基于 分析的余热发电对水泥熟料生产能源利用率影响评价

本文研究水泥熟料生产过程中各个生产系统的效率,并对余热发电前后每个系统的效率进行分析对比,从而得出各个系统的资源能源利用程度以及余热发电工程对每个系统能量利用率的影响,诊断水泥熟料生产过程的损失发生位置并发现系统的节能和余热回收利用的潜力,为管理者实施节能降耗的方案提供技术支持.研究表明,实施余热发电工程前,水泥熟料生产的原料制备系统、煤粉制备系统、回转窑系统的效率分别为4.5%、1.4%和33.7%;实施余热发电工程后,效率分别为7.8%、2.8%和38.1%.余热发电工程可回收回转窑系统总投入的3.7%,同时使原料制备系统、煤粉制备系统、回转窑系统的效率分别提高3.3%、1.4%和4.3%.     

Using process integration technology for CLEANER production

Process integration technology design tools have been developed over the past two decades that target reductions in the operating and capital costs of chemical processes. The primary focus of these tools has been the identification of energy conservation and waste reduction process designs. These tools have been used successfully to obtain solutions for a large number of design problems. For example, the past two decades have seen the development and application of process integration design tools for heat exchange networks (HENs), mass exchange networks (MENs), heat-induced and energy-induced separation networks (HISENs and EISENs), waste interception and allocation networks (WINs) and heat-induced and energy-induced waste minimization networks (HIWAMINs and EIWAMINs). In addition, a group of systems analysis tools have been developed to simplify and manage the design process. Finally, a systematic design strategy for CLEANER production, that couples these systems analysis tools with the process integration design tools, has recently been developed. This paper provides an overview of the CLEANER (Combining Lower Emissions And Networked Energy Recovery) production design strategy, a brief summary of several systems analysis tools, and a summary of several process integration technology design tools. Solutia has applied the CLEANER production strategy at sites within Florida, Texas and Alabama and more than 150 process designs that allow large waste reduction and energy conservation opportunities have been identified. Highlights of results achieved, along with the economic and environmental benefits, are provided.     

热能（火用）平衡在芳烃分离装置清洁生产审核中的实践

运用热能（火用）平衡理论于芳烃分离装置清洁生产审核中,建立了芳烃分离装置热能（火用）平衡。热能（火用）平衡测算结果表明：此芳烃分离装置的热能利用效率（实际）为61．65％、热（火用）利用效率（实际）为59．77％、热力学第一定律效率和热力学第二定律效率分别为23．93％和7．76％。依据清洁生产审核思路,对此芳烃分离装置的热能（火用）利用效率进行了原因分析并提出了预防对策,可为提出清洁生产方案提供定量化依据。     

钢材盐酸酸洗废液资源化处理的研究

用盐酸作为钢材酸洗介质,会产生相当多的盐酸酸洗废液,废液如果直接排放会严重污染环境,而且浪费资源。以宝鸡瑞星化工机械厂和宝鸡铁塔厂的酸洗废液为原料,通过实验室小试,探索出了通过蒸馏浓缩以及浓缩液酸化制备盐酸的工艺条件;在此基础上设计了相关的工艺路线并进行中试,制得了浓度高达34%的盐酸,同时副产氧化铁红和磷肥;探讨了中试时所遇到问题的解决办法,并对中试结果进行了讨论。实践证明,该工艺不仅可消除酸洗废液对环境的污染,且有良好的经济效益,为钢材盐酸酸洗废液资源化处理综合利用提供了实用技术,是循环经济的很好实例。     

草甘膦生产工艺水资源代谢分析与优化建议

以某农药集团草甘膦生产工艺为例,运用工业代谢分析方法对其水资源代谢过程进行量化分析,建立了水代谢平衡账户并绘制了水代谢图,在此基础上,识别和筛选出草甘膦生产过程中的主要用水单元及废水排放单元,并据此提出优化建议. 结果表明,草甘膦生产过程中的主要用水类别为蒸汽,其蒸汽消耗单元多且用汽量大,而换热网络单一,冷凝水浪费较严重,系统中水资源重复利用水平较差.针对该问题,从系统优化和节水管理等方面提出了工艺废水的重复利用及主要用汽单元之间的换热网络优化等建议,以期提高生产过程中的水资源利用效率.      

Intensification of adsorption process by using the pyrolytic char from waste tires to remove chromium(Ⅵ) from wastewater

Pyrolysis has the potential of transforming waste into valuable recyclable products. Pyrolytic char (PC) is one of the most important products from the pyrolysis of used tires. One of the most significant applications for pyrolytic char recovered is used for the removal of Cr( Ⅵ ) in the wastewater effluent to control waste by waste. The surface chemistry properties of surface element distribution/concentration and chemical structure were examined for the pyrolytic char and the commercial activated carbon(CAC) respectively. The results showed that surfaces of PC possesses a large amount of ester and hydrocarbon graft, whereas there are mainly carbon functional components of C-OH, C=O and COOH on the surface of CAC. Therefore the surface electronegativity of PC is lower than that of CAC in the water. The repulsive interactions between the surfaces of PC and the negatively charged Cr（Ⅵ ) ion are weaker than that of CAC,which results in an intensification of the adsorption process by the utilization of PC. The adsorption isotherms of Cr( Ⅵ ) ion on the two kinds of carbons were determined experimentally. The larger adsorption amount on the PC in the case of Cr( Ⅵ ) may be attributed mainly to its special surface micro-chemical environment. The mechanism of the removal Cr( Ⅵ ) from aqueous solution was assumed to be the integration of adsorption and redox reaction. The adsorption was the rate-controlled step for Cr( Ⅵ ) removal. The adsorption of Cr( Ⅵ )was identified as pseudo-second-order kinetics. The rate constants of adsorption were evaluated.     

Clean technology in the production of epichlorohydrin

The conventional production of epichlorohydrin takes place via allyl chloride and dichlorohydrin. A major disadvantage of this chemical process is the formation of a large amount of chlorinated organic by-products, which are found partially in the voluminous effluent. In order to reduce this emission to surface water, measures have to be taken. Technical measures varying from end-of-pipe techniques to alternative processes have been evaluated. Application of end-of-pipe techniques is not the optimal solution for emission reduction, either technically or economically. Results from in-process measures focused on reduction of the amount of waste water and contaminants are more promising. However, the development of an alternative route is necessary in order to obtain a process with minimal emissions and minimal costs.     

The challenge of integrating non-continuous processes – milk powder plant case study

The integration of non-continuous processes such as a milk powder plant presents a challenge for existing process integration techniques. Current techniques are generally based on steady and continuous operation which for some industries is not the case. Milk production varies considerably during the year as dairy cows in New Zealand are grazed on pasture. In this paper the potential for indirect heat transfer between the several plants using a heat recovery loop and stratified tank at a typical New Zealand dairy factory is investigated. The maximum amount of heat recovery is calculated for a range of recirculation loop temperatures. The maximum amount of heat recovery can be increased considerably if the temperature of the hot fluid in the recirculation loop is varied depending on which condition the site is operating under.     

Reduction in resource consumption by process modifications in cotton wet processes

The textile sector is one of the most important industrial sectors in Turkey. It comprises several sub-sectors among which cotton is the most important. Processes in the cotton textile industry can be dry and wet. A series of cleaner production (CP) options mostly related to water and energy conservation were identified in a selected enterprise focusing on the reduction of water consumption in the regeneration process, water and chemical savings in the dyeing process, heat recovery from the blowdown which was discharged into the waste water treatment plant, and also heat recovery of process waste water. The results of the calculations made during the feasibility stage proved that these CP options were worth implementing in the company being studied.     

Integration of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell in a sugar-ethanol factory: analysis of the efficiency and the environmental profile of the products

The effect of the integration of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) technology in a sugar-ethanol factory on the environmental profile/footprint of the products (sugar, ethanol, electricity) is evaluated. The sugarcane is the primary feedstock and sugar, ethanol and electricity are the main products of the system, where the functional unit is defined as 9.86 ton/h of sugar, 2.195 ton/h of hydrated ethanol (96% w/w) and 847 kWh of electricity. A detailed set of material and energy inputs and outputs was obtained from a local factory and was completed using simulation data by Aspen Plus^®.The environmental impacts (greenhouse gases and air pollution), exergy efficiency and a renewability parameter have been considered as indicators for the comparative assessment with conventional sugar, ethanol and electricity production technologies. The results show that the use of a SOFC technology involves a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (52-55%) and non-renewable resources (60-64%) when compared with the conventional integrated sugar and ethanol plant. The higher renewability index (0.93) and exergy efficiency (38%) are noticed for the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell technology integrated in the sugar-ethanol factory than conventional sugar-ethanol plant.     

低温等离子体-催化协同净化有机废气研究进展

低温等离子体-催化协同净化技术是一种理想的环境污染治理技术,催化剂的加入可有效地提高废气治理的净化效果和二氧化碳的选择性,减少副产物的产生,并进一步降低能耗。分析了低温等离子体-催化协同净化有机废气的协同作用机理,阐述了反应器结构、催化剂参数、电参数以及工艺参数等对反应器性能的影响,并指出今后研究的发展方向。     

Environmental performance optimization using process water integration and Sustainable Process Index

Water integration studies have focused on reducing the amount of water used by a process on the assumption that environmental impact is reduced through efficient water reuse. However, the environmental impact of retrofitting the water network through the installation of pumps and pipes and energy for their utilization which may even lead to a network with a higher environmental cost as measured using a more comprehensive metric, is rarely, if at all, considered. Using the Sustainable Process Index (SPI) as a means of measuring environmental impact, this study addresses the question on water integration and environmental impact and shows that there is a balance that must be struck between water savings and water network modifications.     

高浓度H2S、CS2废气综合治理技术

二硫化碳工业废气含有高浓度H₂S和CS₂．采用TF－C技术治理,废气先经TF脱硫液湿法选择吸收H₂S,再经活性炭于法脱除CS₂。在巧妙设计的工业装置运行结果,治理效果良好:削减废气中H₂S和CS₂排放量分别为99．9／和79％,达GBJ₄－73规定的工业废气排放标准,并副产CS₂和硫磺回用于生产。      

Integration of direct contact membrane distillation and recirculating cooling water system for pure water production

A novel cleaner production technology (CPT) using waste heat for pure water production was established by integration of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) and traditional recirculating cooling water (RCW) process. The effect of temperature difference and flow rate of fluid between the hot and cold sides in a membrane module on the membrane flux was investigated. The results of the study show that the membrane flux increases with an increase in the flow rate in both hot and cold sides and also increases linearly with the increase in fluid temperature difference between the hot and cold sides of the membrane module. Waste heat was utilized for pure water production, which will reduce the pure water production cost. The employment of DCMD in the RCW process may also reduce the amount of scale and corrosion inhibition additives needed in the CPT, the makeup water and blowdown quantity.     

Integration studies on a two-stage fermentation process for the production of biohydrogen

Fermentation of biomass residues and second generation biomasses is potentially a way to enable a sustainable production of hydrogen. Simulation models which calculate mass and energy balances, developed with Aspen Plus^®, are used to integrate the process steps necessary to produce pure hydrogen from biomass in a 2-stage fermentation process. Process and heat integration are introduced to reduce the high water and heat demand of the process, connected to the low substrate concentrations in the involved process streams. The results show that the recirculation of process effluents, together with the use of properly designed heat exchangers, can reduce the water and heat demand up to 90% from a non-integrated process, but is also subject to restrictions due to an increase in osmolality in the system.     

吸收协同高级氧化工艺处理低浓度含氰废气实验研究

以乙腈作为含氰废气的典型组分,考察吸收协同不同高级氧化体系下低浓度乙腈的去除效率以及产物分配情况.研究结果表明:UV/PS和VUV/PS体系均能有效吸收并降解乙腈,在60 min内其脱除效率近100%,且矿化率近80%或以上.主要原因是吸收液中的过硫酸盐(PS)可以在紫外光的激发下产生大量的HO~·和SO■,这些自由基可以促进乙腈和中间产物的氧化.同时实验还观察到乙腈中的氮元素主要被转化为NO^-₃和NH⁺₄,这说明乙腈的直接氧化和水解反应同时进行.NO^-₃的累积会竞争消耗反应体系中的自由基,这是其稳定性实验中乙腈矿化率下降的主要原因.此外,干扰离子Cl^-也会由于自由基的捕获作用抑制乙腈的降解.最后,根据产物的分析结果,提出了包含氧化与水解路径的乙腈总体降解反应途径.     

A material and energy flow model for co-production of heat and power

Co-production of electricity, district heat and industrial heat/process steam (heat and power, CHP) has been applied to a large, national scale, in only a few countries in the world, Denmark, The Netherlands and Finland. In this production method, the waste energy from electricity production is used in two quality levels. First, industrial process steam requirements can be met with this residual energy. Second, the waste energy is used in local district heating networks for households and other buildings in a city. In this integrated production method, a total fuel efficiency of 85% can be achieved. Through the technique of fluidized bed combustion, modern CHP plants can use coal and oil, and in addition, heterogeneous fuels such as biomass, industrial wastes and recycled fuels from households. In this paper, the CHP method is considered in terms of four categories of material and energy flows. For the purpose of considering the potential environmental gains and the difficulties of this production method when applied to integrated waste management and energy production, the four suggested categories are: matter (biomass) (1), nutrients (2), energy (3) and carbon (4). Corporate environmental management inventory tools, decision-making tools, management, organisational and administrative tools as well as information management tools that could be used in CHP-related material and energy flow management are shortly discussed. It is argued that for CHP energy and environmental management, it can be important to adopt an approach to networks of firms, rather than to an individual firm. The presented material and energy flow model may contribute to assessing, planning and implementing of CHP-based waste management and cleaner energy production.     

铸造动物蛋白质胶型芯砂的清洁生产工艺

 铸造生产的两大污染源,一是使用含有有毒物质的树脂黏结剂,二是排放的废砂成为大量固体废物.采用近乎属于固体工业废物的动物胶做型芯砂黏结剂,用红外光谱分析、热分析及元素分析等方法探讨了其对环境的影响以及所制造型芯砂的回用性能、再生工艺等.实验结果表明,该工艺不污染环境,是铸造型芯砂的清洁生产工艺.     

Quantifying the quality loss and resource efficiency of recycling by means of exergy analysis

Contaminants cause a decrease in the quality of materials with each recycling step. These quality losses should be minimized to increase the sustainability of resources use. Quality losses cannot be measured using weight-based recovery definitions alone, as the quality degradation cannot be translated by mass measures. Therefore, a better measure of the efficiency of resource use is investigated in the present work. Exergy is a measure of the quality of the energy and of resources in systems. The exergy losses are a thermodynamic measure of exhaustion and thus, of the quality losses in the resource systems. We describe a method to calculate the exergy content and exergy losses of metals during recovery and recycling of a concept car. The exergy losses attributed to recycling (the pollution with other metals) and the consequent need for dilution can be used as indicators of the quality loss of materials and of the efficiency of resource use in product systems.     

包装方式对工业废盐填埋过程的影响

工业废盐安全填埋过程常因包装不到位而产生高浓度渗滤液,从而增加了尾排处理难度.本文探究了模拟降雨情景下包装方式差异对工业废盐填埋过程的具体影响.结果发现,工业废盐填埋过程中使用内膜袋有效密封包装作为填埋场前处理十分必要,其对工业废盐填埋过程的保护作用非常显著.有内膜包装情形下,盐分的溶出量仅为无塑料内膜保护下的0.15%.然而一旦包装或隔离设施不到位或者未达到标准,可能引发显著的高于预期的二次污染风险.同时,研究发现工业废盐填埋过程中有机物的迁移速率显著快于其他污染物,盐分释放主要表现为氯离子的迁移.包装方式不同导致模拟填埋柱的沉降高度差异十分明显,因此,工业废盐的不完全包装预处理不仅可能引发严重的二次污染,还可能引发填埋场的滑坡和塌陷的风险.