反渗透工艺处理回用循环水排污水技术工业应用

采用反渗透工艺处理火电厂循环冷却水排污水，作为循环水补充水和锅炉补给水，具有显著的经济效益和环境效益。     

Recouping the wastewater: a way forward for cleaner leather processing

Leather processing employs copious amounts of water. This leads to the generation of enormous amounts of liquid effluent. The high effluent volume requires huge investments for effluent treatment plants in order to meet the required specification for the discharge of liquid effluents to various water bodies. Increasingly therefore, water use minimization in leather processing assumes greater significance due to increased treatment costs. End-of-pipe treatment methods alone do not meet the requirements and hence, in-plant control measures are gaining importance. The new era of cleaner technology has begun in leather processing. Pre-tanning and tanning operations contribute about 57% of the water consumption in leather processing and the washings about 35%. The proper adoption of integrated cleaner technologies provides a viable solution to the conservation of water in leather processing. This paper presents an integrated approach for water use minimization through recycling and optimization in leather processing. The integrated approach provides considerable reduction in the use of process water.     

干旱半干旱地域灌区水资源综合效益评价体系研究

干旱半干旱地域灌区农业发展,既受水资源短缺制约,又受生态环境和社会因素的影响。论文基于水资源可持续发展的观点,认为灌区水资源优化配置必须考虑经济效益、生态效益和社会效益的协调和综合影响。文中建立了灌区水资源综合效益评价的数学模型。在分析该区水资源利用特点基础上,提出了综合效益评价的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益类等44项评价指标。应用层次分析法(AHP)原理,对构建的模型进行了研究。并以陕西省宝鸡峡灌区为例,利用所建模型进行了综合评价。评价结果可为灌区水资源评价、管理及节水规划提供决策依据。     

污水再生利用的健康效益评价

本文通过水体中病原菌与疾病的剂量-健康反应关系、疾病与经济损失的健康反应-经济价值关系的建立,明确了疾病经济损失与水体污染之间的模型关系,并利用统计分析和人力资本法对疾病引起的直接和间接经济损失进行了量化分析,建立了健康效益的评价方法与模型,将其应用于西安市污水再生利用的健康效益评价,结果表明:全面的污水再生利用将给西安市带来1 089 051.70元/a的健康效益。     

污水处理厂中水回用技术的应用

以闵行区污水处理厂为例,介绍了中水回用技术的工艺流程以及在城市污水处理厂中的应用,并对其环境和经济效益作了分析。     

中水回用与效益分析

当前我国水资源供需矛盾日益加剧,实现中水利用是节约水资源的一条有效途径.通过分析中水水源、MBR处理技术及中水用途,结合一个高校实例,进行经济效益分析,并对建设中水回用系统的可行性进行论证.经计算可得效益费用比达到2.38,经济效益是非常明显的,具有实际的参考价值.中水回用不仅节约了水资源而且也产生了明显的经济效益,是城市发展的趋势.     

Water footprinting at the product brand level: case study and future challenges

Responding to concerns about the unsustainable use of global freshwater resources, especially in agriculture, the concept of water footprinting has recently been developed and applied to a wide range of commodities. In this paper, water footprints were calculated for two complex agrifood products, 250 g Peanut M&M's^® and 575 g Dolmio^® pasta sauce, in order to evaluate the usefulness of the concept when applied at the product brand level. The process LCA-based methodology took account of blue water appropriated from surface and groundwater resources, green water appropriated from the root zone by plants, and dilution water, being the volume of freshwater needed to assimilate emissions to freshwater. These case studies revealed several issues, namely the lack of correspondence between water footprints and the availability of water for alternative uses in the absence of production, and the difficulty in relating water footprints to potential social and environmental harm. As such, the water footprinting concept requires further development to be useful for promoting sustainable production and consumption.     

西安市小区中水回用的必要性和可行性分析研究

通过分析西安市水资源现状和用水情况以及目前小区中水回用的研究现状,并结合实例对小区中水回用进行经济、环境分析研究,结果表明:在西安市采用小区中水回用无论是在处理规模还是技术经济上都是可行的,而且在起到节约水资源作用的同时,还可以带来良好的经济、环境效益.对于水资源紧缺、城市供需用水量矛盾日益突出的西安市,采用小区中水回用是十分必要且紧迫的.     

浅议橡胶废水处理技术

论述了生物载体生化法处理橡胶废水的工艺技术.通过生产性试验和正在用该工艺运行的两家橡胶加工厂废水处理情况看,COD的去除率可达95%以上,出水水质稳定,可达标排放.运行成本为0.35元/m3,经济效益和环境效益都很显著.     

沈阳市工业用水的优化分配及环境经济效益

本文应用线性规划原理,对沈阳市工业部门用水进行优化分配,从水资源观点出发,提出该市工业结构调整方向,对工业用水优化分配的环境经济效益的计算方法进行了探讨,计算结果表明,工业用水优化分配的环境经济效益是显著的。     

Pollution prevention pays off in a board paper mill

Environmental problems caused by recycling wasted paper at a board paper mill provide the material of this study. Two scenarios have been investigated: The first being the treatment of the end-of-pipe, and the second being the control and management of pollution problems through the application of in-plant control and pollution prevention measures. Comparison between the two alternatives, based on a cost-benefit analysis and compliance with National Environmental Laws was done. From this study it was apparent that the implementation of the pollution prevention measures such as the recovery of fiber, reduction of fresh water consumption, and optimization of white water usage proved to be very cost effective. All the implemented solutions have short payback periods and resulted in great savings compared with the treatment of the end-of-pipe.     

通辽市污水排放现状调研及污灌的可行性分析

利用经过处理的污水进行农田灌溉,是缓解农业灌溉水资源短缺的重要战略之一。通过对通辽地区近年来污水排放情况,再生水灌溉现状以及用于再生水灌溉的水质进行调查和分析,提出了通辽市再生水灌溉农田的可行性,并进行了相关的经济效益和生态环境效益分析。     

三峡库区沿江堆存垃圾浸泡污染物COD溶出规律研究

三峡库区沿江两岸堆存了大量的生活垃圾，随着三峡工程二期蓄水的I临近，二期水位以下的垃圾必须得到清理。为了科学有效的治理库区的生活垃圾，达到环境效益，社会效益和经济效益三者的最优结合，本文通过浸泡生活垃圾污染负荷浸出理论分析和动态冲刷实验研究，建立了理论模型和实验模型，并且对二者进行了对比分析。结果表明实验和理论模型能较好的反映垃圾污染物的溶出规律，将为三峡库区库底生活垃圾对水环境的影响预测和其清理提供基础和决策依据。     

祁连山空中云水资源开发利用效益预测与评估

利用社会效益、经济效益和生态效益3 个方面25 项指标, 建立了空中云水资源开发利用综 合效益的评价体系。同时对祁连山区人工增雨对径流的影响作了预估, 在此基础上, 对祁连山云水 资源开发利用后山前走廊各流域水资源状况及社会经济状况进行了合理的预测。最后, 选用其中 11 项指标, 并运用层次分析法对祁连山空中云水资源开发利用效益进行了评价。结果表明: 祁连山 空中云水资源开发利用对山前走廊的社会、经济、生态等效益均显著增加, 祁连山区通过人工增雨, 降水增加10%时, 河西地区综合效益将提高5.3%, 降水增加20%时, 综合效益提高12.5%。     

中水对辽宁环渤海地区水资源承载力的贡献研究

通过水资源承载力分析,预测出2015,2020年辽宁环渤海地区的水资源承载力的数据,并结合环渤海地区5市的污水处理厂目前的处理效果,提出80%回用的可能性。经计算,中水回用将在2020年可以替代50%左右的用水资源,将对5市的生态环境改善和国家经济发展起到关键作用。     

基于SD的污水处理厂减排潜力与费用效益——以昆明市为例

针对当前城市污水处理厂进水浓度偏低,进而影响其污水处理潜力发挥和经济效益等问题,以昆明市为例,构建了基于系统动力学的城市排水系统模拟仿真模型.依据昆明市“十三五”规划目标,以2015年为基准年,设计4种减排情景,模拟预测了不同时期下不同情景的污水处理厂减排潜力及费用效益.结果表明：城市排水管网改造与强化管理对提高污水处理厂运行效率,充分挖掘其污水处理潜力至关重要,该情景近期与远期污水处理厂COD削减量较基准情景分别提高了314772,389126t;NH₃-N削减量较基准情景分别提高24223,27234t;费效比较基准情景分别降低0.2和0.17,污水处理潜力得到充分挖掘,经济效益明显改善.     

基于SD的污水处理厂减排潜力与费用效益——以昆明市为例

针对当前城市污水处理厂进水浓度偏低,进而影响其污水处理潜力发挥和经济效益等问题,以昆明市为例,构建了基于系统动力学的城市排水系统模拟仿真模型.依据昆明市“十三五”规划目标,以2015年为基准年,设计4种减排情景,模拟预测了不同时期下不同情景的污水处理厂减排潜力及费用效益.结果表明：城市排水管网改造与强化管理对提高污水处理厂运行效率,充分挖掘其污水处理潜力至关重要,该情景近期与远期污水处理厂COD削减量较基准情景分别提高了314772,389126t;NH₃-N削减量较基准情景分别提高24223,27234t;费效比较基准情景分别降低0.2和0.17,污水处理潜力得到充分挖掘,经济效益明显改善.     

潮汐河网调水工程的环境与经济效益分析——以北江、西江调水工程为例

本文针对潮汐河网的基本特点,提出了运用非恒定流水环境实时数学模型和“影子工程法"对一系列引水方案的环境与经济效益进行定量的预测、分析和比较。该方法对潮汐河网地区水务工程的环境与费用效益分析研究具有普遍的参考意义。文中的算例为广州市市政洪水与污水整治战略决策提供了科学的依据。      

工业废水处理技术的效益模型建立

水资源已成为制约我国经济发展的主要因素。因而需要对工业废水加强净化处理,以便于节约用水,减少对水的需求量。本文就采取分层分析法(AHP方法)与模糊数学相结合的方法,建立了工业废水处理技术的效益模型,并举例进行解析,目的在于探索出合理可行的工业废水处理效益评价方法。     

Metal recovery from reverse osmosis concentrate

The use of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes is becoming increasingly common in desalination plants, though disposal of the highly concentrated brines poses significant environmental risks. The targeted extraction of some metals from the concentrate can have multiple environmental and economic benefits. This is particularly apparent with recent developments in the development of zero liquid discharge desalination systems. This study has shown that recovery of sodium chloride from RO concentrate can significantly lower the cost of potable water production if employed in conjunction with thermal processing systems. Additionally, the recovery of rubidium from seawater may be a potential source of revenue, however further work is needed to characterise the economics of the rubidium extraction process. Finally, removal of phosphorus from RO concentrate provides little economic benefit, but may become increasingly necessary as environmental restrictions increase in the future.