An inventory analysis of oil shale energy produced on a small thermal power plant

Energy produced in Estonia from oil shale is studied using the inventory analysis of the product life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The life cycle is taken as an oil shale mine and thermal power plant with consumer supply systems, which are close to each other and are technologically interconnected.The effectiveness of energy production over the whole life cycle is calculated and the energy and the material balances are presented. Local environmental effects of the oil shale extraction and the energy production are briefly described.The first step in defining the oil shale energy as an important input parameter for the LCA studies of all other products of Estonia is made. The collected data can serve as a basis for the environmental improvement programs.     

高效智能煤水回收利用成套设备小试

为了解决矿井水煤水煤渣预处理的难题,研制了高效智能煤水回收利用成套设备,并对其进行了实验室小试。试验表明,在采用0.4 mm的筛网,转速为28 r/min,进水流量为1 m3/h时,该设备对矿井水的悬浮物去除效果最好。此时的浊度去除率最高,达到了82%。本设备可以节约大量的水资源和煤炭资源,产生巨大的经济效益和社会效益,有很好的推广前景。     

煤炭生产企业碳排放状况分析研究

通过对原煤开采环节能源消耗构成和副产物排放的分析研究,提出把煤炭开采环节的碳排放分为能源消耗产生的碳排放和系统副产排放产生的碳排放两大类。详细分析了原煤开采过程中电力消耗的碳排放、煤炭消耗的碳排放、油品消耗碳排放及煤层气排放所引起碳排放的排放源和排放量及其核算方法,简单介绍了伴随煤矸石与矿井水排产生的少量碳排放。提出煤炭生产企业的碳排放总量的计算公式为：Q=Q1＋Q2＋Q3＋Q4＋Q5＋Q6＋Q7。     

钢铁工业节能减排技术及其在国内的应用

钢铁工业是我国国民经济的重要基础产业和实现新兴工业化的支柱产业,同时也是能源消耗和大气污染物排放大户,是我国节能减排工作的重点。调查了我国目前钢铁行业能源消耗及污染物排放的实际情况,分析与国际先进水平在技术应用方面的差距,并计算节能潜力,从技术的可行性和节能减排效果的角度,有针对性地提出当前我国钢铁行业应优先采取的节能减排具体措施。     

Reducing mine water requirements

Mining is a water intensive activity, and reducing water consumption is a key requirement in moving toward a more sustainable mining industry. This paper identifies mine water reduction, reuse and recycle options, and demonstrates cases where these options have been implemented around the world. A mine water system model is developed and used to show potential water saving strategies through six scenarios. Apart from the base case, these scenarios include the introduction of evaporation reduction strategies, paste tailings disposal, filtered tailings disposal, ore pre-sorting and a combination of the most effective options. The results of the modeling show how an open-pit copper mine with a traditional layout can move from having an average water withdrawal of 0.76 m³/t of ore processed to 0.20 m³/t of ore processed or lower. A key result of the modeling is the discovery that a combination of ore pre-concentration and filtered tailings disposal can reduce water consumption by 74% or more. This finding demonstrates an opportunity to significantly lower water consumption on mine sites.     

Technical measures to achieve a cleaner production mode for recycled paper mills

China’s paper production reached 79.8 × 10⁶ t in 2008 and ranked number one in the world. Because of its high consumption of water, energy and materials and its serious pollution, the present processes are not likely to be sustainable. An alternative, the closed Water Loop-Papermaking Integration (WLPI) method, is put forward in this paper. The WLPI method can be realized in a recycled paper mill by adding technologies and using recycled water. Many industrial case studies have shown that a large quantity of water, energy and materials can be saved, and the quantity of waste sludge and wastewater discharge was minimized by using the WLPI method. The design of the water reuse system, control of calcium hardness, water recycling and minimal waste sludge are discussed. Anaerobic technology plays an important role in the WLPI method to lower cost, energy use and waste. In the brown paper and coated white board production, zero-effluent discharge can be realized. Fresh water consumption is only 1–2m³·t⁻¹. For the paper mills with deinking and bleaching processes, about 10 m³·t⁻¹ of fresh water and a similar amount of effluent discharge are needed. Power saving using anaerobic technology is 70% when recycled water is used in comparison with the conventional activated sludge process.Waste sludge can be decreased to about 5% of the initial process due to reuse of the waste sludge and the lower bio-sludge production of the anaerobic process.     

中国能源产业的现状需水估算与趋势分析

论文研究了我国能源产业的用水现状和各类能源产出的发展趋势,并评估预测了2012、2020、2030年我国能源产业的需水情况。分析表明：2020、2030年我国能源产业需水总量将分别达到655×10⁸ 和677×10⁸ m³,比2012年有所增加,但增量不超过20%。火力发电仍为能源产业中用水量最大的行业,风力发电、核力发电、太阳能发电在高速发展进程中并未大规模用水。页岩气开采需水不多,但开采初期的大量用水在缺水地区会造成用水紧张。能源作物种植需水量将大幅增加,2012—2020、2020—2030年其需水增长量分别为30×10⁸和18×10⁸ m³,是造成未来能源产业需水增长的主要因素之一。     

破坏水库水温分层系统的能量效率估算:以金盆水库为例

为指导高效节能的破坏水库水温分层技术及系统的选择,需建立统一的能量效率基准.根据质量守恒和热量守恒定律,求出分层水库水体完全混合后的水温,计算水库水体混合前后的重心;采用库容以及与水温相关的密度等数据,对水深方向各微小水层的势能进行积分得到水体总势能,混合后水体总势能的增加量即为破坏分层所需的最小理论能量,应用耗电量估算法得到破坏分层所产生的最小碳排量;破坏分层系统的能量效率为破坏分层的最小理论能量与实际输入能量之比.以西安金盆水库为例,采用数值模拟方法计算不同水位下的水库库容,应用该方法估算了水库不同季节破坏分层所需最小能量和扬水曝气破坏分层系统的能量效率.采用数值模拟方法计算不同水位下的水库库容,计算破坏分层所需最小能量.结果表明随水体垂向温度梯度的增加而增大,在6~10月期间相对较高,7月达到最大值2432.08kW?h;该水库扬水曝气破坏分层系统的能量效率约为4%;在水温分层开始阶段运行破坏分层系统可有效降低破坏分层所需的能耗,减少碳排放量.     

2050年中国能源消费的情景预测

与全球气候变化紧密相关的能源消费问题是当今世界各国关注的热点,特别是中国能源消费规模、能源消费峰值和消费结构等更是关注的重点.论文在简要评述中国能源消费峰值、能源消费预测方法和模型的基础上,系统回顾了国内外对中国能源消费预测研究成果,侧重于人口和经济等驱动中国能源消费的两大主要因素,参考主要发达国家经济发展过程中人均能源消耗及人均累计能耗变化规律,对中国未来能源消费趋势进行了定量预测分析.结果表明:① 中国人均能耗、总量和人均累计消费量均有较大的发展潜力.2050年中国人均能耗大致在4.75~9.31 tce,上限也只相当于美国人均能耗峰值的76%;中国能源消费总量还将持续增长,2050 年的能源消费总量在61.91×10⁸~121.33×10⁸tce;1870-2050 年,中国人均累计能耗最佳分布区间为207~294 tce,只相当于1870-2012 年美国人均累计能耗的46%、德国的56%、英国的57%.② 文献梳理表明,当前预测中国能源消费峰值的各种研究成果大多认为在62×10⁸~79×10⁸tce,而峰值年份则出现在2035-2045 年,论文认为除美国、英国和德国情景将有峰值出现外,其他情景尚不可能出现峰值;③ 法国情景下中国能源消费“零”增长将于2040 年左右出现;日本、韩国以及基准情景预测显示,2035 年以后中国能源消费将进入到2%左右的低速增长期.上述研究结果表明,中国未来能源消费预测采用法国、日本、韩国情景较为合理,2035 年以后,中国能源消费将进入低速增长期.当前,中国人均收入不高,人均能耗尤其人均累计能耗处于较低水平,过早乐观承诺能源消费峰值,易使气候变化谈判陷入被动;从中国国情出发,需给中国社会经济发展留有能源消耗空间;促进能源资源的节约集约使用,积极倡导节能型生产生活方式,是中国社会经济可持续发展、保障能源安全、积极应对全球气候变化的现实需要.     

高耗水工业用水量控制和水价调整政策效果研究:基于水资源动态CGE的分析

论文应用水资源动态CGE模型,研究和分析了高耗水工业不同水资源管理政策对经济、社会和水资源利用的影响。文章首先构建了将水资源作为生产要素的CGE模型,并建立了动态机制,然后以2010年为基准年模拟和分析了2010—2020年间高耗水工业用水量控制和水价上涨不同情景下的影响。分析表明:高耗水工业的水量控制比水价调整对宏观经济的影响大,表现为GDP和居民福利的显著下降以及投资的大幅度上升;而高耗水工业水价上升对宏观经济的影响较小,表现为GDP的小幅度上升以及居民福利的小幅度下降和投资的上升;对部门的影响比较复杂,但高耗水工业水量下降和水价上升,都将导致其产出降低。对水资源利用的影响显示,水量控制和水价上升对用水总量的影响较小,但对提高工业用水效率都十分显著。     

Eco-efficiency trends of the Flemish industry: decoupling of environmental impact from economic growth

A methodology for eco-efficiency reporting is proposed with eco-efficiency indicators for climate change, acidification, photo-oxidant formation, human toxicity, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, eutrophication, energy consumption and waste generation. The method is applied to emission, consumption and production data of the Flemish industry provided by the Flemish environmental agency for the period 1995–2006. For climate change, acidification, photo-oxidant formation, human toxicity, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity and eutrophication, the eco-efficiency improved by 39, 55, 41, 58, 72 and 53%, respectively. For each of these impact categories, the total environmental impact decreased despite an increase in production, indicating absolute decoupling of environmental impact from economic growth. The eco-efficiency indicator for energy consumption and waste generation improved by 16 and 14%, respectively. However, due to the increase in production, the total energy consumption and the amount of waste generated increased: for these two environmental themes decoupling from economic growth was relative. Despite the improved eco-efficiency, industry remains one of the main polluters in Flanders. The application of the method to emission, energy consumption and production data of the Flemish industry resulted in a comprehensive and correct source of information for the general public and the government. Moreover, it can serve as a basis for economically and environmentally sound decisions and for the evaluation of the impact of former decisions.     

模糊数学法在深部矿坑水环境质量评价中的应用

水资源危机越来越明显地影响矿山的可持续发展,有效利用资源成为矿山可持续发展的重要课题。对矿坑深层地下水进行水质评价并分类利用,是缓解矿山水资源危机的重要途径。云南会泽铅锌矿涌水量随着开采深度的加大而显著增大,应用模糊数学法和综合指数法对该矿区深坑水水质现状开展评价,结果表明,深部中段地下水水质较好,属Ⅰ-Ⅲ类水;其次,根据水量多年监测资料,得出可利用的稳定最低开采量为6500～11500m3/d,可以考虑用于矿山充填用水、采选厂用水、市政用水或生活用水。     

Feasibility of husk-fuelled steam engines as prime mover of grid-connected generators under the Thai very small renewable energy power producer (VSPP) program

Rice husk generated as a by-product of rice mill processes can be utilized as an energy source for husk-fuelled rice mills. The economic evaluation of the investment of husk-fuelled steam engine rice mills, which generate mechanical energy for the direct driving of milling equipments, has previously been presented in literature. It was reported that for some particular conditions of rice mill, the investment of husk-fuelled steam engine as energy-saving technology is financially feasible. Since May 2002, electricity distributors in Thailand have allowed renewable energy producers up to 1 MW to connect their generators to the grid in order to sell surplus electricity to the grid. This arrangement creates more income opportunities for husk-fuelled steam engine owners to generate not only mechanical power for rice milling processes, but also surplus electricity for feeding onto the grid. The objective of this study is to investigate the financial feasibility of the investment in a husk-fuelled steam engine system which drives grid-connected electrical generators, reduces rice mill demand and electricity and sells surplus electricity to the grid. The technical and economic data for rice mill sizes 35, 45, 60, 95 and 120 t/d presented in this study show that the husk-fuelled steam engine system with grid-connected generators improves the economic performance of applying the system solely for the largest 120 t/d rice mills. However, the conventional husk-fuelled steam engine without electric generator gives a better economic performance of the rice mills sizes from 45 to 95 t/d.     

近20年我国虚拟水、能消耗及耦合和需求预测

基于我国1997~2018年投入产出表及水资源和能源消耗数据,运用投入-产出模型计算了三大产业虚拟水、能的消耗量.在此基础上,通过构建虚拟水-虚拟能系统综合评价指标体系,对虚拟水、能系统发展状况进行了综合评价.与此同时,运用耦合协调度模型,测算了虚拟水、能系统的耦合协调水平.最后,利用指数平滑模型,预测了我国2022~2032年虚拟水、能消耗总量.结果表明：（1）近20年来,三大产业虚拟水、能消耗量均呈上升趋势,但第一、二产业的虚拟水、能消耗占比呈波动下降趋势,而第三产业的呈上升趋势,其中,GDP和第三产业完全用水（能耗）系数是影响我国虚拟水（能）消耗量的重要因素;（2）三大产业直接用水（能耗）系数、完全用水（能耗）系数呈下降趋势,水资源和能源利用效率不断提高;（3）通过间接消耗大量水资源和能源,第二、三产业的用水和能耗乘数较高,是“隐形”的高耗水、高耗能产业;（4）虚拟水-虚拟能系统处于高水平耦合,但仅达到初级协调发展阶段;（5）未来10年,我国虚拟水、能及实体能消耗量仍呈上升趋势,但实体水消耗量呈下降趋势.为此,应通过优化产业结构,提高产业链各环节水、能资源利用效率,改善消费结构,提升虚拟水-虚拟能系统耦合协调度,以缓解我国水资源和能源危机.     

北京市生活垃圾焚烧厂耗能排污特征及节能减排潜力

将生活垃圾焚烧厂从整体到局部分为场站-工艺-单元三个层次,通过现场调查,获取了北京市生活垃圾焚烧设施在2009~2011年不同层次耗能排污数据。分析表明,在焚烧工艺中焚烧单元处理单位垃圾的电耗达到60.83 kW·h,余热发电单元水耗最大,尾气处理单元的电耗和水耗相对较小。不同场站在处理单位垃圾时烟气和炉渣产量比较接近,但飞灰排放差异较大,在2.92~24.78 kg/t垃圾之间。渗沥液水量年际变化较大,水质相对稳定,MBR单元对污染物的去除效果最好,但其耗电量较大,占渗沥液处理工艺总耗电量的87.55%。焚烧工艺发电最优值为423.77 kW·h/t垃圾,产生的电能除满足自身需求外,还剩余1.8×108 kW·h的电能,可用于渗沥液处理工艺或输向场站外部。每吨渗沥液处理最多可产生中水0.962 t,全北京市每年产生中水196456 t/a,使用潜力大。     

SODIS法对原水消毒的影响因素及发展趋势

阳光消毒法是一种简单、实用性强和无能耗的消毒方法,利用太阳的紫外光去除水中的病原微生物,特别适用于偏远和贫困地区。文章介绍了SOD IS法的操作,以及影响SOD IS法灭活效果的UV-A光照剂量、气候和天气状况、原水的浊度、容器的材质和形状、原水溶氧量及微生物的类型等因素,分析了其发展现状和趋势,对偏远地区的家庭饮用水消毒灭菌具有指导意义。     

流域污染负荷水质响应的时空数值源解析方法研究

以目前广泛应用的环境流体动力学模型EFDC为平台,构建时空数值源解析方法,理论上可以得到任意时刻任意空间点位污染物的来源构成.其原理是考虑水质模型的微分方程,直接对每个污染负荷再微分,从而将原来1个微分方程变为关于每个污染源的微分方程组,然后联立以EFDC的水动力模型求解,得到每个源对每个时空点的贡献.概化的抚仙湖模型作为数值案例用以验证方法.时空数值源解析的结果与传统扰动方法的结果几乎重合,验证了时空数值源解析方法的正确性.另一方面,数值案例中存在34个独立的污染源,扰动法则需要35次模拟,而时空数值源解析方法的结果通过单次模拟就可得到,说明时空数值源解析方法具有明显的计算效率优势.而通过对结果的进一步分析可以发现,时空数值源解析方法可以提供更精确的源贡献的动态描述.     

Identifying common features among household consumption patterns optimized to minimize specific environmental burdens

This study seeks to find common features in a set of simulated Japanese household consumption patterns, each of which was optimized to reduce a particular type of environmental burden. To this end an input–output system comprising some 500 commodity and fixed capital formation sectors was formulated that relates Japanese household consumption of these commodities to the generation of 13 types of environmental burden, clustered in 6 key problem areas. Based on this system a linear programming model was developed and was used to compute a set of 13 household consumption patterns optimized for minimizing each of the environmental burdens in turn. Each of these singly optimized patterns was then characterized as to how it impacts on the magnitude of the other 12 environmental burdens. By examining the commonalties and differences among these optimal patterns, we then classified consumer commodities into 3 types, providing a simple indicator with which to steer towards consumption patterns with less environmental impact than today's.     

Consuming technologies – developing routines

Routines in daily life are crucial for consumption of energy and water in households and therefore, knowledge of how routines develop and change is extremely relevant from a sustainable consumption perspective. Routines emerge, develop and change in close relation with different kinds of everyday technologies. In this article, these processes are investigated from three different perspectives: an historical perspective of how new technologies have entered homes, a consumer perspective of how both houses and new technologies are purchased and finally, as the primary part of the article, a user perspective of how routines develop while these technologies are being used. In the conclusion these insights are discussed in relation to possible ways of influencing routines.