重要的温室气体排放源,垃圾分类可以实现垃圾减量化和提高资源化利用率,但对于温室气体减排的影响还鲜见报道.以青岛市内4区为研究对象,基于生命周期评价方法,研究了垃圾分类前后不同生活垃圾处置模式下的温室气体排放情况.结果表明,垃圾分类可以显著降低处置全过程中的温室气体排放,模式1(混合收集+填埋)、模式2(混合收集+焚烧)、模式3(垃圾分类+厨余垃圾厌氧消化和其他焚烧)和模式4(垃圾分类+厨余垃圾厌氧消化、可回收垃圾资源化和其他焚烧)垃圾处理全过程净碳排放量(以CO₂/MSW计)分别为686.39、-130.12、-61.88和-230.17 kg·t^-1.提高厨余垃圾回收效率并不能显著降低碳排放.随着垃圾回收效率的提高,碳减排量呈线性增加,可回收垃圾回收效率每提高10%,其净碳排放量降低26.6%(16.5 kg·t^-1).适度分离餐厨垃圾、提高可回收垃圾回收效率和降低厨余垃圾厌氧消化沼气泄漏率是目前减少生活垃圾温室气体排放和社会成本的可行策略.     

基于生命周期评价的城市固体废弃物处理模式研究进展

通过回顾2003-2010年国内外不同城市固体废弃物管理体系生命周期评价结果,列举比较了不同固体废弃物处理模式下的全球变暖潜力、酸化潜力和净能源效用等影响评价因子的大小,得出城市固体废弃物处理模式环境影响等级:填埋的环境影响潜值最大,焚烧的环境影响潜值小于填埋,而结合堆肥后环境影响潜值降低;此外,将固体废弃物资源化引入到处理模式后,特别是垃圾源头分类回收后,环境影响潜值大大降低。结合我国城市固体废弃物处理现状,提出单一的处理模式应转变为综合处理模式,多种生活垃圾处理方式适当的有机结合,因地制宜地开展固体废弃物资源化管理,以及餐厨垃圾源头分类收集处理等建议,为政府能有效利用城市固体废弃物处理设施的能力提供参考。     

城市固体废物不确定性多目标优化管理模型

在对城市固体废物管理进行系统分析,以及对各种模型深入研究的基础上,提出了不确定性多目标动态优化固体废物管理模型.模型以系统成本最小和环境影响最小为目标框架,采用不确定性分析、污染损失理论,将城市固体废物管理过程中对环境产生的影响进行货币化,使环境和经济有效地统一起来,以更加客观地解决多目标问题;同时采用完整、合理的约束条件,进一步对模型进行有效补充.将该模型应用于案例城市的优化结果表明:采用该模型可使每t固体废物处置成本较原方案减少8～18元,每年最少可节约2.8×107元,大大减少了运营成本.该模型采用二次污染处理至达标排放的费用,因此可以在系统成本最小的基础上,兼顾固体废物对环境产生影响最小的目标,有效地解决了多目标解法存在的问题.      

基于分类的张家港市生活垃圾典型处置情景环境效益分析

为系统揭示生活垃圾分类和末端处置匹配对全过程管理环境效益的改善,按照张家港市日均生活垃圾产量1850 t计,基于生命周期评价方法和实测垃圾组分数据,通过测算污染物排放的直接总环境影响潜值和电能回收量折算后的总环境影响潜值,分析和预测了垃圾分类典型情况和不同末端处置能力匹配情景下的张家港市生活垃圾处置环境效益.垃圾分类后厨余垃圾的平均厨余组分质量占比（厨余垃圾纯度,95%）较未分类小区（66%）提高了29个百分点,其他垃圾中的厨余组分质量占比（41%）则降低了25个百分点.末端处置能力现状情景下,厨余垃圾分出量为150 t·d^-1时,直接总环境影响潜值随厨余垃圾纯度提高逐渐降低,较垃圾未分类时（3.41×10^-10,以PET₂₀₀₀计,下同）减少约10%;厨余垃圾分出量大于150 t·d^-1时,厨余垃圾分出量和纯度不断提高,分流厨余垃圾的填埋处置将导致污染排放增多,直接总环境影响潜值逐渐增加.生活垃圾处置环境效益的提升不仅依靠分类效果的改善,也依靠末端处置能力的匹配.末端处置能力规划情景下,生活垃圾分类后直接总环境影响潜值（1.73×10^-10~2.40×10^-10）均低于末端处置能力现状情景.厨余垃圾处置能力充足,相同厨余垃圾纯度下,直接总环境影响潜值随厨余垃圾分出量增加而降低.末端处置能力现状情景下电能回收量折算后的总环境影响潜值为-0.89×10^-10~-0.39×10^-10,高于末端处置能力规划情景（-2.13×10^-10~-1.82×10^-10）.结果表明,末端处置能力按规划扩建后,垃圾分类效果持续提升利于提高全过程管理的环境效益.从全过程角度协同提升垃圾分类效果与末端处置能力匹配程度,能有力改善环境效益.     

加氢脱硫废金属催化剂回收生产过程生命周期评价

基于生命周期评价法(LCA)评价加氢脱硫废金属催化剂回收生产过程的环境影响,将回收生产过程分为6个阶段,选取了12种关键环境影响类型,通过建立物质投入及排放清单,基于eBalance软件进行建模和计算。结果表明:回收1 t废催化剂的总环境影响为1.11E-08,其中,全球变暖效应潜值(GWP)是废催化剂回收生产过程中最大的环境影响贡献类型。焙烧阶段的环境影响贡献最大,其次为提取钴镍阶段、浓缩蒸发阶段、提取钼钒阶段,预处理阶段、运输阶段的环境影响贡献很小。基于生命周期评价法提出能源替代方案,清洁能源替代方案的环境影响为4.98E-09,较回收工艺环境影响削减了55.16%的环境影响。     

Environmental indicators for small and medium enterprises in the Philippines: An empirical research

Environmental indicators allow a firm to make measurements related to its environmental performance. In practical terms, they can be used to form a measuring, benchmarking and monitoring tool to track environmental performance for small and medium enterprises (SMEs).Within an Environmental Management System (EMS), environmental indicators can be used to check if a firm has met the targets it is required to set for itself. It can also be used in firms that have not yet implemented an EMS. The use of an Environmental Indicators System (EIS) is thus recommended for SMEs, many of which do not have an EMS, in order to enhance their environmental performance. As noted in A Guide to Corporate Environmental Indicators published by the Federal Environment Ministry (Bonn) and the Federal Environmental Agency (Berlin), three categories of environmental indicators can be developed, depending on whether they describe: (1) a company's environmental impact (environmental performance); (2) the management's environmental activities; or (3) the external condition of the company's environment.The objective of this paper is to present how environmental indicators were established and implemented for Philippine SMEs and to show that the indicators significantly correlate with the environmental performance of the SMEs. In order to test this hypothesis, a survey-questionnaire was designed and administered among SMEs covering six industrial sectors in the Philippines. Based on the survey responses, a Gap analysis between the environmental performances of SMEs and state-of-the-art companies was performed. The Gap analysis showed that environmental indicators were indeed able to capture the features of actual environmental performance.Further, a structural equation model was proposed and validated. It yielded a significant linkage between the environmental indicators and environmental performance.     

Diffusion of ISO 14001 environmental management systems in China: rethinking on stakeholders’ roles

Since the release of ISO 14001 in 1996, China has witnessed a surge in the number of ISO 14001 certification. As an international environmental standard, ISO 14001 has two basic functions: one is playing as an environmental management instrument, while the other as a signal of firms’ better environmental performance to stakeholders. Based on the stakeholder theory, we have examined the effects of community, regulatory and some organizational stakeholders on the diffusion of ISO 14001 certification at Chinese provincial levels. Using a panel data of ISO 14001 certification from each province for the period of 2004-2008 in China, empirical evidence of such relations is found. The finding reveals that signaling to foreign customers and community stakeholders plays a dominant role in encouraging diffusion of ISO 14001 certification. However, as an important organizational stakeholder, foreign investors have shown no significant effect on the diffusion of ISO 14001 in China.     

生活垃圾塑料分选及利用技术研究

分析了我国城市生活垃圾的组成成分 ,阐述了对我国城市生活垃圾中的废旧塑料进行分选和资源化利用的必要性。提出了从城市生活垃圾中分选塑料和对分选出的塑料进行资源化制板的新技术 ,给出了塑料分选过程的运动参数和板材的性能参数 ,解决了垃圾破碎、缠绕、变重和塑料相容性等关键技术问题 ,制作的板材技术指标符合建筑材料的应用要求。     

Techno-economic assessment of recycling practices of municipal solid wastes in Cyprus

In this study, the application of modern recycling technologies in accordance with the European and Cyprus legislation, aiming at the recovery of paper, glass, plastics, aluminium and non-ferrous metals from municipal solid waste (MSW) is presented. The international situation was reviewed, the general trends are marked and the main recycling practices treatments are reported. The paper presents also an overview of the current practices and their environmental implications in Cyprus, and discusses the design and feasibility of a recycling plant located in Pafos area. Three recycling practices for recyclables that were separated at source, varied by their level of automation (0%, 50%, 100%), have been studied from the technical and economic aspect. It was considered that source segregation of organic part from the MSW takes place and no organic matter reaches the recycling plant. A sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to define the most significant parameters affecting the viability of a recycling scheme. It is proved that a fully automated recycling plant with a capacity of 6 tn/h of recyclables located in the industrial area of Pafos, seems to be conditionally feasible and economically profitable solution.     

Environmental management system and human resource practices: is there a link between them in four Brazilian companies?

The aim of this article is to analyze the theoretical model proposed by [Jabbour CJC, Santos FCA. Relationships between human resource dimensions and environmental management in companies: proposal of a model. Journal of Cleaner Production 2008;16(1):51–8.] based on the data collected in four Brazilian companies. This model investigates how the phases of the environmental management system can be linked to human resource practices in order to attain continuous improvement of a company's environmental performance. Our aim is to contribute to a field, which has little empirical evidence. Although the interaction between the phases of the environmental management system and human resource practices is recommended by the specialized literature [Daily BF, Huang S. Achieving sustainability through attention to human resource factors in environmental management. International Journal of Operations and Production Management 2001;21(12):1539–52.], the results indicate that most of the theoretical assumptions could not be confirmed in these Brazilian companies.     

美国城市固体废物回收利用研究

介绍了美国在如何通过源头消减、再循环利用、堆肥等措施提高城市固体废物回收利用率,采取城市固体废弃物填埋、废弃物能量回收等方面的众多举措以减少废物的最终处置量.并阐述了在提高城市固体废物收集效率、降低日常运营成本等方面所做出的探索努力,促使美国城市固体废物的回收利用走上了良性循环的发展道路,对中国城市固体废物的日常管理及发展方向具有一定的参考借鉴作用.     

规划环境影响评价中的循环经济评价研究

介绍了循环经济的内涵、特征,以及表现形式;并对循环经济对区域可持续发展的深远影响、循环经济在规划环境影响评价中的重要地位等方面进行了说明,以实例论述了循环经济评价在规划环境影响评价中发挥的重要作用;最后在借鉴已有研究的基础上,针对评价方法的可行性,从相容性、匹配性、安全性、效果四个方面对在规划环境影响评价中的循环经济评价内容进行具体说明。     

中国城市生活垃圾产生量的区域差异-基于STIRPAT模型

基于2006~2017年的中国省级面板数据,本文以STIRPAT理论模型为基础,建立固定效应模型,分别从全国和区域两个层面深入探究人口、富裕程度和技术对城市生活垃圾产生量的区域差异.研究结果表明：（1）近年来,生活垃圾产生量快速增长,同时存在显著的区域差异;（2）从人口因素看,在全国层面上城镇化水平、人口规模、家庭规模和人口老龄化的弹性系数分别是1.152、0.585、-0.478、-0.230,对生活垃圾产生量的影响程度依次减小.在东部地区,城镇化水平提升、人口规模增多和家庭规模小型化促进生活垃圾的产生,人口老龄化增加减少生活垃圾的产生.在中西部地区,城镇化的正效应和人口老龄化的负效应明显强于东部地区,人口规模的正效应和家庭规模的正效应明显弱于东部地区;（3）从经济发展看,在全国层面上居民人均消费支出与生活垃圾产生量呈现倒N型关系.在东部地区,居民人均消费支出和人均GDP的提升促进生活垃圾的产生;（4）从技术水平看,生活能源消耗强度和市容环境卫生费用的弹性系数分别为0.120、-0.0168,区域差异不明显.     

Recycling combustibles from aged municipal solid wastes (MSW) to improve fresh MSW incineration in Shanghai: Investigation of necessity and feasibility

Aged municipal solid wastes (MSW) excavated from landfills and dumpsites were characterized to analyze their fraction composition, moisture content, and lower heat value (LHV). The necessity and feasibility of recycling combustibles from aged MSW to improve the incineration of fresh MSW were investigated. The results showed that combustibles in aged MSW were easily separated from other components and than LHV of the separated combustibles are higher than 11000 kJ/kg. The fresh MSW are of high moisture contents with average LHV below 6500 kJ/kg, making their stable combustion difficult to maintain in MSW incinerators. For both fresh MSW and aged MSW, plastics are the main contributor to their LHV. To improve incineration of fresh MSW that are characterized with low LHV, combustibles separated from aged MSW were made into refuse derived fuel (RDF) pellets and were then added to fresh MSW by 2% wt.–5% wt. LHV variation and air supply resistance change of the MSW layer on the incinerator grate caused by the addition of RDF was checked, and no significant changes were found. No obvious difference was observed for the ‘burn-out time’ between RDF pellets and fresh MSW either. RDF made from aged MSW combustibles is found to be a promising auxiliary fuel to improve the incineration of fresh MSW, and aged MSW from old landfill cells and dumpsites can be finally disposed of jointly with fresh MSW by recycling combustible from the former to be coincinerated with the latter in the incineration plants.     

环境政策对企业绩效的影响

一个国家的环境政策是国家保护环境的大致方针,直接关系到这个国家的环境立法和环境管理,更直接影响到这个国家的整体环境状况,不同类型的环境政策对企业也产生了各方面的影响。本文研究环境政策的不同形式、内容、具体执行手段及其对企业的环境、经济绩效产生的影响。通过研究西方发达国家的成功环境政策,探讨我国环境政策中存在的不足与缺陷。最后根据不同管理手段的可行性,有效性及最终效果,联系我国具体国情,在符合可持续发展原则的同时,提出更为有效,对企业绩效具有正面刺激的环境政策建议。     

Approach of technical decision-making by element flow analysis and Monte-Carlo simulation of municipal solid waste stream

This paper deals with the procedure and methodology which can be used to select the optimal treatment and disposal technology of municipal solid waste （MSW）, and to provide practical and effective technical support to policy-making, on the basis of study on solid waste management status and development trend in China and abroad. Focusing on various treatment and disposal technologies and processes of MSW, this study established a Monte-Carlo mathematical model of cost minimization for MSW handling subjected to environmental constraints. A new method of element stream （such as C, H, O, N, S） analysis in combination with economic stream analysis of MSW was developed. By following the streams of different treatment processes consisting of various techniques from generation, separation, transfer, transport, treatment, recycling and disposal of the wastes, the element constitution as well as its economic distribution in terms of possibility functions was identified. Every technique step was evaluated economically. The Mont-Carlo method was then conducted for model calibration. Sensitivity analysis was also carried out to identify the most sensitive factors. Model calibration indicated that landfill with power generation of landfill gas was economically the optimal technology at the present stage under the condition of more than 58% of C, H, O, N, S going to landfill. Whether or not to generate electricity was the most sensitive factor. If landfilling cost increases, MSW separation treatment was recommended by screening first followed with incinerating partially and composting partially with residue landfilling. The possibility of incineration model selection as the optimal technology was affected by the city scale. For big cities and metropolitans with large MSW generation, possibility for constructing large-scale incineration facilities increases, whereas, for middle and small cities, the effectiveness of incinerating waste decreases.     

Screening life cycle assessment of an office used for academic purposes

The aim of this study is to contribute to the analysis of the environmental impacts deriving from common aspects of the service sector activity and to identify auxiliary actions and hot spots in order to improve the environmental performance of offices used for educational purposes. In that aspect, a screening life cycle assessment (LCA) for a university office-workstation of Democritus University of Thrace, Greece, was performed with the application of the SimaPro LCA software, and the Impact 2002+ method with fifteen impact categories for the interpretation of results. Findings from this research indicated that energy consumption for the powering electronic appliances was the key factor affecting most of the environmental impact categories examined. The impact categories most seriously affected by the office life cycle were the emissions of respiratory inorganics (39%), global warming (31%) and non-renewable energy use (27%). The saving of the energy consumed due to standby mode could lead to a reduction of 2.4% of the total energy consumption in the office in a yearly basis with proportional positive influence in all the respective impact categories. Additionally, utilization of solar energy through photovoltaic panels could lead to a reduction close to 90% for a number of impact categories. Therefore, actions and strategies for improving the environmental performance of academic offices should focus on the reduction of energy consumption.